Topic 1 revision. The building blocks of life. Class revision with exam questions

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Topic 1 revision. The building blocks of life. Class revision with exam questions"

Transcription

1 B2 Topic 1 revision The building blocks of life Class revision with exam questions

2 Animal cells

3 What is aerobic respiration? Aerobic respiration is the process of releasing energy through the oxidation of glucose molecules. carbon glucose + oxygen dioxide + water ( + energy) C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 0 ( + ATP) This reaction releases energy in the form of ATP a compound that can readily be used in cellular processes.

4 Plant cells

5 What is photosynthesis? Photosynthesis is a chemical reaction where light energy is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. carbon dioxide + water light energy chlorophyll glucose + oxygen 6CO 2 + 6H 2 0 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 The reaction uses light energy from the Sun and takes place in chloroplasts of plant cells.

6 What organelles are present in a bacterial cell? Cytoplasm Slime layer flagella Plasmid DNA Cell wall Cell membrane Chromosomal DNA

7 What organelles are present in a bacterial cell? Chromosomal DNA Plasmid DNA Plasmid DNA are just loops of DNA.

8 Light Microscopes The magnification can be worked out by using a simple formula: Total magnification = magnifying power x magnifying power of eyepiece lens of objective lens Total magnification = x10 x x50

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16 How did Watson and Crick develop their model of DNA? Started with ideas and a hypothesis Written and published a paper on their model. Conducted various experiments Gathered evidence from other sources

17 Extracting DNA Action Why? Finely chopped kiwi fruit tissue is added to saline/detergent solution The mixture is kept warm at 50 C for 15 mins, then filtered. Cooled methanol is carefully added to the filtrate in equal volumes. Look for a change at the boundary. Membranes of the cell brake up, releasing chromosomes. Protein-digesting enzymes in the cells digest the protein part of the chromosomes, releasing DNA. DNA precipitates from the filtrate. DNA strands are visible in the methanol layer.

18

19

20

21

22

23 What happens to DNA in cell division? Before cell division takes place, the chromosomes duplicate. How does this affect DNA? Each chromosome is made of a DNA molecule, so DNA also needs to replicate. DNA is a very interesting molecule because it is able to copy itself. It is able to do this because it is double stranded.

24 How does DNA replicate? The replication of DNA is a continuous process but can be broken down into several stages: The DNA helix unwinds. The two strands separate. New bases bond to each strand, creating two new molecules of DNA. Each molecule of DNA winds up again, creating two new helices.

25

26 Mitosis Mitosis results in two daughter cells. Most cells contain 2 set of chromosomes (1 from mum and 1 from dad) The DNA replicates and make chromatids The cell splits apart creating two identical cells

27 Meiosis Mitosis results in four daughter cells. Most cells contain 2 set of chromosomes (1 from mum and 1 from dad) The DNA replicates and make chromatids The cell splits apart The cell splits apart again

28

29

30

31

32

33 Mutation! DNA is able to copy itself very accurately for every 1 billion bases replicated, only 1 will be wrong! Sometimes, however, mistakes do happen. When this happens, it is called a mutation. Most mutations are harmful and many have no effect, but sometimes a mutation results in a new, beneficial characteristic for the individual. How important are mutations in natural selection and evolution?

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41 Replicating micro-organisms Genetically-engineered micro-organisms, such as bacteria and yeast, can easily be replicated on a large scale. Tanks called fermenters or bioreactors are used. These enable the micro-organisms to be grown, or cultured, at optimum ph, temperature and nutrient levels. The product can be continuously removed and purified.

42

43

44

45

46

47

48 GM crops Crops can be given extra genes for new and useful characteristics. They are genetically modified (GM). What characteristics might be useful in crops? pest resistance frost resistance disease resistance herbicide resistance drought resistance longer shelf life

49 Plants with extra vitamins Rice can be genetically modified to make beta-carotene, a substance that is converted into vitamin A in the body. The colour of the rice is an indication of how much more betacarotene it contains. The GM rice is called Golden Rice and is being developed to help fight vitamin A deficiency and blindness in developing countries.

50

51 Taking cuttings A plant can easily and quickly be cloned by taking a cutting. This is a fast way of cloning. stem cut from parent plant cutting dipped in rooting powder and planted The problem with this method is that it cannot produce many clones at once.

52 Tissue culture

53 Embryo transplantation It is more difficult to clone animals than plants. A technique used to create clone animals is embryo transplanting. For example, a cattle farmer would follow this process: 1. Sperm is taken from the best bull and used to fertilize an egg from the best cow. 2. The fertilized egg divides to form an embryo containing several cells. 3. The embryo is separated into individual cells, which go on to form new embryos. Each embryo contains the same genes. 4. The embryos are implanted into surrogate cows. 5. The cows give birth to calves, which are all clones of each other.

