The Importance of Balcony and Slab Edge Thermal Bridges in Concrete Construction
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1 The Importance of Balcony and Slab Edge Thermal Bridges in Concrete Construction GRAHAM FINCH, MASC, P.ENG, PRINCIPAL, RDH BUILDING ENGINEERING LTD. VANCOUVER, BC COAUTHORS: BRITTANY HANAM & JAMES HIGGINS
2 Outline Why care about concrete balconies and exposed slab edges? Impacts of uninsulated slab edges and balconies Comparison of alternate solutions Benefit of balcony thermal breaks
3 Introduction Plenty of efforts underway to improve energy efficiency of the building enclosure & whole buildings Energy Code Changes, ASHRAE 90.1, NECB, & IECC LEED, Passive House & other Green Building programs Lots of attention to thermal bridging of poor performing aluminum frame windows in high-rises But.. Still missing one of the most significant thermal bridges
4 What Do Most People See with Balconies? Outdoor space Fresh air, smoking? Sunshine Views More floor space Plants/garden BBQ/eating area Architecturally appealing Requirement in our housing market? Storage (Bikes)
5 What Do Engineers See with Balconies? Uninsulated concrete slab Degrades wall thermal performance (increased heat loss) Lowers effective R-value of wall Increased space-heating & cooling requirements (More kwh + $$) Colder interior surfaces (risk of condensation/mould, thermal discomfort) Finish, waterproofing, railings, and other interface details & maintenance Structural design considerations Exhaust vents
6 What Thermal Impact Can Balconies Possibly Have? Walls have effective R-value greater than R-15 (hopefully!) Exposed slab edges, balconies, eyebrows have an R-value of ~R-1 8 slab in a 104 (8-8 ) high wall Individual balconies occupy 1 to 2% of gross wall area in typical high-rise Continuous exposed concrete slab edge or eyebrow occupy ~8% of gross wall area How can something small matter that much? Can t I just ignore it?
7 Concrete Balcony and Slab Edge Impact Research Study Study to assess impact of exposed slab edges and balconies in Multi-Unit Residential Buildings (MURBs): Thermal performance (effective R-values), Energy code compliance, Thermal comfort & condensation potential, Whole building energy consumption & costs Assess designed or proprietary solutions available & used in the market to improve performance
8 Thermal Impact of Exposed Slab Edges on Wall R-values Thermal bridging (at slab edges) results in heat bypassing wall insulation reduces effective R-value of entire wall Effective R-values matter for: Building code Energy code compliance (prescriptive, BE trade-off, or energy modeling) Building space conditioning loads (heating & cooling) Whole building energy consumption
9 Impact of Exposed Slabs & Balconies Exterior Insulated Results from thermal modeling using calibrated finite element 3- dimensional sosware R- values for 8 8 High Wall - No Balcony or Eyebrow (Center of Wall) InsulaBon Strategy EffecBve R- value 3 EPS (R- 12), Exterior Insula:on R EPS (R- 16), Exterior Insula:on R EPS (R- 24), Exterior Insula:on R R- values for 8 8 High Wall with Balcony or Eyebrow (Overall) InsulaBon Strategy Exterior insula:on over concrete wall EffecBve R- value 3 EPS (R- 12), Exterior Insula:on R- 7.4 (- 47%) 4 EPS (R- 16), Exterior Insula:on R- 8.6 (- 52%) 6 EPS (R- 24), Exterior Insula:on R (- 59%)
10 Impact of Exposed Slabs & Balconies Interior Insulated R- values for 8 8 High Wall - No Balcony or Eyebrow (Center of Wall) InsulaBon Strategy EffecBve R- value 1 XPS (R- 5) + R- 12 bads/steel studs R XPS (R- 10) + R- 12 bads/steel studs R XPS (R- 15) + R- 12 bads/steel studs R R- values for 8 8 High Wall with Balcony or Eyebrow (Overall) - Similar for Exposed Slab Edge InsulaBon Strategy XPS/baD insula:on to interior of exposed concrete wall EffecBve R- value 1 XPS (R- 5) + R- 12 bads/steel studs R- 7.5 (- 48%) 2 XPS (R- 10) + R- 12 bads/steel studs R- 8.9 (- 55%) 3 XPS (R- 15) + R- 12 bads/steel studs R (- 60%)
