in China Women and Men Facts and Figures 2012 Department of Social, Science and Technology, and Cultural Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics

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1 Women and Men in China 中华人民共和国国家统计局 National Bureau of Statistics of China Facts and Figures 2012 Department of Social, Science and Technology, and Cultural Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics

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3 Editor s Notes This publication is compiled to demonstrate women s development, the progress of gender equality, the living status of women and men and the existing gender disparities in China. There are ten chapters in this book: 1) Population; 2) Marriage, Family and Family Planning; 3) Employment; 4) Income and Social Security; 5) Education; 6) Health; 7) Social and Political Participation; 8) Justice and Crime; 9) Gender-Related Conceptions; and 10) Data by Province. The definitions of key statistical indicators are attached at the end of each chapter. The data and statistics included in this publication are drawn from national population censuses, 1% population sample surveys, Population Statistical Yearbooks, Labor Statistical Yearbooks, Annual Statistical Reports on NPA (National Program of Action) Monitoring for Women and for Children, and thematic surveys conducted and annual reports produced by relevant ministries under the State Council. The data and statistics of Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR and Taiwan Province are not included in this publication. Details and percentages in tables do not necessarily add to totals because of rounding. The following symbols have been used in the tables and charts: means that the number is smaller than the basic unit of the table. Space means there is no data available. + after the age means the population at and above that age.

4 Acknowledgements are given to UNICEF and UNFPA China Offices for their financial support and technical guidance in producing this publication. However, presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinions whatsoever of United Nations agencies.

5 Contents Preface... (1) I. Population... (3) II. Marriage, Family and Family Planning...(20) III. Employment...(36) IV. Income and Social Security...(57) V. Education...(70) VI. Health...(86) VII. Social and Political Participation...(101) VIII. Justice and Crime...(114) IX. Gender-Related Conceptions...(125) X. Data by Province...(134)

6 Data are a power that helps words to speak louder, a power that could change policies and further change the world. Quoted from United Nations, World's Women : Trends and Statistics

7 Preface Gender equality is an important objective of human development. Ever since the 1970s, the UN has convened four sessions of World Conference on Women to advocate gender equality and eliminate discrimination of all forms against women. The ideas of equality, development and peace have drawn extensive attention and positive responses from all governments around the world. Gender equality has become an irreversible trend. The Government of China has constantly attached great importance to the issues of women. It has established gender equality as one of its basic national policies, formulated laws for the specific purpose of guaranteeing women s legal rights and interests, and ratified a number of international conventions. Since the turn of the 21 st century, the Government of China has committed to women s development by adopting a series of policies and measures to ensure women s rights in such fields as politics, economy, culture and social life. In response to the global trend and domestic needs for further development of women, the Government of China set up a special agency in charge of the issues of children and women, and promulgated the National Program of Action for the Development of Chinese Women (herein after referred as NPA for Women ) in 1995, 2001 and 2011, in which a series of objectives concerning women s development were proposed. These efforts have greatly facilitated women s development and bridged the gender gap. At the same time, however, there are still problems in women s development in China. The stereotype of men s superiority over 1

8 women has not yet been eliminated thoroughly, and gender inequality still exists. For example, women are less active in participating in social affairs and face more obstacles in gaining employment. The right to land contracting of some women in the rural areas has been violated, and domestic violence and infringement of women s personal rights happen from time to time. As a basic national policy, gender equality has been included in the report of 18 th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) for the first time. This will inevitably provide sound opportunities and policy support to the development of women in China. Moving forward, the government will further its efforts in promoting the comprehensive development of women, fighting against gender discrimination of all forms and creating more opportunities and favorable conditions to enable women to fully and equally participate in the economic, political, cultural and social activities, so as to facilitate the progress of gender equality. Gender statistics is an effective tool for promoting gender equality, and is critical to the review and supervision of gender equality objectives identified in the NPA for Women This publication intends to present the living status of women and men in China through statistics, tables and charts, to showcase the great achievements that China has made in women s development, and to reflect the still-existing gender inequality. We hope that this publication could arouse more attention to and thoughts on the gender issues in China. This publication has received technical guidance and support from relevant ministries under the State Council, the Women's Studies Institute of China, UNFPA and UNICEF China Offices. Hereby, we would like to extend sincere gratitude to these authorities. 2

