A layperson s guide to economic jargon

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "A layperson s guide to economic jargon"

Transcription

1 2000/3 14 March 2000 A layperson s guide to economic jargon Technical economic words are becoming more frequently used, not only in economic analyses and policy documents, but also in the general news media. This note takes a selection of this economic jargon and gives short simple explanations of what it means. The words are listed in alphabetical order. Where a definition contains a word which is defined elsewhere in the paper, that word is printed in italics. A wide range of economics dictionaries and text has been used to find the most useful definitions. Aggregate demand: Appreciation: Asset: Average tax rate: Balance of payments accounts: c.i.f.: Capital account: the value of the total demand for goods and services in the economy. an increase in the value of an asset. This often refers to the currency of a country with a floating exchange rate; when the currency appreciates, it can buy more of a foreign currency. (Cf depreciation) anything owned by a company, individual or other entity, that has a monetary value. (Cf liability) total tax as a percentage of total taxable income. the systematic record of the receipts and payments between a country s residents and the rest of the world, over a given period. They are traditionally divided into a current account and a capital account. A balance of payments deficit refers to a deficit on the current account. cost, insurance, freight. This is one way of measuring the value of imports, where their value includes insurance and freight costs as well as the cost of the goods themselves. The other measure is v.f.d. that part of a country s balance of payments which embraces the following: its financial assets and liabilities (such as loans, portfolio investment, and direct investment), reserve assets (such as gold), capital transfers (which mostly consist of the funds that migrants bring with them), and the acquisition/disposal of non-produced, nonfinancial assets (such as patents).

2 Capital goods: Cartel: Closed economy: Consumption goods: Consumption: CPI: Crowding out: Current account: Cycle (economic / business cycle): Cyclical unemployment: Deficit: Deflation: Demand: Depreciation: Depression: Devaluation: goods used to produce other goods rather than being sold to consumers (e.g. plant and equipment). Businesses, organisations or countries which have grouped together to influence the price or supply of goods and services. an economy closed to international trade, with no exports, imports or capital movements. (Cf open economy) goods which are consumed for personal satisfaction. the total expenditure in an economy on goods and services which are used up within a short period of time. Final consumption is the expenditure on goods and services for the direct satisfaction of individual and collective needs. Intermediate consumption is the expenditure on goods and services to be used in the production process. Consumers Price Index : an index which measures the average level of the prices that households pay for goods and services. a fall in private sector consumption and investment as a result of increasing government expenditure. that part of a country s balance of payments which embraces its transactions of goods, services, international investment income, and current transfers (e.g. foreign aid). the alternative acceleration and deceleration of overall economic and business activity. A full cycle usually lasts several years. unemployment which results from the downswing of an economic cycle and can be eliminated by the upswing. the short-fall of revenue over expenditure. A budget deficit occurs when Government s revenue is insufficient to cover its expenditure. A current account deficit occurs when a country earns less than it pays overseas. A deficit also refers to the case where the value of assets is less than the value of liabilities. (Cf surplus) a fall in the general level of prices. The rate of inflation is negative. the willingness and ability to pay a sum of money for a particular good or service. a fall in the value of an asset. This often refers to the currency of a country with a floating exchange rate; when a currency depreciates, it buys less of a foreign currency. (See appreciation) a severe recession. a reduction in the value of a country s currency where the country has a fixed exchange rate system. 2

3 Direct investment: Direct tax: Disinflation: Dumping: Economies of scale: Elasticity: Equity: Excise duty: Externalities: f.o.b.: Fiscal policy: Fixed exchange rate system: Flat tax: Floating exchange rate system: Free trade: investment made to acquire a lasting interest in an enterprise, where the investor s purpose is to have a significant influence in the management of the enterprise. taxation on the income or wealth of individuals and companies. (Cf indirect tax) a reducing rate of inflation. selling goods abroad at a price lower than that charged for the same good in the domestic market. a reduction in the average cost of producing a product that results when a greater amount of the product is produced. the percentage change of one variable with respect to a percentage change of another. For example, the price elasticity of demand measures the percentage change of the demand for a particular product in response to a particular percentage change in its price. 1. fairness; 2. the net assets of a business (calculated by subtracting its liabilities from its assets), that is, the stake the owner has in the business. In the case of a mortgaged property, equity is the value of the property after subtracting the amount owed to the lender. a tax levied on goods produced for the domestic market, as distinct from import tariffs; for example, excise duties on fuel, tobacco, or alcohol. goods and services whose costs and benefits are not properly accounted for by the price. The total costs or benefits to society as a whole may be greater or smaller than the private costs and benefits to those directly involved in the transaction. One example of this is pollution-causing activity. free on board. Exports are usually measured this way, which is their value at port before they are exported; that is, it does not include the value of shipping and insuring the products beyond the port. Government s taxation and expenditure policy. an exchange rate system whereby the government attempts to keep the value of the currency fixed in relation to the value of another currency or basket of currencies. the same rate of income tax is applied to all levels of income. an exchange rate system where the value of the currency is determined by market supply and demand. a policy of non-intervention by the government in trade between countries. 3