11 Energy Codes & Minimum Effective Wall R-values Climate Zone NECB & insulation/glazing levels A/7B ASHRAE Climate Zone Wall Any ConstrucBon Type ResidenBal or Commercial : Min. R- value Energy Codes drive minimum thermal performance Within Canada, Provincial/National Building Codes ASHRAE & NECB In the US, varies by state though similar targets 18.6 Climate Zone Wall Steel Framing - ResidenBal/Commercial Min. R- value Wall Mass ConstrucBon - ResidenBal/Commercial Min. R- value Res, 15.6 Comm 19.2 Res, 14.1 Comm 7A/7B 23.8 Res, 15.6 Comm 14.1 Res, 14.1 Comm Res, 15.6 Comm 14.1 Res, 12.5 Comm Res, 15.6 Comm 12.5 Res, 11.1 Comm Res, 15.6 Comm 11.1 Res, 9.6 Comm
12 Energy Code Impact of Uninsulated Balconies Typical Wall R-values for Most of Canada ASHRAE /2010 Wall R-value minimum of ~R-15.6 (steel framed), ~R-11.1 to R-14.1 (mass) National Energy Code for Buildings NECB 2011 Wall R-value minimum of R-18 to R-23 (all wall types) Walls have limited trade-off ability due to maximized window area and low window thermal performance Some Examples Exposed Slab Edge Percentage for 100% wall: 0% 60% wall: 40% 50% wall: 50% 40% wall: 60% 20% wall: 80% Different WWR windows windows windows windows windows 8 slab, 8 floor to ceiling 7.7% 12.8% 15.4% 19.2% 38.5%
13 Band-Aid Solutions? Just Add More Wall Insulation? 12 thick insulation boards, ~R-50 Exposed Slab Edge Percentage for 100% wall: 0% 60% wall: 40% 50% wall: 50% 40% wall: 60% 20% wall: 80% Different WWR windows windows windows windows windows 8 slab, 8 floor to ceiling 7.7% 12.8% 15.4% 19.2% 38.5%
14 Thermal Comfort and Moisture Issues Increased heat loss at slab results in colder indoor floor and ceiling temperatures increasing risk for mould/ condensation
15 Ceiling and Flooring Moisture Issues
16 Addressing Exposed Slab Edge and Balcony Thermal Bridging Impossible to ignore in energy efficient designs, comfort & energy Minimum prescriptive and trade-off energy code compliance difficult Wall R-value reductions from slab in order of ~40-60% Space heat energy and cost increases in order of 10% Very hard to trade-off with more insulation due to depreciating returns Designers usually trade off the wall R-value to allow for more/larger windows so a lower baseline wall R-value is not advantageous Mechanical and other energy modeling trade-offs also difficult There is a cost justification for thermal break balcony/slab edge solutions Cost premiums from the product can be offset by the savings from adding insulation into the walls or windows Allows for larger floor areas (less insulation, thinner walls)
17 Insulating Cantilevered Concrete Balconies - Options Structural cut- outs with beam reinforcement Concentrated reinforcement with insulabon 60% length structural cut- out (w/ and w/o exterior insula:on. Extra reinforcing steel in remainder to support slab. Approx. Cost $50// Concentrated reinforcement within 40% of length (remainder insula:on). Approx. Cost $ 25// Balcony InsulaBon wrap (varying depth of coverage) Manufactured slab edge / balcony thermal break 2 (R- 10) extruded polystyrene (XPS) insula:on wrap (coverage 2, 4 6 and full edge wrap). Approx. Cost $200- $250// Manufactured balcony thermal break within slab separa:ng interior from exterior. Approx. Cost $50- $80//
18 R-value Improvement from Balcony Insulation Solutions R-20 exterior insulated concrete wall (R-21.4 with backup construction) Compare alternate insulated balcony insulation solutions Structural cut-out Concentrated rebar Insulation wraps Balcony slab thermal breaks
19 Linear Transmittance ψ (Psi) Values U-wall = simple math for 2.7m tall wall, ψ of 0.72 doubles heat loss Linear Transmittance values for alternate solutions Uoverall = Uwall + (Ψbalcony Lbalcony)/ Aoverall For an example case: wall with exterior insulation, R-20 (RSI-3.5, U-0.284) Overall wall U=0.266 accounting for backup and airfilms
20 Cast-in Place Concrete Balcony Slab Thermal Breaks Thermally decouples the concrete slab connection from inside to outside Stainless steel tension reinforcing Polymer concrete compression blocks Gypsum/concrete fire plates Expanded polystyrene insulation filler Tested and proven solution