9 Population Population The total population of China continues to grow slowly and steadily. By the end of 2011, the total population was billion, among which female accounted for million, and male million, increased by million and million respectively compared with those in In recent years, the absolute size of population growth has been reducing year by year with the annual growth decreasing from 9.57 million in 2000 to 6.44 million in The fertility rate has remained relatively low. The birth rate in China was in 2011, and the total number of newborns was million. The natural increase rate fell from 7.58 in 2000 to 4.79 in The child population has decreased and its proportion among the total population has also declined. According to data from the Sixth National Population Census, child population aged 0-17 was 279 million in 2010, accounting for 20.9% of the total population (female 9.7%, and male 11.2%), down by 6.9 percentage points than in 2000 (female 3.4 percentage points, and male 3.5 percentage points). The tendency of rising sex ratio at birth to some extent has been curbed. Since the 1980s, the sex ratio at birth in China has been constantly rising, reaching the peak of in In recent years, the Government of China has adopted a series of measures to curb the tendency of rising sex ratio at birth. In 2011, it fell down to , which was, however, still severely high. 3

10 Women and Men in China China is facing an accelerated ageing population. In 2000, the elderly aged 60 and above reached 10.4% of the total population, marking the emergence of an ageing society. In 2011, there were 13.7% of total population aged 60 and above, and 9.1% for aged 65 and above. Ageing-related issues such as the support of elderly are becoming increasingly critical. 4

11 Table 1-1 Total population and sex ratio, census years during Population Year Total population(100 million) Total Female Male Sex ratio (Female=100) Sources: National Bureau of Statistics, 1953, 1964, 1982, 1990, 2000 and 2010 Population Censuses Note: For national censuses before and in 1982, the census reference time was zero hour of June 1 st of that year. For national censuses in and after 2000, the census reference time was zero hour of November 1 st of that year. In recent years, the proportion of China s population in the world has been constantly declining, down from 21.3% in 2000 to 19.5% in The sex ratio of the total population in China is slightly higher than that of most countries, which are between 95 and

12 Women and Men in China Chart 1-1 Population pyramids, census years during Age Female Male Age Female Male (%) (%) Age 1982 Age Female Male Female Male (%) (%) 2000 Age Female Male (%) 2010 Age Female Male (%) Sources: National Bureau of Statistics, 1953, 1964, 1982, 1990, 2000 and 2010 Population Censuses 6

13 Population Table 1-2 Population by urban and rural areas, census years during (100 million) Year Urban Rural Sources: National Bureau of Statistics, 1953, 1964, 1982, 1990, 2000 and 2010 Population Censuses Table 1-3 Population and sex composition by Han ethnic group and minority ethnic groups, 1990, 2000 and 2010 Items Female Male Han ethnic group Population (100 million) Sex Composition (%) Minority ethnic groups Population (100 million) Sex composition (%) Sources: National Bureau of Statistics, 1990, 2000 and 2010 Population Censuses 7

14 Women and Men in China 8 Table 1-4 Age and sex composition of population by age group, 2010 (%) Age group Age composition Sex composition Total Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Tabulation on the 2010 Population Census of the People's Republic of China, 2012

15 Age (Years) Sex composition (%) Sex ratio (Female=100) Population Table 1-5 Sex composition and sex ratio of population aged 0-17, by age, 2000 and 2010 Sex composition (%) Sex ratio (Female=100) Total Sources: National Bureau of Statistics, 2000 and 2010 Population Censuses 9