4 Frictional unemployment: Full employment: GDP: GNP: Goods: Gross: Incomes policy: Index number: Indirect tax: Inflation: Intermediate goods: Investment: Invisibles: Labour force: Liability: Loose policy: Macro-economics: unemployment resulting from the time involved in workers changing jobs. the level of employment at which everyone able and willing to work is employed, and the only unemployment is frictional unemployment. gross domestic product : a measure of the total value of goods and services produced by an economy over a specified time period. gross national product : GDP plus income accruing to domestic residents arising from investment abroad less income earned in the domestic market accruing to foreigners abroad. physical objects that people are prepared to pay for. with no deductions; for example, gross profit is profits before the payment of interest and depreciation. (Cf net) a policy of directly restraining incomes, usually as a means of keeping inflation low. a single number which gives the average value of a set of related items, expressed as a percentage of their average value at some base period. tax which is levied on transactions involving goods and services; for example, GST and tariffs. (Cf direct tax) persistent upward movement in the general level of prices, together with the related drop in purchasing power. goods which are used up in the production of other goods. For example, sheet steel in the production of car bodies. 1. in economic theory: the production of capital goods such as roads, factories and machinery; 2. in common usage: expenditure on the acquisition of real or financial assets. the current account components of the balance of payments accounts which are not physical goods. the number of people employed plus the number unemployed (see unemployment rate). any form of debt. (Cf asset) this applies to fiscal and monetary policy, and describes policy when it is set at a level to stimulate further acceleration of economic activity (in the short-run). (Cf tight policy) the study of human activities in large groups as indicated by economic aggregates such as total employment, national income, and prices. (Cf micro-economics) 4

5 Marginal tax rate: MCI: Merchandise trade: Micro-economics: Mixed economy: Monetary conditions: Monetary policy: Money supply: Monopoly: Monopsony: Multiplier: National accounts: Net: Nominal value: OCR: Oligopoly: Open economy: the rate of tax paid on an additional unit of income. monetary conditions index : an index number designed by the Reserve Bank to measure monetary conditions. Its two components are 90 day bank bill rates and the TWI exchange rate. If these rise, the MCI will rise. An increase in the MCI signifies a tightening of monetary conditions. exports and imports of goods. the study of the economic actions of individual firms and well-defined small groups of individuals and sectors. (Cf macro-economics) a system which combines competitive private enterprise with some degree of central control. this refers to the overall level of interest rates, exchange rates and money supply in an economy. Conditions can be either loose, tight or neutral. the actions the Reserve Bank takes to affect interest rates, the exchange rate and the money supply in order to influence the pace of spending. the total stock of money in the economy. Money can be defined narrowly as notes and coins, or widely to include bank deposits. an industry where there is only one seller and many buyers. an industry where there is only one buyer but many sellers. the number by which the amount of a specific capital investment (or change in some other element in aggregate demand, such as Government spending) is multiplied to give the resulting total amount by which national income or employment is increased. the presentation of a country s income and expenditure accounts in a form indicating transactions that have taken place during a given period between different sectors of the economy. what is remaining after all deductions; for example after taking expenses and taxes off. (Cf gross) the money value of any economic variable (without adjustment to net out inflation changes). (Cf real value) official cash rate : the interest rate which applies to overnight borrowing and lending between banks and the Reserve Bank. It is currently a key operational feature of monetary policy in New Zealand. an industry in which there are only a few sellers but many buyers. an economy in which there are no restrictions on imports and exports, nor on the movement of labour or capital across the border. (Cf closed economy) 5

6 Opportunity cost: Participation rate (labour force): Portfolio investment: Productivity: Progressive tax: Protectionism: Public goods: Real value: Recession: Regressive tax: Savings rate: Services: Structural unemployment: Supply: where expenditure on a particular item or activity is valued in terms of the most profitable alternative use of the money. That is, it is valued in terms of the items/activities foregone. the number of people in the labour force as a percentage of the total working age population. investment in equity securities (shares) and debt securities (bills and bonds). Unlike direct investment, the investment is not for the purpose of gaining a significant influence on any enterprise. output produced per unit of input. Labour productivity measures output per unit of labour; capital productivity measures output per unit of capital; and total factor productivity measures output per unit of labour and capital. a tax where people on higher incomes spend a greater proportion of their income on the tax than do people on lower incomes. (Cf regressive tax) a policy that favours the use of tariffs, quotas, or other import restrictions to make domestic products competitive with foreign imports. goods and services which, because they cannot be withheld from one individual without withholding them from all, tend to be supplied communally. Examples include street lighting and national defence. this is usually quoted in terms of the dollars of a specific base period (for example, real GDP is currently quoted in 1991/92 dollars). The real value of an economic variable in a particular period is its money value after adjustment to exclude any price level changes between that period and the base period. (Cf nominal value) a decline in overall economic activity, usually defined as two consecutive quarterly falls in real GDP. a tax where people on higher incomes spend a smaller proportion of their income on the tax than do people on lower incomes. (Cf progressive tax) the proportion of income which is saved. In the case of an individual, savings is usually measured against the proportion of income after tax. intangible products that people are prepared to pay for and which are usually consumed at the same time as they are produced. Examples include transportation, catering, and hairdressing. long-term unemployment caused by changes in the industrial, occupational, or demographic structure of the economy. The quantity of a good or service available for sale at a specified price. 6

7 Surplus: Tariff: Terms of trade: Tight policy: Tradeables: TWI: Underemployment: Unemployment rate: v.f.d.: Volume index: the extent that revenue is greater than expenditure, or that the value of assets is greater than the value of liabilities. (Cf deficit) a tax applied to imports. a ratio of an index of export prices to an index of import prices. A rise in the terms of trade indicates that a country is able to buy a greater volume of imports for a given volume of exports. this applies to fiscal and monetary policy, and describes policy when it is set at a level to reduce the rate of growth of economic activity (in the short-run). (Cf loose policy) goods and services which can be imported or exported. trade weighted index : an index of the New Zealand dollar s value against a basket of five overseas currencies (currently the Euro and the currencies of Australia, Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom), where each country s currency is weighted by a combination of the size of (1) its trade with New Zealand and (2) its GDP. the employment of workers in jobs which either do not offer sufficient hours of work or do not fully utilise their abilities and skills. the number of people unemployed, as a percentage of the total labour force. For the purpose of this calculation, an unemployed person is someone who is without a paid job, is available for work, and is actively searching for work. value for duty. This is one way of measuring the value of imports, where the value excludes insurance and freight costs. The other measure is c.i.f. this measures the real value of, for example, goods and services imported or exported. Andrew Morrison, Economist Parliamentary Library For further information, contact Andrew (ext.9202) Copyright NZ Parliamentary Library. Except for educational purposes permitted under the Copyright Act 1994, no part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including information storage and retrieval systems, other than by Members of Parliament in the course of their official duties, without the consent of the Parliamentary Librarian, Parliament Buildings, Wellington, New Zealand. 7