54 Human therapeutic cloning The DNA of an embryo cell can be replaced with the DNA from a patient s cell. patient s DNA inserted embryo cell nucleus removed 5 day-old embryo stem cells removed the embryo dies The embryo produces stem cells containing the patient s genes. The cells will not be rejected, so immune-suppressing drugs are not needed. This process is therapeutic cloning.

55

56

57

58 Higher only

59

60

61 What are stem cells? Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can develop into any type of cell. Early embryos are good sources of stem cells. stem cells red blood cells liver cells muscle cells

62 Using stem cells Stem cells could be injected into damaged organs to rebuild the tissues. This would reduce the need for organ transplants. injected into patient with diseased liver stem cells liver is repaired The stem cells would need to have the same genes as the patient, otherwise they would be rejected by the patient s immune system. They would need to be clones. How could you make an embryo that only contained your genes?

63 What happens at the active site? In the same way that a key fits into a lock, so a substrate is thought to fit into an enzyme s active site. The enzyme is the lock, and the reactant is the key. + + enzyme + enzyme-reactant complex enzyme + reactant products

64

65

66 Factors affecting enzymes The rate of enzyme catalyzed reactions depends on several factors. What are some of these? Factors that affect the rate of a reaction include: temperature ph enzyme concentration substrate concentration surface area pressure. All enzymes work best at only one particular temperature and ph: this is called the optimum. Different enzymes have different optimum temperatures and ph values.

67 EXAM TIP: NEVER say that the enzyme is destroyed or has died or is killed. It is DENATURED as it loses its shape only, meaning that it cannot match up to the substrate correctly. denatured

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

Respiration occurs in the mitochondria in cells.

Respiration occurs in the mitochondria in cells. B3 Question Which process occurs in the mitochondria in cells? Why do the liver and muscle cells have large number of mitochondria? What is the function of the ribosomes? Answer Respiration occurs in the

More information

B2 Revision. Subject Module Date Biology B2 13 TH May (am)

B2 Revision. Subject Module Date Biology B2 13 TH May (am) B2 Revision Subject Module Date Biology B2 13 TH May (am) Useful websites www.aqa.org.uk This website contains the specifications that we follow and also has a large number of past papers and mark schemes

More information

PRESTWICK ACADEMY NATIONAL 5 BIOLOGY CELL BIOLOGY SUMMARY

PRESTWICK ACADEMY NATIONAL 5 BIOLOGY CELL BIOLOGY SUMMARY Name PRESTWICK ACADEMY NATIONAL 5 BIOLOGY CELL BIOLOGY SUMMARY Cell Structure Identify animal, plant, fungal and bacterial cell ultrastructure and know the structures functions. Plant cell Animal cell

More information

Draw one line from each structure in List A to the correct information about the structure in List B.

Draw one line from each structure in List A to the correct information about the structure in List B. Q. The drawing shows the cell of a bacterium. (a) List A gives the four structures labelled on the diagram. List B includes information about each structure. Draw one line from each structure in List A

More information

Cells & Cell Organelles

Cells & Cell Organelles Cells & Cell Organelles The Building Blocks of Life H Biology Types of cells bacteria cells Prokaryote - no organelles Eukaryotes - organelles animal cells plant cells Cell size comparison Animal cell

More information

Investigating cells. Cells are the basic units of living things (this means that all living things are made up of one or more cells).

Investigating cells. Cells are the basic units of living things (this means that all living things are made up of one or more cells). SG Biology Summary notes Investigating cells Sub-topic a: Investigating living cells Cells are the basic units of living things (this means that all living things are made up of one or more cells). Cells

More information

PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION

PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION reflect Wind turbines shown in the photo on the right are large structures with blades that move in response to air movement. When the wind blows, the blades rotate. This motion generates energy that is

More information

B2 1 Cells, Tissues and Organs

B2 1 Cells, Tissues and Organs B2 Cells, Tissues and Organs 5 minutes 5 marks Page of 7 Q. The diagram shows a bacterium. On the drawing, name the structures labelled A, B, C and D. (Total 4 marks) Q2. (a) The diagrams show cells containing

More information

Respiration Worksheet. Respiration is the controlled release of energy from food. Types of Respiration. Aerobic Respiration

Respiration Worksheet. Respiration is the controlled release of energy from food. Types of Respiration. Aerobic Respiration Respiration Worksheet Respiration is the controlled release of energy from food The food involved in respiration is usually Internal respiration is controlled by which allow energy to be released in The

More information

Cells, tissues and organs

Cells, tissues and organs Chapter 8: Cells, tissues and organs Cells: building blocks of life Living things are made of cells. Many of the chemical reactions that keep organisms alive (metabolic functions) take place in cells.