16 Women and Men in China Chart 1-2 Proportion of population aged 0-17 in total population, 2000 and ( % ) Aged 0-17 Female Male ( % ) Aged 0-17 Female Male Sources: National Bureau of Statistics, 2000 and 2010 Population Censuses 10

17 Chart 1-3 Sex ratio at birth (Female=100) Population (Year) Sources: National Bureau of Statistics, 1982, 1990, 2000 and 2010 Population Censuses; 2004 and 2011 Population Change Sample Surveys The sex ratio at birth refers to the number of boys born per 100 girls born. Ever since the 1980s, the sex ratio at birth in China has been constantly rising, peaking at In recent years, the tendency of rising sex ratio at birth in China has been somewhat curbed, but the figure is still too high, which in 2011 was 117.8, in contrast to the widely-accepted normal range of Imbalance of sex ratio still lingers. 11

18 Women and Men in China Chart 1-4 Sex ratio at birth by birth order (Female=100) First child Second child Third child and above Sources: National Bureau of Statistics, 1990, 2000 and 2010 Population Censuses, 2005 National 1% Population Sample Surveys Chart 1-5 Sex ratio at birth by urban and rural areas, 2000 and 2010 (Female=100) Urban Rural Urban Rural First child Second child Third child and above Sources: National Bureau of Statistics, 2000 and 2010 Population Censuses

19 Chart 1-6 Total fertility rate, (Year) Source: Statistics from the National Bureau of Statistics Population The total fertility rate in China is now far below the replacement level. Since the Government of China launched the family planning policies in the 1970s, the fertility rate in China has been falling rapidly, eventually down to below the replacement level in the 1990s. It has been staying around 1.6 since According to the world population data in 2009 released by the Population Reference Bureau of the U.S., the total fertility rate in China was 1.6, not only much lower than the average level in developing countries (2.7), but even lower than that in developed countries (1.7). The low fertility rate in China has greatly relieved China from the pressure of rapid population growth. At the moment, it is necessary to be vigilant about the risk of excessive population ageing resulting from long-term low fertility rate. International experiences show that once the total fertility rate falls down to 1.5, it would be extremely hard to overturn this fallingtendency. So far, there is no precedent of any country in the low fertility trap who has successfully reversed the trend. 13

20 Women and Men in China Table 1-6 Age composition of population aged 60 and above, census years during (%) 14 Age group Female Total Male Total Sources: National Bureau of Statistics, 1953, 1964, 1982, 1990, 2000 and 2010 Population Censuses

21 Chart 1-7 Sex composition of population aged 60 and above, 2010 Population (Age group) Female Male Total (%) Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Tabulation on the 2010 Population Census of the People's Republic of China, 2012 Globally, a country or a region is regarded as an ageing society when its people aged 60 and above takes up over 10% of the population, or people aged 65 and above over 7%. According to this standard, China became an ageing society in In 2010, the proportion of the population aged 60 and above reached 13.3%, while that of 65 and above reached 8.9%, 4.6% for female and 4.3% for male. On the whole, there is no significant difference between male and female in terms of their proportions. However, as the age increases, the gender difference becomes increasingly evident. 15

22 Women and Men in China Table 1-7 Sex composition of population aged 60 and above, by age group and health status, 2010 (%) 16 Age group Healthy Basically healthy Total Age group Not healthy but capable of self-care Not capable of self-care Total Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Tabulation on the 2010 Population Census of the People's Republic of China, 2012

23 Causes of migration Population Table 1-8 Causes of migration of migrant population, by sex, 2000 and 2010 (%) Work/business Marriage Study/training Business transfer Migration as dependent Staying with relative/friend Appointed admission Resettlement Retirement Registered household attached Others Total Sources: National Bureau of Statistics, 2000 and 2010 Population Censuses Migrant population with changed household registration refers to the population whose household registration and the place of residence have changed. Migrant population with changed household registration is different from migrant population without changed household registration, while the latter refers to people whose household registration has not been transferred and who have been staying away from his/her registered residence for more than six months. 17