A layperson s guide to monetary policy

A layperson s guide to monetary policy 1999/8 17 December 1999 A layperson s guide to Executive Summary Monetary policy refers to those actions by the Reserve Bank which affect interest rates, the exchange rate and the money supply. The objective

More information

Econ 202 Section 4 Final Exam

Econ 202 Section 4 Final Exam Douglas, Fall 2009 December 15, 2009 A: Special Code 00004 PLEDGE: I have neither given nor received unauthorized help on this exam. SIGNED: PRINT NAME: Econ 202 Section 4 Final Exam 1. Oceania buys $40

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Suvey of Macroeconomics, MBA 641 Fall 2006, Final Exam Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Modern macroeconomics emerged from

More information

Exam 1 Review. 3. A severe recession is called a(n): A) depression. B) deflation. C) exogenous event. D) market-clearing assumption.

Exam 1 Review. 3. A severe recession is called a(n): A) depression. B) deflation. C) exogenous event. D) market-clearing assumption. Exam 1 Review 1. Macroeconomics does not try to answer the question of: A) why do some countries experience rapid growth. B) what is the rate of return on education. C) why do some countries have high

More information

ASSIGNMENT 1 ST SEMESTER : MACROECONOMICS (MAC) ECONOMICS 1 (ECO101) STUDY UNITS COVERED : STUDY UNITS 1 AND 2. DUE DATE : 3:00 p.m.

ASSIGNMENT 1 ST SEMESTER : MACROECONOMICS (MAC) ECONOMICS 1 (ECO101) STUDY UNITS COVERED : STUDY UNITS 1 AND 2. DUE DATE : 3:00 p.m. Page 1 of 13 ASSIGNMENT 1 ST SEMESTER : MACROECONOMICS (MAC) ECONOMICS 1 (ECO101) STUDY UNITS COVERED : STUDY UNITS 1 AND 2 DUE DATE : 3:00 p.m. 19 MARCH 2013 TOTAL MARKS : 100 INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

More information

Chapter 12. National Income Accounting and the Balance of Payments. Slides prepared by Thomas Bishop

Chapter 12. National Income Accounting and the Balance of Payments. Slides prepared by Thomas Bishop Chapter 12 National Income Accounting and the Balance of Payments Slides prepared by Thomas Bishop Preview National income accounts measures of national income measures of value of production measures

More information

Economics 101 Multiple Choice Questions for Final Examination Miller

Economics 101 Multiple Choice Questions for Final Examination Miller Economics 101 Multiple Choice Questions for Final Examination Miller PLEASE DO NOT WRITE ON THIS EXAMINATION FORM. 1. Which of the following statements is correct? a. Real GDP is the total market value

More information

CHAPTER 5: MEASURING GDP AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

CHAPTER 5: MEASURING GDP AND ECONOMIC GROWTH CHAPTER 5: MEASURING GDP AND ECONOMIC GROWTH Learning Goals for this Chapter: To know what we mean by GDP and to use the circular flow model to explain why GDP equals aggregate expenditure and aggregate

More information

2.5 Monetary policy: Interest rates

2.5 Monetary policy: Interest rates 2.5 Monetary policy: Interest rates Learning Outcomes Describe the role of central banks as regulators of commercial banks and bankers to governments. Explain that central banks are usually made responsible

More information

Economics 212 Principles of Macroeconomics Study Guide. David L. Kelly

Economics 212 Principles of Macroeconomics Study Guide. David L. Kelly Economics 212 Principles of Macroeconomics Study Guide David L. Kelly Department of Economics University of Miami Box 248126 Coral Gables, FL 33134 dkelly@miami.edu First Version: Spring, 2006 Current

More information

a) Aggregate Demand (AD) and Aggregate Supply (AS) analysis

a) Aggregate Demand (AD) and Aggregate Supply (AS) analysis a) Aggregate Demand (AD) and Aggregate Supply (AS) analysis Determinants of AD: Aggregate demand is the total demand in the economy. It measures spending on goods and services by consumers, firms, the

More information

Pre-Test Chapter 11 ed17

Pre-Test Chapter 11 ed17 Pre-Test Chapter 11 ed17 Multiple Choice Questions 1. Built-in stability means that: A. an annually balanced budget will offset the procyclical tendencies created by state and local finance and thereby

More information

The Circular Flow of Income and Expenditure

The Circular Flow of Income and Expenditure The Circular Flow of Income and Expenditure Imports HOUSEHOLDS Savings Taxation Govt Exp OTHER ECONOMIES GOVERNMENT FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS Factor Incomes Taxation Govt Exp Consumer Exp Exports FIRMS Capital

More information

Macroeconomics: GDP, GDP Deflator, CPI, & Inflation

Macroeconomics: GDP, GDP Deflator, CPI, & Inflation HOSP 2207 (Economics) Learning Centre Macroeconomics: GDP, GDP Deflator, CPI, & Inflation Macroeconomics is the big picture view of an economy. Microeconomics looks at the market for a specific good, like