More information

MCAS Biology. Review Packet

MCAS Biology. Review Packet MCAS Biology Review Packet 1 Name Class Date 1. Define organic. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 2. All living things are made up of 6 essential elements: SPONCH. Name the six elements of life. S N P C O H 3. Elements

More information

Unit 5 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Unit 5 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Unit 5 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Advanced Concepts What is the abbreviated name of this molecule? What is its purpose? What are the three parts of this molecule? Label each part with the

More information

Get It Right. Answers. Chapter 1: The Science of Life. A biologist studies all living things.

Get It Right. Answers. Chapter 1: The Science of Life. A biologist studies all living things. Discover Biology 'N' Level Science Chapter 1 Chapter 1: The Science of Life A biologist studies all living things. In order to carry out the scientific method, we need to ask questions. Discover Biology

More information

AS Biology Unit 2 Key Terms and Definitions. Make sure you use these terms when answering exam questions!

AS Biology Unit 2 Key Terms and Definitions. Make sure you use these terms when answering exam questions! AS Biology Unit 2 Key Terms and Definitions Make sure you use these terms when answering exam questions! Chapter 7 Variation 7.1 Random Sampling Sampling a population to eliminate bias e.g. grid square

More information

Cellular Respiration: Practice Questions #1

Cellular Respiration: Practice Questions #1 Cellular Respiration: Practice Questions #1 1. Which statement best describes one of the events taking place in the chemical reaction? A. Energy is being stored as a result of aerobic respiration. B. Fermentation

More information

Keystone Review Practice Test Module A Cells and Cell Processes. 1. Which characteristic is shared by all prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Keystone Review Practice Test Module A Cells and Cell Processes. 1. Which characteristic is shared by all prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Keystone Review Practice Test Module A Cells and Cell Processes 1. Which characteristic is shared by all prokaryotes and eukaryotes? a. Ability to store hereditary information b. Use of organelles to control

More information

Biology 20 Cellular Respiration Review NG Know the process of Cellular Respiration (use this picture if it helps):

Biology 20 Cellular Respiration Review NG Know the process of Cellular Respiration (use this picture if it helps): Biology 20 Cellular Respiration Review NG Know the process of Cellular Respiration (use this picture if it helps): 1) How many ATP molecules are produced for each glucose molecule used in fermentation?

More information

BIOLOGY HIGHER LEVEL

BIOLOGY HIGHER LEVEL 2008. M44 Write your Examination Number here Coimisiún na Scrúduithe Stáit State Examinations Commission LEAVING CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION, 2008 BIOLOGY HIGHER LEVEL THURSDAY, 12 JUNE MORNING, 9.30 TO 12.30

More information

12.1 The Role of DNA in Heredity

12.1 The Role of DNA in Heredity 12.1 The Role of DNA in Heredity Only in the last 50 years have scientists understood the role of DNA in heredity. That understanding began with the discovery of DNA s structure. In 1952, Rosalind Franklin

More information

1. The diagram below represents a biological process

1. The diagram below represents a biological process 1. The diagram below represents a biological process 5. The chart below indicates the elements contained in four different molecules and the number of atoms of each element in those molecules. Which set

More information

2. Which type of macromolecule contains high-energy bonds and is used for long-term energy storage?

2. Which type of macromolecule contains high-energy bonds and is used for long-term energy storage? Energy Transport Study Island 1. During the process of photosynthesis, plants use energy from the Sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. These products are, in turn, used by the

More information

Comparing Plant and Animal Cells

Comparing Plant and Animal Cells 1.2 Comparing Plant and Animal Cells Here is a summary of what you will learn in this section: Plant and animal cell structures are called organelles. Plant and animal cells perform some similar functions,

More information

Cellular Energy. 1. Photosynthesis is carried out by which of the following?

Cellular Energy. 1. Photosynthesis is carried out by which of the following? Cellular Energy 1. Photosynthesis is carried out by which of the following? A. plants, but not animals B. animals, but not plants C. bacteria, but neither animals nor plants D. all living organisms 2.

More information

Enzymes. Chapter 3. 3.1 Enzymes and catalysts. Vital mistake. What is an enzyme?

Enzymes. Chapter 3. 3.1 Enzymes and catalysts. Vital mistake. What is an enzyme? Chapter 3 Enzymes Vital mistake We may not be able to see them, but enzymes are absolutely crucial to the lives of ourselves and all other living organisms. The Quarter Horse (Figure 3.1) is a breed of

More information

Topic 3: Nutrition, Photosynthesis, and Respiration

Topic 3: Nutrition, Photosynthesis, and Respiration 1. Base your answer to the following question on the chemical reaction represented below and on your knowledge of biology. If this reaction takes place in an organism that requires sunlight to produce

More information

Given these characteristics of life, which of the following objects is considered a living organism? W. X. Y. Z.