24 Women and Men in China Table 1-9 Age composition of migrant population, 2000 and 2010 (%) Age group Total Sources: National Bureau of Statistics, 2000 and 2010 Population Censuses From the age perspective, youth and adult between the age of 15 and 49 are the principal part of the migrant population, regardless of gender. In 2000 and 2010, female migrants aged between 15 and 49 respectively accounted for 82.56% and 76.44% of the total female migrants; male migrants of the same age group respectively accounted for 78.98% and 75.24% of the total male migrants. In the same year, the migrants aged 65 and above took up only 3.78% of the total migrant population, with female and male accounting for 3.91% and 3.65% respectively. 18

25 Population Total population refers to the total number of people alive at a certain point of time within a given area. The total population is a most basic demographic indicator, which is the basis for the calculation of other indicators related to population structure and reproduction, and a key indicator reflecting a nation s human resources. Sex ratio refers to the number of males per 100 females in a population. It is an indicator that reflects the sex composition of the population. The formula is: Sex ratio= Number of males Number of females 100 Sex ratio at birth refers to the number of male births per 100 female births. It is the basis that determines the sex ratio of the whole population. Total fertility rate refers to the average number of children that would be born by a woman in her child-bearing period, given the age specific fertility rate of a year. Population ageing refers to the process in which the proportion of the elderly increases in a population, while the proportion of younger population decreases. 19

26 Women and Men in China Marriage, Family and Family Planning Family is the cradle of civilizations and fundamental to a harmonious society. In recent years, despite the remaining traditional characteristics, China s marriage and family patterns have undergone some changes along with the social development and demographic structure evolvement. The major changes include the followings: The early marriage rate rises. Early marriage refers to marriage of people aged between 15 and 19.The results of the Sixth National Population Census showed that in 2010, the early marriage rate for women and men between age 15 and 19 were 2.1% and 0.6% respectively, up by 0.87 and 0.32 percentage points over Under the influence of the traditional notion that the husband should excel his wife in a marriage, many outstanding women and lessadvantaged men are having difficulty in finding their spouse. This phenomenon is closely associated with their education background. In 2010, 2.5% of women with primary education or below are unmarried, compared with 11.1% for the men of the same education attainment level. In contrast, among the women who have finished postgraduate education, the unmarried accounted for 49.2%, 10.1 percentage points higher than that of men. The divorce rate is constantly rising. The divorce rate in China has been on the low end for a long time. However, since 2003, the divorce rate has been rising for nine years consecutively, reaching 20

27 Marriage, Family and Family Planning 2.1 in 2011, which was 1.14 millesimal points higher than The population aged was where most divorces occured. According to the Sixth National Population Census, divorce rate among female aged exceeded 2.1%, while that of male of the same age was approaching 2.6%. Nevertheless, the divorce rate in China is still lower than the world average level. 21

28 Women and Men in China Table 2-1 Marital status composition of population aged 15 and above, (%) Year Unmarried Married Total Female Male Total Female Male Year Divorced Widowed Total Female Male Total Female Male Sources: National Bureau of Statistics, 1982, 1990, 2000 and 2010 Population Censuses; 1995 National 1% Population Sample Survey 22

29 Marriage, Family and Family Planning Table 2-2 Marital status composition of population aged 15 and above, by urban and rural areas and by sex, 2000 and 2010 (%) Marital status Urban Unmarried Married Divorced Widowed Total Marital status Rural Unmarried Married Divorced Widowed Total Sources: National Bureau of Statistics, 2000 and 2010 Population Censuses 23

30 Women and Men in China Table 2-3 Sex composition of population aged 15 and above, by urban and rural areas and by marital status, 2000 and 2010 (%) Marital status Urban Unmarried Married Divorced Widowed Total Marital status Rural Unmarried Married Divorced Widowed Total Sources: National Bureau of Statistics, 2000 and 2010 Population Censuses 24