More information

BUSINESS ECONOMICS CEC2 532-751 & 761

BUSINESS ECONOMICS CEC2 532-751 & 761 BUSINESS ECONOMICS CEC2 532-751 & 761 PRACTICE MACROECONOMICS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Warning: These questions have been posted to give you an opportunity to practice with the multiple choice format

More information

Introduction to Macroeconomics 1012 Final Exam Spring 2013 Instructor: Elsie Sawatzky

Introduction to Macroeconomics 1012 Final Exam Spring 2013 Instructor: Elsie Sawatzky Introduction to Macroeconomics 1012 Final Exam Spring 2013 Instructor: Elsie Sawatzky Name Time: 2 hours Marks: 80 Multiple choice questions 1 mark each and a choice of 2 out of 3 short answer question

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Econ 111 Summer 2007 Final Exam Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The classical dichotomy allows us to explore economic growth

More information

PRACTICE- Unit 6 AP Economics

PRACTICE- Unit 6 AP Economics PRACTICE- Unit 6 AP Economics Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The term liquid asset means: A. that the asset is used in a barter exchange.

More information

Refer to Figure 17-1

Refer to Figure 17-1 Chapter 17 1. Inflation can be measured by the a. change in the consumer price index. b. percentage change in the consumer price index. c. percentage change in the price of a specific commodity. d. change

More information

Professor Christina Romer. LECTURE 17 MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES AND ISSUES March 17, 2016

Professor Christina Romer. LECTURE 17 MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES AND ISSUES March 17, 2016 Economics 2 Spring 2016 Professor Christina Romer Professor David Romer LECTURE 17 MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES AND ISSUES March 17, 2016 I. MACROECONOMICS VERSUS MICROECONOMICS II. REAL GDP A. Definition B.

More information

Chapter 11: Activity

Chapter 11: Activity Economics for Managers by Paul Farnham Chapter 11: Measuring Macroeconomic Activity 11.1 Measuring Gross Domestic Product (GDP) GDP: the market value of all currently yproduced final goods and services

More information

Main Indicators for the Finnish Economy

Main Indicators for the Finnish Economy BANK OF FINLAND Monetary Policy and Research - Financial Markets and Statistics Main Indicators for the Finnish Economy 1/11 January 1 January 11 Monetary Policy and Research - Financial Markets and Statistics

More information

Main Indicators for the Finnish Economy

Main Indicators for the Finnish Economy BANK OF FINLAND Monetary Policy and Research - Financial Markets and Statistics Main Indicators for the Finnish Economy 3/11 17 March 11 Main Indicators for the Finnish Economy is produced jointly by the

More information

Chapter 11. International Economics II: International Finance

Chapter 11. International Economics II: International Finance Chapter 11 International Economics II: International Finance The other major branch of international economics is international monetary economics, also known as international finance. Issues in international

More information

Reference: Gregory Mankiw s Principles of Macroeconomics, 2 nd edition, Chapters 10 and 11. Gross Domestic Product

Reference: Gregory Mankiw s Principles of Macroeconomics, 2 nd edition, Chapters 10 and 11. Gross Domestic Product Macroeconomics Topic 1: Define and calculate GDP. Understand the difference between real and nominal variables (e.g., GDP, wages, interest rates) and know how to construct a price index. Reference: Gregory

More information

3. a. If all money is held as currency, then the money supply is equal to the monetary base. The money supply will be $1,000.

3. a. If all money is held as currency, then the money supply is equal to the monetary base. The money supply will be $1,000. Macroeconomics ECON 2204 Prof. Murphy Problem Set 2 Answers Chapter 4 #2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9 (on pages 102-103) 2. a. When the Fed buys bonds, the dollars that it pays to the public for the bonds increase

More information

Measuring the Aggregate Economy

Measuring the Aggregate Economy CHAPTER 25 Measuring the Aggregate Economy The government is very keen on amassing statistics... They collect them, add them, raise them to the n th power, take the cube root and prepare wonderful diagrams.

More information

MEASURING GDP AND ECONOMIC GROWTH*

MEASURING GDP AND ECONOMIC GROWTH* Chapter 5 MEASURING GDP AND ECONOMIC GROWTH* Gross Domestic Product Topic: GDP 1) Gross domestic product is the total produced within a country in a given time period. A) market value of all final and

More information

Main Indicators for the Finnish Economy

Main Indicators for the Finnish Economy BANK OF FINLAND Monetary Policy and Research - Financial Markets and Statistics Main Indicators for the Finnish Economy /1 13 April 1 13 April 1 Monetary Policy and Research - Financial Markets and Statistics

More information

MEASURING A NATION S INCOME

MEASURING A NATION S INCOME 10 MEASURING A NATION S INCOME WHAT S NEW IN THE FIFTH EDITION: There is more clarification on the GDP deflator. The Case Study on Who Wins at the Olympics? is now an FYI box. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the

More information

Econ 202 Final Exam. Table 3-1 Labor Hours Needed to Make 1 Pound of: Meat Potatoes Farmer 8 2 Rancher 4 5

Econ 202 Final Exam. Table 3-1 Labor Hours Needed to Make 1 Pound of: Meat Potatoes Farmer 8 2 Rancher 4 5 Econ 202 Final Exam 1. If inflation expectations rise, the short-run Phillips curve shifts a. right, so that at any inflation rate unemployment is higher. b. left, so that at any inflation rate unemployment

More information

The Aggregate Demand- Aggregate Supply (AD-AS) Model

The Aggregate Demand- Aggregate Supply (AD-AS) Model The AD-AS Model The Aggregate Demand- Aggregate Supply (AD-AS) Model Chapter 9 The AD-AS Model addresses two deficiencies of the AE Model: No explicit modeling of aggregate supply. Fixed price level. 2