Given these characteristics of life, which of the following objects is considered a living organism? W. X. Y. Z. Cell Structure and Organization 1. All living things must possess certain characteristics. They are all composed of one or more cells. They can grow, reproduce, and pass their genes on to their offspring.

More information

Visualizing Cell Processes

Visualizing Cell Processes Visualizing Cell Processes A Series of Five Programs produced by BioMEDIA ASSOCIATES Content Guide for Program 3 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Copyright 2001, BioMEDIA ASSOCIATES www.ebiomedia.com

More information

Unit I: Introduction To Scientific Processes

Unit I: Introduction To Scientific Processes Unit I: Introduction To Scientific Processes This unit is an introduction to the scientific process. This unit consists of a laboratory exercise where students go through the QPOE2 process step by step

More information

Chemical Basis of Life Module A Anchor 2

Chemical Basis of Life Module A Anchor 2 Chemical Basis of Life Module A Anchor 2 Key Concepts: - Water is a polar molecule. Therefore, it is able to form multiple hydrogen bonds, which account for many of its special properties. - Water s polarity

More information

Name Date Class. energy phosphate adenine charged ATP chemical bonds work ribose

Name Date Class. energy phosphate adenine charged ATP chemical bonds work ribose Energy in a Cell Reinforcement and Study Guide Section.1 The Need for Energy In your textbook, read about cell energy. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage. energy phosphate adenine

More information

Figure 5. Energy of activation with and without an enzyme.

Figure 5. Energy of activation with and without an enzyme. Biology 20 Laboratory ENZYMES & CELLULAR RESPIRATION OBJECTIVE To be able to list the general characteristics of enzymes. To study the effects of enzymes on the rate of chemical reactions. To demonstrate

More information

CHAPTER 2 : CELL AS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE

CHAPTER 2 : CELL AS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE CHAPTER 2 : CELL AS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE Parts of microscope : An instrument that magnifies minute objects so they can be seen easily. It is one of the most important tools of science. Physicians and

More information

Genetic material of all living organisms. Biology - 100

Genetic material of all living organisms. Biology - 100 Genetic material of all living organisms. Biology - 100 This antibiotic is made from a fungus that was first discovered growing on an orange and it became the first antibiotic to treat infection. Biology

More information

Photo Cell Resp Practice. A. ATP B. oxygen C. DNA D. water. The following equation represents the process of photosynthesis in green plants.

Photo Cell Resp Practice. A. ATP B. oxygen C. DNA D. water. The following equation represents the process of photosynthesis in green plants. Name: ate: 1. Which molecule supplies the energy for cellular functions?. TP. oxygen. N. water 2. Photosynthesis The following equation represents the process of photosynthesis in green plants. What happens

More information

Cellular Respiration Worksheet 1. 1. What are the 3 phases of the cellular respiration process? Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain.

Cellular Respiration Worksheet 1. 1. What are the 3 phases of the cellular respiration process? Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain. Cellular Respiration Worksheet 1 1. What are the 3 phases of the cellular respiration process? Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain. 2. Where in the cell does the glycolysis part of cellular

More information

The Living Cell from the Biology: The Science of Life Series. Pre-Test

The Living Cell from the Biology: The Science of Life Series. Pre-Test 1 Pre-Test Directions: Answer each question TRUE OR FALSE. 1. The instructions for making proteins are stored in molecules of DNA. 2. Proteins are made in the nucleus. 3. All cells are surrounded by a

More information

Cellular Respiration An Overview

Cellular Respiration An Overview Why? Cellular Respiration An Overview What are the phases of cellular respiration? All cells need energy all the time, and their primary source of energy is ATP. The methods cells use to make ATP vary

More information

Eukaryotic Cell Structure: Organelles in Animal & Plant Cells Why are organelles important and how are plants and animals different?

Eukaryotic Cell Structure: Organelles in Animal & Plant Cells Why are organelles important and how are plants and animals different? Why? Eukaryotic Cell Structure: Organelles in Animal & Plant Cells Why are organelles important and how are plants and animals different? The cell is the basic unit and building block of all living things.