31 Marriage, Family and Family Planning Table 2-4 Marital status composition of population aged 15 and above, by sex and age group, 2010 (%) Age Unmarried Married group Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Age Divorced Widowed group Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Tabulation on the 2010 Population Census of the People's Republic of China,

32 Women and Men in China Table 2-5 Age composition of first marriage of population, by education attainment, 2010 (%) Age group Primary Junior Senior and below secondary secondary College University Postgraduate 26 Female 14 and below Male Total and below Total Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Tabulation on the 2010 Population Census of the People's Republic of China, 2012

33 Marriage, Family and Family Planning Chart 2-1 Average age of first marriage, 2010 (Years) Total Female Male Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Tabulation on the 2010 Population Census of the People's Republic of China, 2012 Chart 2-2 Early marriage rate of adolescents aged 15-19, 2000 and 2010 (%) 4 Female Male Source: National Bureau of Statistics, 2000 and 2010 Population Censuses 27

34 Women and Men in China Chart 2-3 Marriage registration composition by age group, 2005 and 2011 (%) (Age group) Source: Statistics from the Ministry of Civil Affairs (10 thousand) Chart 2-4 Number of divorce cases Handled by the civil affairs authorities 201 Handled by the court (Year) Source: Statistics from the Ministry of Civil Affairs 28

35 Marriage, Family and Family Planning Chart 2-5 Crude marriage rate and crude divorce rate ( ) (Year) Crude marriage rate Crude divorce rate Source: Statistics from the Ministry of Civil Affairs The marriage rate in China has been below 10, which was relatively stable, whereas the divorce rate has been rising constantly since In 2011, more than 13 million couples registered for marriage, while 2.87 million couples divorced. The crude marriage rate and the crude divorce rate were respectively 9.7 and

36 Women and Men in China Education attainment Total Unmarried Married Divorced Widowed 30 Table 2-6 Marital status composition of population aged 15 and above, by education attainment, 2010 (%) Total Primary and below Junior secondary Senior secondary College University Postgraduate Female Primary and below Junior secondary Senior secondary College University Postgraduate Male Primary and below Junior secondary Senior secondary College University Postgraduate Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Tabulation on the 2010 Population Census of the People's Republic of China, 2012

37 Occupation Marriage, Family and Family Planning Table 2-7 Sex composition of population aged 15 and above, by occupation and marital status, 2010 (%) Unmarried Married Heads of government institutions, parties, civil societies,enterprises, public institutions Professionals Clerks and related personnel Employees in commerce and service sectors Emplyees in farming, forestry, husbandry and fishery sectors Operators of production and transportation equipments Unclassified Occupation Divorced Widowed Heads of government institutions, parties, civil societies,enterprises, public institutions Professionals Clerks and related personnel Employees in commerce and service sectors Emplyees in farming, forestry, husbandry and fishery sectors Operators of production and transportation equipments Unclassified Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Tabulation on the 2010 Population Census of the People's Republic of China,

38 Women and Men in China Chart 2-6 Composition of contraceptive methods, % 0.3% 0.3% 0.9% 4.9% 9.8% Oral pills/injectables Male sterilization Condom Female sterilization IUD Contraceptive drug for external use 53.7% 30.0% Implant Others Source: Annual statistics from the National Population and Family Planning Commission ( NPFPC ) Family planning is a basic national policy in China. The government has made detailed regulations to ensure that the citizens can make informed decisions on safe, effective and appropriate family planning measures. To be specific, it is up to the couples to decide which of the recommended measures to be adopt. Currently, more and more married couples have chosen from various shortterm or long-term family planning measures such as sterilization, IUD, oral contraceptive pills and condoms based on their own physical conditions. In 2011, Contraceptive prevalence rate among maried women of child-bearing age reached 88.6%. In terms of contraceptive choices, 53.7% of women chose IUD. However, the contraceptive methods for male accounted for only 14.7% of all contraceptive methods, indicating that women are still bearing most of the burden of contraception. 32