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Chatper 34 International Finance - Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The currency used to buy imported goods is A) the

More information

Chapter 12: Gross Domestic Product and Growth Section 1

Chapter 12: Gross Domestic Product and Growth Section 1 Chapter 12: Gross Domestic Product and Growth Section 1 Key Terms national income accounting: a system economists use to collect and organize macroeconomic statistics on production, income, investment,

More information

S.Y.B.COM. (SEM-III) ECONOMICS

S.Y.B.COM. (SEM-III) ECONOMICS Fill in the Blanks. Module 1 S.Y.B.COM. (SEM-III) ECONOMICS 1. The continuous flow of money and goods and services between firms and households is called the Circular Flow. 2. Saving constitute a leakage

More information

EC201 Intermediate Macroeconomics. EC201 Intermediate Macroeconomics Problem Set 1 Solution

EC201 Intermediate Macroeconomics. EC201 Intermediate Macroeconomics Problem Set 1 Solution EC201 Intermediate Macroeconomics EC201 Intermediate Macroeconomics Problem Set 1 Solution 1) Given the difference between Gross Domestic Product and Gross National Product for a given economy: a) Provide

More information

GOVERNMENT ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES. Textbook, Chapter 26 [pg 317-328]

GOVERNMENT ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES. Textbook, Chapter 26 [pg 317-328] GOVERNMENT ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES Textbook, Chapter 26 [pg 317-328] Name: Class: Learning outcomes: Identify government economic objectives. Explain the main stages of the business cycle. Explain

More information

Macroeconomics, Fall 2007 Exam 3, TTh classes, various versions

Macroeconomics, Fall 2007 Exam 3, TTh classes, various versions Name: _ Days/Times Class Meets: Today s Date: Macroeconomics, Fall 2007 Exam 3, TTh classes, various versions Read these Instructions carefully! You must follow them exactly! I) On your Scantron card you

More information

The Economic Environment for Business

The Economic Environment for Business B. FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENT 1. The economic environment for business 2. The nature and role of financial markets and institutions The Economic Environment for Business What are the targets of macroeconomic

More information

2 0 0 0 E D I T I O N CLEP O F F I C I A L S T U D Y G U I D E. The College Board. College Level Examination Program

2 0 0 0 E D I T I O N CLEP O F F I C I A L S T U D Y G U I D E. The College Board. College Level Examination Program 2 0 0 0 E D I T I O N CLEP O F F I C I A L S T U D Y G U I D E College Level Examination Program The College Board Principles of Macroeconomics Description of the Examination The Subject Examination in

More information

11.1 Estimating Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Objectives

11.1 Estimating Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Objectives 11.1 Estimating Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Objectives Describe what the gross domestic product measures. Learn two ways to calculate the gross domestic product, and explain why they are equivalent. 11.1

More information

A. GDP, Economic Growth, and Business Cycles

A. GDP, Economic Growth, and Business Cycles ECON 3023 Hany Fahmy FAll, 2009 Lecture Note: Introduction and Basic Concepts A. GDP, Economic Growth, and Business Cycles A.1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) de nition and measurement The Gross Domestic

More information

real r = nominal r inflation rate (25)

real r = nominal r inflation rate (25) 3 The price of Loanable Funds Definition 19 INTEREST RATE:(r) Charge per dollar per period that borrowers pay or lenders receive. What affects the interest rate: inflation. risk. taxes. The real interest

More information

What is fiscal policy? Fiscal policy is the use of government spending and taxation to influence the level of aggregate demand and economic activity

What is fiscal policy? Fiscal policy is the use of government spending and taxation to influence the level of aggregate demand and economic activity Macroeconomic policy Fiscal Policy What is fiscal policy? Fiscal policy is the use of government spending and taxation to influence the level of aggregate demand and economic activity List the main types

More information

1. Firms react to unplanned inventory investment by increasing output.

1. Firms react to unplanned inventory investment by increasing output. Macro Exam 2 Self Test -- T/F questions Dr. McGahagan Fill in your answer (T/F) in the blank in front of the question. If false, provide a brief explanation of why it is false, and state what is true.

More information

Macroeconomics Machine-graded Assessment Items Module: Fiscal Policy

Macroeconomics Machine-graded Assessment Items Module: Fiscal Policy Macroeconomics Machine-graded Assessment Items Module: Fiscal Policy Machine-graded assessment question pools are provided for your reference and are organized by learning outcome. It is your responsibility

More information

Econ 202 Section 2 Final Exam

Econ 202 Section 2 Final Exam Douglas, Fall 2009 December 17, 2009 A: Special Code 0000 PLEDGE: I have neither given nor received unauthorized help on this exam. SIGNED: PRINT NAME: Econ 202 Section 2 Final Exam 1. The present value

More information

ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS

ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS 7-1 In what ways are national income statistics useful? National income accounting does for the economy as a whole what private accounting does for businesses. Firms

More information

Economics. Social Studies Curriculum Framework. Revised 2006 Amended June 2009

Economics. Social Studies Curriculum Framework. Revised 2006 Amended June 2009 Economics Social Studies Curriculum Framework Revised 2006 Course Title: Economics Course/Unit Credit: 0.5 Course Number: 4743000 Teacher Licensure: Please refer to the Course Code Management System (https://adedata.arkansas.gov/ccms/)

More information

Econ 202 Final Exam. Douglas, Spring 2006 PLEDGE: I have neither given nor received unauthorized help on this exam.