21 Cast-in Place Concrete Balcony Slab Thermal Breaks
22 R-value Improvement from Balcony Thermal Breaks R- values for 8 8 High Wall with 6 Balcony Wall InsulaBon Strategy EffecBve R- value 1 XPS (R- 5) + R- 12 bad/studs = (R c.o.w.) R XPS (R- 10) + R- 12 bad/studs = (R c.o.w.) R XPS (R- 15) + R- 12 bad/studs = (R R c.o.w.) for 8 8 High Wall with 6 Balcony & Thermal Break R- values Wall InsulaBon Strategy & EffecBve R- values Thermal Break R- value R- 2.5 thermal break R- 5 thermal break 1 XPS (R- 5) + R- 12 bad/studs (R- 14.3) R R XPS (R- 10) + R- 12 bad/studs (R- 19.7) R R XPS (R- 15) + R- 12 bad/studs (R- 24.7) R R- 19.5
23 R-value Improvement from Balcony Thermal Breaks Impact of Thermal Breaks on the Effective R- value of an Exterior Insulated Concrete Wall Effective R- value of Wall (Inc. Balcony) Clear Wall (No Balcony) 15 Wall with Balcony (No Thermal Break) 10 Wall with Balcony - R- 2.5 Thermal Break Wall with Balcony - R- 5 Thermal Break Nominal R- value of Wall Exterior Insulation 25
24 Exposed Concrete Slab Edge Thermal Breaks Exposed slab edge is just as bad thermally as a protruding eyebrow or balcony Solution: Exterior insulate or slab edge to wall thermal break
25 R-value Improvement from Exposed Slab Thermal Breaks R- values for 8 8 High Wall with Exposed Slabs Wall InsulaBon Strategy EffecBve R- value 1 XPS (R- 5) + R- 12 bad/studs (R- 14.3) R XPS (R- 10) + R- 12 bad/studs (R- 19.7) R XPS (R- 15) + R- 12 bad/studs (R- 24.7) R- 9.8 R- values for 8 8 High Wall with Internal Slab Edge Thermal Break Wall InsulaBon Strategy & EffecBve R- values Thermal Break R- value R- 2.5 thermal break 1 XPS (R- 5) + R- 12 bad/studs (R- 14.3) R XPS (R- 10) + R- 12 bad/studs (R- 19.7) R XPS (R- 15) + R- 12 bad/studs (R- 24.7) R- 16.9
26 Impact of Balcony Thermal Breaks on Code Compliance When slab thermal breaks are used, it is possible to attain prescriptive minimum wall R-value requirements Better R-values to trade-off other components Lower energy consumption Easier energy code compliance (i.e. ASHRAE 90.1/NECB) Some examples.. Exposed Slab Edge Percentage for 100% wall: 0% 60% wall: 40% 50% wall: 50% 40% wall: 60% 20% wall: 80% Different WWR windows windows windows windows windows 8 slab, 8 floor to ceiling 7.7% 12.8% 15.4% 19.2% 38.5%
27 Thermal Comfort Improvements from Thermal Breaks No thermal break Exterior Insula;on Interior Insula;on 13.9oC 8.2oC 3.8oC 13.9oC 8.2oC 3.7oC INDOORS 20oC OUTDOORS - 10oC Thermal break Window Wall 18.6oC 15.6oC 9.0oC 18.6oC 15.6oC 5.4oC
28 Whole Building Energy Savings Whole building energy model (EnergyPlus) used to assess impact of slab edge & balcony thermal breaks Archetypical high-rise concrete frame MURB, 40% window area, SHGC 0.3 Space heat 40-60% of total energy load Exposed slab edges/balconies around perimeter of building Zoning, thermal mass, shading effects Modeled within 8 North American climate zones to specifically assess heating/cooling loads in each Assess local energy use & costs
29 Whole Building Energy Savings Climate Zones 4-7 Assessed impact of R-3.4 and R-5.7 slab thermal breaks Space heat energy savings are equal to 4 to 10 kwh/m2/yr or 7-8% of total heating Minimal cooling energy savings (due to low Canadian cooling loads) $ savings dependant on local heating fuel costs Payback depends on fuel cost, and climate 15 to 30 year range
30 Summary & Key Points Exposed slab edges and balconies have a significant reduction on Rvalue of surrounding walls Prescriptive and BE trade-off energy code compliance is difficult can t add more insulation to walls to trade-off Thermal comfort implications mould & condensation potential Solutions available to address slab edge/balcony thermal bridge manufactured balcony thermal break most cost & thermally effective A must for energy efficient projects Simpler energy code compliance large R-value improvement Thermal comfort improvements, less mould/condensation risk Space heat energy & cost savings in the range of 7-8% for MURBs in climate zones 4-7, less in zones 1-3
31 Questions Graham Finch
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