39 Marriage, Family and Family Planning Chart 2-7 Rate of birth in compliance with family planning policy, by birth order, 2009 and Total First child Second child Third child and above Source: Annual statistics from the National Population and Family Planning Commission ( NPFPC ) Rate of birth in compliance with family planning policy refers to the proportion of live births which meet the requirements of the family planning policy among the gross live births in a given area during certain period of time. It is an important indicator of the effective implementation of family planning policy. The total number of live births in compliance with family planning policy refers to the number of live births whose parents have complied with the existing family planning policies (such as the child-bearing age of the mother, number of births and the birth interval). The formula is: Rate of birth in compliance with the family planning policy= Total number of live births in compliance with family planning policy Total number of all live births in a given area during certain period of time 100% 33

40 Women and Men in China Table 2-8 Proportion of people with different fertility control operations, (%) Year IUD insertion IUD removed Vasoligation Tubal sterilization Abortion Source: Ministry of Health, China Health Statistical Yearbook 2012,

41 Marriage, Family and Family Planning Crude marriage rate refers to the number of registered marriages per 1,000 people in a given year in a certain area. Registered marriages are those in line with the Law of Marriage and registered at civil affairs authorities with marriage certificates acquired. The formula is: Crude marriage rate= Number of registered marriages Total population (mid-year) 1000 Crude divorce rate refers to the number of divorces per 1,000 people in a given year in a certain area. The formula is : Crude divorce rate= Number of couples divorced Annual average population 1000 Early marriage rate refers to the number of people aged who are married per 100 people aged Contraceptive prevalence among married women of childbearing age refers to the number of married women of childbearing age who are using contraception at a certain time point per 100 married women of child-bearing age. This indicator shows the prevalence of family planning practices among married women of child-bearing age. 35

42 Women and Men in China 36 Employment China is bestowed with abundant labor resources. In 2011, the employed population reached 764 million, with an increase of million over that in To be specific, the female employed was 351 million, accounting for 45.9% of the total, while the male employed reached 413 million, accounting for 54.1% of the total. The number of employed female is 62 million less than that of male. The rise of urban employment is taking a fast pace. As urbanization and industrialization gaining momentum, urban areas have been an enlarging source of new jobs. Urban employees, which accounted for 32.1% of the total employment in 2000, increased sharply to 47.0% in There is currently no significant gender gap in attaining employment in urban areas. Secondary and tertiary industry employment has seen an increasing share. With the rapid development of non-agricultural industries, the proportions of employment in the secondary and tertiary industry have been constantly rising. In 2010, the ratio of employment of primary, secondary and tertiary industries was 48.3 : 24.2 : The ratio of female employees in primary, secondary and tertiary industries evolved from 68.9 : 14.1 : 17.0 in 2000 to 53.2 : 19.3 : 27.5, while that of male employment from 60.7 : 19.0 : 20.3 to 44.4 : 28.1 : The capacity of rural residents to gain non-agricultural employment has been significantly enhanced. According to the Third Survey on Social Status of Women in China, in 2010 the proportions of

43 Employment rural women and men who were engaged in non-agricultural jobs accounted for 24.9% and 36.8% respectively, up by 14.7 and 17.9 percentage points than in In 2011, there were 9.22 million people registered as unemployed in urban areas in China, 41.1% of whom were women, whereas 58.9% were men. In recent years, the registered unemployment rate in urban areas remained low between 4.0% and 4.3%, and the registered unemployed population in urban areas has been kept below 10 million. However, it is still urgent to create job opportunities for the huge unemployed population, mainly consisting of new graduates and people aged Their unemployment warrants greater attention. 37