Econ 202 Final Exam. Douglas, Spring 2006 PLEDGE: I have neither given nor received unauthorized help on this exam. , Spring 2006 PLEDGE: I have neither given nor received unauthorized help on this exam. SIGNED: PRINT NAME: Econ 202 Final Exam 1. When the government spends more, the initial effect is that a. aggregate

More information

Practice Problems on NIPA and Key Prices

Practice Problems on NIPA and Key Prices Practice Problems on NIPA and Key Prices 1- What are the three approaches to measuring economic activity? Why do they give the same answer? The three approaches to national income accounting are the product

More information

Untangling F9 terminology

Untangling F9 terminology Untangling F9 terminology Welcome! This is not a textbook and we are certainly not trying to replace yours! However, we do know that some students find some of the terminology used in F9 difficult to understand.

More information

Introduction to Macroeconomics. TOPIC 1: Introduction, definition, measures

Introduction to Macroeconomics. TOPIC 1: Introduction, definition, measures TOPIC 1: Introduction, definitions, measures Annaïg Morin CBS - Department of Economics August 2013 What is macroeconomics about? Understanding the behavior of an economy as a whole. studying aggregated

More information

The Data of Macroeconomics

The Data of Macroeconomics CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics Modified for ECON 2204 by Bob Murphy 2016 Worth Publishers, all rights reserved IN THIS CHAPTER, YOU WILL LEARN:... the meaning and measurement of the most important

More information

SAMPLE PAPER II ECONOMICS Class - XII BLUE PRINT

SAMPLE PAPER II ECONOMICS Class - XII BLUE PRINT SAMPLE PAPER II ECONOMICS Class - XII Maximum Marks 100 Time : 3 hrs. BLUE PRINT Sl. No. Form of Very Short Short Answer Long Answer Total Questions (1 Mark) (3, 4 Marks) (6 Marks) Content Unit 1 Unit

More information

Chapter 12. Aggregate Expenditure and Output in the Short Run

Chapter 12. Aggregate Expenditure and Output in the Short Run Chapter 12. Aggregate Expenditure and Output in the Short Run Instructor: JINKOOK LEE Department of Economics / Texas A&M University ECON 203 502 Principles of Macroeconomics Aggregate Expenditure (AE)

More information

Households Wages, profit, interest, rent = $750. Factor markets. Wages, profit, interest, rent = $750

Households Wages, profit, interest, rent = $750. Factor markets. Wages, profit, interest, rent = $750 KrugmanMacro_SM_Ch07.qxp 11/9/05 4:47 PM Page 87 Tracking the Macroeconomy 1. Below is a simplified circular-flow diagram for the economy of Micronia. a. What is the value of GDP in Micronia? b. What is

More information

EC2105, Professor Laury EXAM 2, FORM A (3/13/02)

EC2105, Professor Laury EXAM 2, FORM A (3/13/02) EC2105, Professor Laury EXAM 2, FORM A (3/13/02) Print Your Name: ID Number: Multiple Choice (32 questions, 2.5 points each; 80 points total). Clearly indicate (by circling) the ONE BEST response to each

More information

Politics, Surpluses, Deficits, and Debt

Politics, Surpluses, Deficits, and Debt Defining Surpluses and Debt Politics, Surpluses,, and Debt Chapter 11 A surplus is an excess of revenues over payments. A deficit is a shortfall of revenues relative to payments. 2 Introduction After having

More information

Name: Date: 3. Variables that a model tries to explain are called: A. endogenous. B. exogenous. C. market clearing. D. fixed.

Name: Date: 3. Variables that a model tries to explain are called: A. endogenous. B. exogenous. C. market clearing. D. fixed. Name: Date: 1 A measure of how fast prices are rising is called the: A growth rate of real GDP B inflation rate C unemployment rate D market-clearing rate 2 Compared with a recession, real GDP during a

More information

Big Concepts. Balance of Payments Accounts. Financing International Trade. Economics 202 Principles Of Macroeconomics. Lecture 12

Big Concepts. Balance of Payments Accounts. Financing International Trade. Economics 202 Principles Of Macroeconomics. Lecture 12 Economics 202 Principles Of Macroeconomics Professor Yamin Ahmad Big Concepts Balance of Payments Equilibrium The relationship between the current account, capital account and official settlements balance

More information

Economics 152 Solution to Sample Midterm 2

Economics 152 Solution to Sample Midterm 2 Economics 152 Solution to Sample Midterm 2 N. Das PART 1 (84 POINTS): Answer the following 28 multiple choice questions on the scan sheet. Each question is worth 3 points. 1. If Congress passes legislation

More information

Statistics Netherlands. Macroeconomic Imbalances Factsheet

Statistics Netherlands. Macroeconomic Imbalances Factsheet Macroeconomic Imbalances Factsheet Introduction Since the outbreak of the credit crunch crisis in 2008, and the subsequent European debt crisis, it has become clear that there are large macroeconomic imbalances

More information

With lectures 1-8 behind us, we now have the tools to support the discussion and implementation of economic policy.

With lectures 1-8 behind us, we now have the tools to support the discussion and implementation of economic policy. The Digital Economist Lecture 9 -- Economic Policy With lectures 1-8 behind us, we now have the tools to support the discussion and implementation of economic policy. There is still great debate about

More information

FBLA: ECONOMICS. Competency: Basic Economic Concepts and Principles

FBLA: ECONOMICS. Competency: Basic Economic Concepts and Principles Competency: Basic Economic Concepts and Principles 1. Define money (characteristics, role, and forms) and trace how money and resources flow through the American economic system. 2. Utilize decision-making

More information

Finance, Saving, and Investment

Finance, Saving, and Investment 23 Finance, Saving, and Investment Learning Objectives The flows of funds through financial markets and the financial institutions Borrowing and lending decisions in financial markets Effects of government

More information

CHAPTER 14 BALANCE-OF-PAYMENTS ADJUSTMENTS UNDER FIXED EXCHANGE RATES

CHAPTER 14 BALANCE-OF-PAYMENTS ADJUSTMENTS UNDER FIXED EXCHANGE RATES CHAPTER 14 BALANCE-OF-PAYMENTS ADJUSTMENTS UNDER FIXED EXCHANGE RATES MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following does not represent an automatic adjustment in balance-of-payments disequilibrium?