More information

Biopharmaceuticals and Biotechnology Unit 2 Student Handout. DNA Biotechnology and Enzymes

Biopharmaceuticals and Biotechnology Unit 2 Student Handout. DNA Biotechnology and Enzymes DNA Biotechnology and Enzymes 35 Background Unit 2~ Lesson 1 The Biotechnology Industry Biotechnology is a process (or a technology) that is used to create products like medicines by using micro-organisms,

More information

tissues are made of cells that work together, organs are )

tissues are made of cells that work together, organs are ) Study Guide Cells Unit Test Matching. Write the letter of the correct response on the line. You may use the responses more than once. A. proteins B. simple carbohydrates C. complex carbohydrates D. lipids

More information

Endocrine System: Practice Questions #1

Endocrine System: Practice Questions #1 Endocrine System: Practice Questions #1 1. Removing part of gland D would most likely result in A. a decrease in the secretions of other glands B. a decrease in the blood calcium level C. an increase in

More information

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration Electrons carried in NADH Mitochondrion Glucose Glycolysis Pyruvic acid Krebs Cycle Electrons carried in NADH and FADH 2 Electron Transport Chain Cytoplasm Mitochondrion

More information

3120-1 - Page 1. Name:

3120-1 - Page 1. Name: Name: 1) Which series is arranged in correct order according to decreasing size of structures? A) DNA, nucleus, chromosome, nucleotide, nitrogenous base B) chromosome, nucleus, nitrogenous base, nucleotide,

More information

Photosynthesis P P P. Autotrophs and Heterotrophs (page 201) Chemical Energy and ATP (pages 202 203) Chapter 8. Name Class Date

Photosynthesis P P P. Autotrophs and Heterotrophs (page 201) Chemical Energy and ATP (pages 202 203) Chapter 8. Name Class Date Chapter 8 Photosynthesis Section 8 1 Energy and Life (pages 201 203) This section explains where plants get the energy they need to produce food. It also describes the role of the chemical compound ATP

More information

pathway that involves taking in heat from the environment at each step. C.

pathway that involves taking in heat from the environment at each step. C. Study Island Cell Energy Keystone Review 1. Cells obtain energy by either capturing light energy through photosynthesis or by breaking down carbohydrates through cellular respiration. In both photosynthesis

More information

Reproductive System & Development: Practice Questions #1

Reproductive System & Development: Practice Questions #1 Reproductive System & Development: Practice Questions #1 1. Which two glands in the diagram produce gametes? A. glands A and B B. glands B and E C. glands C and F D. glands E and F 2. Base your answer

More information

CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR REPRODUCTION P. 243-257

CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR REPRODUCTION P. 243-257 CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR REPRODUCTION P. 243-257 SECTION 9-1 CELLULAR GROWTH Page 244 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why is it beneficial for cells to remain small? MAIN IDEA Cells grow until they reach their size limit,

More information

Cell and Membrane Practice. A. chromosome B. gene C. mitochondrion D. vacuole

Cell and Membrane Practice. A. chromosome B. gene C. mitochondrion D. vacuole Name: ate: 1. Which structure is outside the nucleus of a cell and contains N?. chromosome. gene. mitochondrion. vacuole 2. potato core was placed in a beaker of water as shown in the figure below. Which

More information

Chapter 9 Review Worksheet Cellular Respiration

Chapter 9 Review Worksheet Cellular Respiration 1 of 5 11/9/2011 8:11 PM Name: Hour: Chapter 9 Review Worksheet Cellular Respiration Energy in General 1. Differentiate an autotroph from a hetertroph as it relates to obtaining energy and the processes

More information

Cell. (1) This is the most basic unit of life inside of our bodies.

Cell. (1) This is the most basic unit of life inside of our bodies. Cytology Overview Cell (1) This is the most basic unit of life inside of our bodies. ATP (2) Each of our cell s requires energy in order to carry out its day to day func>ons. This is the energy all cells

More information

Unit 2 Cell Biology Page 1

Unit 2 Cell Biology Page 1 Sub-Topics Include: 2.1 Cell structure 2.2 Transport across cell membranes 2.3 Producing new cells 2.4 DNA and the production of proteins 2.5 Proteins and enzymes 2.6 Genetic Engineering 2.7 Respiration

More information

Stem Cell Quick Guide: Stem Cell Basics

Stem Cell Quick Guide: Stem Cell Basics Stem Cell Quick Guide: Stem Cell Basics What is a Stem Cell? Stem cells are the starting point from which the rest of the body grows. The adult human body is made up of hundreds of millions of different

More information

The chemical reactions inside cells are controlled by enzymes. Cells may be specialised to carry out a particular function.