44 Women and Men in China Chart 3-1 Employment of population aged 16 and above, 2010 Aged 16 and above Female: 49.9% Male: 50.1% School students Female: 18.2% Male: 31.4% Employed Female: 61.7% Male: 76.1% Not employed Female: 38.3% Male: 23.9% Retired Female: 18.0% Male: 26.7% Urban Female: 26.2% Male: 35.0% Rural Female: 35.5% Male: 41.2% Job hunting after graduation Female: 1.0% Male: 1.9% Full-time houseworker Female: 40.5% Male: 7.1% Loss of working capacity Female:15.3% Male: 20.0% Other not employed Female: 7.0% Male: 12.9% Age group: Female: 9.4% 14.0% 18.1% 12.1% 6.4% 1.8% Male: 10.3% 16.5% 21.2% 15.7% 9.4% 3.0% Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Tabulation on the 2010 Population Census of the People's Republic of China,

45 Employment Table 3-1 Age and sex composition of employed population aged 16 and above, 2010 (%) Age group Age composition Sex composition Total Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Tabulation on the 2010 Population Census of the People's Republic of China,

46 Women and Men in China Table 3-2 Age composition of employed population aged 16 and above by urban and rural areas, 2010 (%) Age group Urban Rural Total Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Tabulation on the 2010 Population Census of the People's Republic of China, 2012

47 Employment Chart 3-2 Sex composition of employed population by industry, 2010 (%) Female Male 20 0 Primary industry Secondary industry Tertiary industry Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Tabulation on the 2010 Population Census of the People's Republic of China, 2012 Chart 3-3 Industry composition of employed population by sex, 2010 (%) Tertiary industry Secondary industry Primary industry 0 Total Female Male Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Tabulation on the 2010 Population Census of the People's Republic of China,

48 Women and Men in China Chart 3-4 Employment rate of population aged 18-64, 2010 % Female Male Total Urban Rural Source: National Bureau of Statistics and the All-China Women's Federation, The Third Survey on Social Status of Women in China, 2010 Chart 3-5 Proportion of rural employees engaged in non-agricultural sectors % Female Male (Year) Source: National Bureau of Statistics and the All-China Women's Federation, The Third Survey on Social Status of Women in China,

49 Occupation Occupation composition Employment Table 3-3 Occupation and sex composition of employed population, 2000 and 2010 (%) Heads of government institutions, parties, civil societies,enterprises, public institutions Professionals Clerks and related personnel Employees in commerce and service sectors Emplyees in farming, forestry, husbandry and fishery sectors Operators of production and transportation equipments and related personnel Unclassified Total Sex composition Heads of government institutions, parties, civil societies,enterprises, public institutions Professionals Clerks and related personnel Employees in commerce and service sectors Emplyees in farming, forestry, husbandry and fishery sectors Operators of production and transportation equipments and related personnel Unclassified Total Sources: National Bureau of Statistics, 2000 and 2010 China Population Censuses 43

50 Women and Men in China Chart 3-6 Labor force participation rate of urban population aged 16 and above, by sex and age group, 2010 (%) Male Female (Age gruop) Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Tabulation on the 2010 Population Census of the People's Republic of China, Table 3-4 Labor force participation rate of urban population aged 16 and above, by sex and age group, 2010 (%) Sex Total Female Male Sex Total Female Male Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Tabulation on the 2010 Population Census of the People's Republic of China, 2012

51 Employment Table 3-5 Number and sex composition of employed population in urban public entities Year Type of entity Number (10 thousand) Sex composition (%) Source: National Bureau of Statistics, China Labor Statistical Yearbook Table 3-6 Type of entity and sex composition of employed population in urban public entities, 2011 (%) Entity composition Sex composition State-owned entity Urban collectively-owned entity Others Total Source: National Bureau of Statistics, China Labor Statistical Yearbook 2011,