More information

Accounts payable Money which you owe to an individual or business for goods or services that have been received but not yet paid for.

Accounts payable Money which you owe to an individual or business for goods or services that have been received but not yet paid for. A Account A record of a business transaction. A contract arrangement, written or unwritten, to purchase and take delivery with payment to be made later as arranged. Accounts payable Money which you owe

More information

Econ 336 - Spring 2007 Homework 5

Econ 336 - Spring 2007 Homework 5 Econ 336 - Spring 2007 Homework 5 Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The real exchange rate, q, is defined as A) E times P B)

More information

1. Planning - Establishing organizational goals and deciding how to accomplish them

1. Planning - Establishing organizational goals and deciding how to accomplish them 1 : Understanding the Management Process Basic Management Functions 1. Planning - Establishing organizational goals and deciding how to accomplish them SWOT analysis - The identification and evaluation

More information

In 2012, GNP in constant prices increased by 1.8% compared with 2011.

In 2012, GNP in constant prices increased by 1.8% compared with 2011. 8 Economy In 2012, GNP in constant prices increased by 1.8% compared with 2011. The building and construction sector fell by 7.7% in value added terms in 2012 compared to 2011. Manufacturing industry decreased

More information

MACROECONOMIC AND INDUSTRY ANALYSIS VALUATION PROCESS

MACROECONOMIC AND INDUSTRY ANALYSIS VALUATION PROCESS MACROECONOMIC AND INDUSTRY ANALYSIS VALUATION PROCESS BUSINESS ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION To determine a proper price for a firm s stock, security analyst must forecast the dividend & earnings that can be expected

More information

C A R I B B E A N E X A M I N A T I O N S C O U N C I L REPORT ON CANDIDATES WORK IN THE SECONDARY EDUCATION CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION MAY/JUNE 2011

C A R I B B E A N E X A M I N A T I O N S C O U N C I L REPORT ON CANDIDATES WORK IN THE SECONDARY EDUCATION CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION MAY/JUNE 2011 C A R I B B E A N E X A M I N A T I O N S C O U N C I L REPORT ON CANDIDATES WORK IN THE SECONDARY EDUCATION CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION MAY/JUNE 2011 ECONOMICS GENERAL PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION Copyright 2011

More information

The Fiscal Policy and The Monetary Policy. Ing. Mansoor Maitah Ph.D.

The Fiscal Policy and The Monetary Policy. Ing. Mansoor Maitah Ph.D. The Fiscal Policy and The Monetary Policy Ing. Mansoor Maitah Ph.D. Government in the Economy The Government and Fiscal Policy Fiscal Policy changes in taxes and spending that affect the level of GDP to

More information

Defence Expenditure: Trends and International Comparisons

Defence Expenditure: Trends and International Comparisons 2005/01 2 March 2005 Defence Expenditure: Trends and International Comparisons Executive Summary The use of accrual accounting methods makes New Zealand unique internationally with regard to defence accounting.

More information

Chapter 1. Why Study Money, Banking, and Financial Markets?

Chapter 1. Why Study Money, Banking, and Financial Markets? Chapter 1 Why Study Money, Banking, and Financial Markets? Why Study Money, Banking, and Financial Markets To examine how financial markets such as bond, stock and foreign exchange markets work To examine

More information

Formulas for the Current Account Balance

Formulas for the Current Account Balance Formulas for the Current Account Balance By Leigh Harkness Abstract This paper uses dynamic models to explain the current account balance in a range of situations. It starts with simple economies with

More information

Chapter 24. What will you learn in this chapter? Valuing an economy. Measuring the Wealth of Nations

Chapter 24. What will you learn in this chapter? Valuing an economy. Measuring the Wealth of Nations Chapter 24 Measuring the Wealth of Nations 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education 1 What will you learn in this chapter? How to calculate gross domestic product (GDP). Why each component of GDP is important. What

More information

QUIZ IV Version 1. March 24, 2004. 4:35 p.m. 5:40 p.m. BA 2-210

QUIZ IV Version 1. March 24, 2004. 4:35 p.m. 5:40 p.m. BA 2-210 NAME: Student ID: College of Business Administration Department of Economics Principles of Macroeconomics O. Mikhail ECO 2013-0008 Spring 2004 QUIZ IV Version 1 This closed book QUIZ is worth 100 points.

More information

Economic Systems. 1. MARKET ECONOMY in comparison to 2. PLANNED ECONOMY

Economic Systems. 1. MARKET ECONOMY in comparison to 2. PLANNED ECONOMY Economic Systems The way a country s resources are owned and the way that country takes decisions as to what to produce, how much to produce and how to distribute what has been produced determine the type

More information

MEASURING GDP AND ECONOMIC GROWTH CHAPTER

MEASURING GDP AND ECONOMIC GROWTH CHAPTER MEASURING GDP AND ECONOMIC GROWTH CHAPTER Objectives After studying this chapter, you will able to Define GDP and use the circular flow model to explain why GDP equals aggregate expenditure and aggregate

More information

CONCEPT OF MACROECONOMICS

CONCEPT OF MACROECONOMICS CONCEPT OF MACROECONOMICS Macroeconomics is the branch of economics that studies economic aggregates (grand totals):e.g. the overall level of prices, output and employment in the economy. If you want to