The chemical reactions inside cells are controlled by enzymes. Cells may be specialised to carry out a particular function. 12.1 What are animals and plants built from? All living things are made up of cells. The structures of different types of cells are related to their functions. to relate the structure of different types

More information

Cell Growth and Reproduction Module B, Anchor 1

Cell Growth and Reproduction Module B, Anchor 1 Cell Growth and Reproduction Module B, Anchor 1 Key Concepts: - The larger a cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA. In addition, a larger cell is less efficient in moving nutrients

More information

Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell. 1. Cell Basics. Limits to Cell Size. 1. Cell Basics. 2. Prokaryotic Cells. 3. Eukaryotic Cells

Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell. 1. Cell Basics. Limits to Cell Size. 1. Cell Basics. 2. Prokaryotic Cells. 3. Eukaryotic Cells Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell 1. Cell Basics 2. Prokaryotic Cells 3. Eukaryotic Cells 1. Cell Basics Limits to Cell Size There are 2 main reasons why cells are so small: If cells get too large: 1) there

More information

Unit 1 Higher Human Biology Summary Notes

Unit 1 Higher Human Biology Summary Notes Unit 1 Higher Human Biology Summary Notes a. Cells tissues organs body systems Division of labour occurs in multicellular organisms (rather than each cell carrying out every function) Most cells become

More information

pencil. Vocabulary: 1. Reactant 2. Product 3. Activation energy 4. Catalyst 5. substrate 6. Chemical reaction Keep your textbooks when you are done

pencil. Vocabulary: 1. Reactant 2. Product 3. Activation energy 4. Catalyst 5. substrate 6. Chemical reaction Keep your textbooks when you are done Objectives Students will explore the importance of chemical reactions in biology Students will discuss the role of enzymes as catalysts in biological reactions. Students will analyze graphs showing how

More information

Comparing Plant And Animal Cells

Comparing Plant And Animal Cells Comparing Plant And Animal Cells http://khanacademy.org/video?v=hmwvj9x4gny Plant Cells shape - most plant cells are squarish or rectangular in shape. amyloplast (starch storage organelle)- an organelle

More information

BioBoot Camp Genetics

BioBoot Camp Genetics BioBoot Camp Genetics BIO.B.1.2.1 Describe how the process of DNA replication results in the transmission and/or conservation of genetic information DNA Replication is the process of DNA being copied before

More information

What happens to the food we eat? It gets broken down!

What happens to the food we eat? It gets broken down! Enzymes Essential Questions: What is an enzyme? How do enzymes work? What are the properties of enzymes? How do they maintain homeostasis for the body? What happens to the food we eat? It gets broken down!

More information

DNA Fingerprinting. Unless they are identical twins, individuals have unique DNA

DNA Fingerprinting. Unless they are identical twins, individuals have unique DNA DNA Fingerprinting Unless they are identical twins, individuals have unique DNA DNA fingerprinting The name used for the unambiguous identifying technique that takes advantage of differences in DNA sequence

More information

Section A: Organisms and Life Processes

Section A: Organisms and Life Processes Section A: Organisms and Life Processes The cells of all living organisms have common features, and the organisms themselves share common processes. In this chapter you will read about these features and

More information

8.2 Cells and Energy. What is photosynthesis? Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts. CHAPTER 8. Solar cells and chloroplasts

8.2 Cells and Energy. What is photosynthesis? Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts. CHAPTER 8. Solar cells and chloroplasts CHAPTER 8 CELL PROCESSES 8.2 Cells and Energy To stay alive, you need a constant supply of energy. You need energy to move, think, grow, and even sleep. Where does that energy come from? It all starts

More information

1. When new cells are formed through the process of mitosis, the number of chromosomes in the new cells

1. When new cells are formed through the process of mitosis, the number of chromosomes in the new cells Cell Growth and Reproduction 1. When new cells are formed through the process of mitosis, the number of chromosomes in the new cells A. is half of that of the parent cell. B. remains the same as in the

More information

THE LIVING CELL. Cells also have variety of shapes. Plant cells are often rectangular or polygonal, while egg cells are usually spherical.

THE LIVING CELL. Cells also have variety of shapes. Plant cells are often rectangular or polygonal, while egg cells are usually spherical. THE LIVING CELL A Tour of the cell The cell is the smallest and the basic unit of structure of all organisms. There are two main types or categories of cells: prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic

More information

B2 H Mock Exam October 2014

B2 H Mock Exam October 2014 B2 H Mock Exam October 204 B2. - B2.6 64 minutes 64 marks 5x 4x2 2x3 Page of 34 Q. The diagram shows a cell. (a) (i) Use words from the box to name the structures labelled A and B. cell membrane chloroplast

More information

2. What kind of energy is stored in food? A. chemical energy B. heat energy C. kinetic energy D. light energy

2. What kind of energy is stored in food? A. chemical energy B. heat energy C. kinetic energy D. light energy Assessment Bank Matter and Energy in Living Things SC.8.L.18.4 1. What is energy? A. anything that takes up space B. anything that has mass C. the ability to conduct current D. the ability to do work 2.