52 Women and Men in China 46 Table 3-7 Industry composition of employed population in urban public entities, 2011 (%) Industry Industry composition Female Male Agriculture, forestry, husbandary, fishery Mining Manufacturing Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water Construction Transport, storage and post service Information transmission, computer service and software Wholesale and retail Hotels and catering services Financial intermediation Real estate Leasing and business services Scientific research, technical service and geologic prospecting Management of water conservancy, environment and public facilities Household service and other services Education Health, social securities and social welfare Culture, sports and entertainment Public management and social organization Total Number of people (10 thousand) Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Salary Statistical Annual Report 2011

53 Employment Chart 3-7 Sex composition of employed population in urban public entities, by industry, 2011 Total Public management and social organization Culture, sports and entertainment Health, social security and social welfare Education Home service and other services Management of water conservancy, environment and public facilities Scientific research, technical service and geologic prospecting Leasing and business services Real estate Financial intermediation Hotels and catering services Wholesale and retail Information transmission, computer and software Traffic, transport, storage and postal service Construction Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water Manufacturing Mining Agriculture, forestry, husbandary, fishery (%) Female Male Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Salary Statistical Annual Report

54 Women and Men in China Table 3-8 Average working hours per week of urban employees (Hour/week) Time of survey Total Female Male Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Source: National Bureau of Statistics, China Labor Statistical Yearbook 2011, 2012 Chart 3-8 Composition of working hours per week of urban employees, hours and above hours hours hours hours hours Female Male (%) Source: National Bureau of Statistics, China Labor Statistical Yearbook 2011,

55 Employment Table 3-9 Age and sex composition of economicallyactive population aged 16 and above, 2010 (%) Age group Age composition Sex composition Total Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Tabulation on the 2010 Population Census of the People's Republic of China,

56 Women and Men in China Chart 3-9 Economically inactive population, by reason of not working, 2010 (%) 60 Female Male School students Loss of working capacity Full-time houseworker Retired Job hunting after graduation Others Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Tabulation on the 2010 Population Census of the People's Republic of China, 2012 Table 3-10 Sex composition of economically inactive population, by reason for not working, 2010 (%) Sex Total School students Fulltime Job hunting after Retired houseworker graduation Loss of working Others capacity Female Male Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Tabulation on the 2010 Population Census of the People's Republic of China,

57 Table 3-11 Age and sex composition of not employed population, 2010 (%) Employment Age group Age composition Sex composition Total Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Tabulation on the 2010 Population Census of the People's Republic of China,

58 Women and Men in China 52 Table 3-12 Composition of unemployed population, by reason for not working and by sex, 2010 (%) Reason for not working Urban Reason composition Sex composition Job hunting after graduation Lost job due to employer Lost job due to personal reasons Expropriation of contracted lands Retired Full-time houseworker Others Total Rural Job hunting after graduation Lost job due to employer Lost job due to personal reasons Expropriation of contracted lands Retired Full-time houseworker Others Total Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Tabulation on the 2010 Population Census of the People's Republic of China, 2012

59 Employment Table 3-13 Age and sex composition of urban unemployed population, 2010 (%) Age group Age composition Sex composition Total Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Tabulation on the 2010 Population Census of the People's Republic of China, 2012 Table 3-14 Sex composition of registered urban unemployed population (%) Sex Female Male Source: Statistics from the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security 53

60 Women and Men in China Table 3-15 Composition of urban unemployed population, by job-hunting method, 2010 (%) Job-hunting methods Total Female Male Register at employment intermediaries Seek help from relatives and friends Go to job fairs Seek job opportunities from ads Prepare for self-employment Others Total Source: National Bureau of Statistics, China Labor Statistical Yearbook 2011, 2012 Table 3-16 Public services for employment, 2010 Registered number of job-hunters Number of people receiving occupational advices Number of people receiving services for self-employement Number of people managing to get a job Number (10 thousand) Sex composition (%) Source: National Bureau of Statistics, China Labor Statistical Yearbook 2011,