More information

The level of price and inflation Real GDP: the values of goods and services measured using a constant set of prices

The level of price and inflation Real GDP: the values of goods and services measured using a constant set of prices Chapter 2: Key Macroeconomics Variables ECON2 (Spring 20) 2 & 4.3.20 (Tutorial ) National income accounting Gross domestic product (GDP): The market value of all final goods and services produced within

More information

GDP: Measuring Total Production and Income

GDP: Measuring Total Production and Income Chapter 7 (19) GDP: Measuring Total Production and Income Chapter Summary While microeconomics is the study of how households and firms make choices, how they interact in markets, and how the government

More information

AGGREGATE DEMAND AND AGGREGATE SUPPLY The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand

AGGREGATE DEMAND AND AGGREGATE SUPPLY The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand AGGREGATE DEMAND AND AGGREGATE SUPPLY The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand Suppose that the economy is undergoing a recession because of a fall in aggregate demand. a. Using

More information

Chapter 13. Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Analysis

Chapter 13. Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Analysis Chapter 13. Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Analysis Instructor: JINKOOK LEE Department of Economics / Texas A&M University ECON 203 502 Principles of Macroeconomics In the short run, real GDP and

More information

LECTURE NOTES ON MACROECONOMIC PRINCIPLES

LECTURE NOTES ON MACROECONOMIC PRINCIPLES LECTURE NOTES ON MACROECONOMIC PRINCIPLES Peter Ireland Department of Economics Boston College peter.ireland@bc.edu http://www2.bc.edu/peter-ireland/ec132.html Copyright (c) 2013 by Peter Ireland. Redistribution

More information

CHAPTER 3 THE LOANABLE FUNDS MODEL

CHAPTER 3 THE LOANABLE FUNDS MODEL CHAPTER 3 THE LOANABLE FUNDS MODEL The next model in our series is called the Loanable Funds Model. This is a model of interest rate determination. It allows us to explore the causes of rising and falling

More information

Thinkwell s Homeschool Economics Course Lesson Plan: 36 weeks

Thinkwell s Homeschool Economics Course Lesson Plan: 36 weeks Thinkwell s Homeschool Economics Course Lesson Plan: 36 weeks Welcome to Thinkwell s Homeschool Economics! We re thrilled that you ve decided to make us part of your homeschool curriculum. This lesson

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. ECON 4110: Sample Exam Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Economists define risk as A) the difference between the return on common

More information

7 AGGREGATE SUPPLY AND AGGREGATE DEMAND* Chapter. Key Concepts

7 AGGREGATE SUPPLY AND AGGREGATE DEMAND* Chapter. Key Concepts Chapter 7 AGGREGATE SUPPLY AND AGGREGATE DEMAND* Key Concepts Aggregate Supply The aggregate production function shows that the quantity of real GDP (Y ) supplied depends on the quantity of labor (L ),

More information

1 Multiple Choice - 50 Points

1 Multiple Choice - 50 Points Econ 201 Final Winter 2008 SOLUTIONS 1 Multiple Choice - 50 Points (In this section each question is worth 1 point) 1. Suppose a waiter deposits his cash tips into his savings account. As a result of only

More information

Macroeconomia Capitolo 7. Seguire l andamento della macroeconomia. What you will learn in this chapter:

Macroeconomia Capitolo 7. Seguire l andamento della macroeconomia. What you will learn in this chapter: Macroeconomia Capitolo 7 Seguire l andamento della macroeconomia PowerPoint Slides by Can Erbil 2006 Worth Publishers, all rights reserved What you will learn in this chapter: How economists use aggregate

More information

I. Introduction to Aggregate Demand/Aggregate Supply Model

I. Introduction to Aggregate Demand/Aggregate Supply Model University of California-Davis Economics 1B-Intro to Macro Handout 8 TA: Jason Lee Email: jawlee@ucdavis.edu I. Introduction to Aggregate Demand/Aggregate Supply Model In this chapter we develop a model

More information

Summer 2014 Week 3 Tutorial Questions (Ch2) Solutions

Summer 2014 Week 3 Tutorial Questions (Ch2) Solutions Chapter 2: Q1: Macroeconomics P.52 Numerical Problems #3 Q2: Macroeconomics P.52 Numerical Problems #6 Q3: Macroeconomics P.53 Numerical Problems #7 Q4: Macroeconomics P.53 Numerical Problems #9 Q5: Macroeconomics

More information

INTRODUCTION TO MACROECONOMICS MIDTERM- SAMPLE QUESTIONS

INTRODUCTION TO MACROECONOMICS MIDTERM- SAMPLE QUESTIONS INTRODUCTION TO MACROECONOMICS MIDTERM- SAMPLE QUESTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) In May 2009, Ford Motor Company's sales

More information

Measuring GDP and Economic Growth

Measuring GDP and Economic Growth 20 Measuring GDP and Economic Growth After studying this chapter you will be able to Define GDP and explain why GDP equals aggregate expenditure and aggregate income Explain how Statistics Canada measures

More information

International Economic Relations

International Economic Relations nternational conomic Relations Prof. Murphy Chapter 12 Krugman and Obstfeld 2. quation 2 can be written as CA = (S p ) + (T G). Higher U.S. barriers to imports may have little or no impact upon private

More information

Cosumnes River College Principles of Macroeconomics Problem Set 3 Due September 17, 2015

Cosumnes River College Principles of Macroeconomics Problem Set 3 Due September 17, 2015 Cosumnes River College Principles of Macroeconomics Problem Set 3 Due September 17, 2015 Name: Solutions Fall 2015 Prof. Dowell Instructions: Write the answers clearly and concisely on these sheets in

More information