More information

Multiple Choice Questions

Multiple Choice Questions Chapter 5 THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following can be made into crystal? (a) A Bacterium (b) An Amoeba (c) A Virus (d) A Sperm 2. A cell will swell up if (a)

More information

What affects an enzyme s activity? General environmental factors, such as temperature and ph. Chemicals that specifically influence the enzyme.

What affects an enzyme s activity? General environmental factors, such as temperature and ph. Chemicals that specifically influence the enzyme. CH s 8-9 Respiration & Metabolism Metabolism A catalyst is a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. An enzyme is a catalytic protein. Hydrolysis of sucrose by

More information

Which of the following can be determined based on this model? The atmosphere is the only reservoir on Earth that can store carbon in any form. A.

Which of the following can be determined based on this model? The atmosphere is the only reservoir on Earth that can store carbon in any form. A. Earth s Cycles 1. Models are often used to explain scientific knowledge or experimental results. A model of the carbon cycle is shown below. Which of the following can be determined based on this model?

More information

CELL/ PHOTOSYNTHESIS/ CELLULAR RESPIRATION Test 2011 ANSWER 250 POINTS ANY WAY IN WHICH YOU WANT

CELL/ PHOTOSYNTHESIS/ CELLULAR RESPIRATION Test 2011 ANSWER 250 POINTS ANY WAY IN WHICH YOU WANT CELL/ PHOTOSYNTHESIS/ CELLULAR RESPIRATION Test 2011 ANSWER 250 POINTS ANY WAY IN WHICH YOU WANT Completion: complete each statement. (1 point each) 1. All cells arise from. 2. The basic unit of structure

More information

the!sun!to!sugars.!this!is!called!! photosynthesis.!the!byproduct!of!those! Nucleus! sugars!is!our!oxygen.!

the!sun!to!sugars.!this!is!called!! photosynthesis.!the!byproduct!of!those! Nucleus! sugars!is!our!oxygen.! Cytoplasm ANIMAL CELL Vacuoles Mitochondria Chromosomes GolgiApparatus Chloroplast+ TheChloroplastiswhatmakesthefood inthecell.they reonlyfoundinplant cellsandsomeprotists.everygreen plantyouseeisconvertingenergyfrom

More information

1 Mutation and Genetic Change

1 Mutation and Genetic Change CHAPTER 14 1 Mutation and Genetic Change SECTION Genes in Action KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: What is the origin of genetic differences among organisms? What kinds

More information

Name Date Period. Keystone Review Enzymes

Name Date Period. Keystone Review Enzymes Name Date Period Keystone Review Enzymes 1. In order for cells to function properly, the enzymes that they contain must also function properly. What can be inferred using the above information? A. Cells

More information

GCSE BITESIZE Examinations

GCSE BITESIZE Examinations GCSE BITESIZE Examinations General Certificate of Secondary Education AQA SCIENCE A BLY1B Unit Biology B1b (Evolution and Environment) AQA BIOLOGY Unit Biology B1b (Evolution and Environment) FOUNDATION

More information

Bioenergetics Module A Anchor 3

Bioenergetics Module A Anchor 3 Bioenergetics Module A Anchor 3 Key Concepts: - ATP can easily release and store energy by breaking and re-forming the bonds between its phosphate groups. This characteristic of ATP makes it exceptionally

More information

Todays Outline. Metabolism. Why do cells need energy? How do cells acquire energy? Metabolism. Concepts & Processes. The cells capacity to:

Todays Outline. Metabolism. Why do cells need energy? How do cells acquire energy? Metabolism. Concepts & Processes. The cells capacity to: and Work Metabolic Pathways Enzymes Features Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity Membrane Transport Diffusion Osmosis Passive Transport Active Transport Bulk Transport Todays Outline -Releasing Pathways

More information

An Overview of Cells and Cell Research

An Overview of Cells and Cell Research An Overview of Cells and Cell Research 1 An Overview of Cells and Cell Research Chapter Outline Model Species and Cell types Cell components Tools of Cell Biology Model Species E. Coli: simplest organism

More information

* Is chemical energy potential or kinetic energy? The position of what is storing energy?

* Is chemical energy potential or kinetic energy? The position of what is storing energy? Biology 1406 Exam 2 - Metabolism Chs. 5, 6 and 7 energy - capacity to do work 5.10 kinetic energy - energy of motion : light, electrical, thermal, mechanical potential energy - energy of position or stored

More information

Meiosis is a special form of cell division.

Meiosis is a special form of cell division. Page 1 of 6 KEY CONCEPT Meiosis is a special form of cell division. BEFORE, you learned Mitosis produces two genetically identical cells In sexual reproduction, offspring inherit traits from both parents

More information

Additional Science. Biology BL2FP. (Jun15BL2FP01) General Certificate of Secondary Education Foundation Tier June 2015.

Additional Science. Biology BL2FP. (Jun15BL2FP01) General Certificate of Secondary Education Foundation Tier June 2015. Centre Number Surname Candidate Number For Examiner s Use Other Names Candidate Signature Examiner s Initials Question Mark Additional Science Unit Biology B2 Biology Unit Biology B2 General Certificate

More information

Structure and Function of DNA

Structure and Function of DNA Structure and Function of DNA DNA and RNA Structure DNA and RNA are nucleic acids. They consist of chemical units called nucleotides. The nucleotides are joined by a sugar-phosphate backbone. The four

More information

Cell Division Mitosis and the Cell Cycle

Cell Division Mitosis and the Cell Cycle Cell Division Mitosis and the Cell Cycle A Chromosome and Sister Chromatids Key Points About Chromosome Structure A chromosome consists of DNA that is wrapped around proteins (histones) and condensed Each

More information

The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens

The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens Rooting for Mitosis Overview Students will fix, stain, and make slides of onion root tips. These slides will be examined for the presence

More information

Photosynthesis Practice. 2. Chlorophyll a and b absorb _B -_V and _R wavelengths of light best.

Photosynthesis Practice. 2. Chlorophyll a and b absorb _B -_V and _R wavelengths of light best. Photosynthesis Practice Fill in the blanks. Name Date Period 1. Molecules that collect light energy are called _P. 2. Chlorophyll a and b absorb _B -_V and _R wavelengths of light best. 3. _C is the main

More information

Cellular Reproduction

Cellular Reproduction 9 Cellular Reproduction section 1 Cellular Growth Before You Read Think about the life cycle of a human. On the lines below, write some of the stages that occur in the life cycle of a human. In this section,

More information

Enzymes. A. a lipid B. a protein C. a carbohydrate D. a mineral

Enzymes. A. a lipid B. a protein C. a carbohydrate D. a mineral Enzymes 1. All cells in multicellular organisms contain thousands of different kinds of enzymes that are specialized to catalyze different chemical reactions. Given this information, which of the following

More information

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Concept 1 - Thinking Practice 1. If the following molecules were to undergo a dehydration synthesis reaction, what molecules would result? Circle the parts of each amino acid that will interact and draw

More information

hij GCSE Additional Science Biology 2 Higher Tier Biology 2H SPECIMEN MARK SCHEME Version 1.0

hij GCSE Additional Science Biology 2 Higher Tier Biology 2H SPECIMEN MARK SCHEME Version 1.0 hij GCSE Additional Science Biology 2 Higher Tier Biology 2H SPECIMEN MARK SCHEME Version.0 Copyright 20 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is

More information

Functions of Blood. Collects O 2 from lungs, nutrients from digestive tract, and waste products from tissues Helps maintain homeostasis

Functions of Blood. Collects O 2 from lungs, nutrients from digestive tract, and waste products from tissues Helps maintain homeostasis Blood Objectives Describe the functions of blood Describe blood plasma Explain the functions of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets Summarize the process of blood clotting What is Blood?

More information

GCSE BITESIZE Examinations

GCSE BITESIZE Examinations GCSE BITESIZE Examinations General Certificate of Secondary Education AQA SCIENCE A BLY1B Unit Biology B1b (Evolution and Environment) AQA BIOLOGY Unit Biology B1b (Evolution and Environment) HIGHER TIER

More information

THE HISTORY OF CELL BIOLOGY

THE HISTORY OF CELL BIOLOGY SECTION 4-1 REVIEW THE HISTORY OF CELL BIOLOGY Define the following terms. 1. cell 2. cell theory Write the correct letter in the blank. 1. One early piece of evidence supporting the cell theory was the

More information

Chloroplasts and Mitochondria

Chloroplasts and Mitochondria Name: KEY Period: Chloroplasts and Mitochondria Plant cells and some Algae contain an organelle called the chloroplast. The chloroplast allows plants to harvest energy from sunlight to carry on a process

More information

Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Name Period Concept 5.1 Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers 1. The large molecules of all living things fall into just four main classes. Name them. 2. Circle the three classes that are called

More information

3.1 Cells and cell function

3.1 Cells and cell function BTEC s own resources 3.1 Cells and cell function In this section: P1 How you are made Key terms Tissue a group of similar cells acting together to perform a particular function. Epithelial cells one of

More information

HUMAN PROTEINS FROM GENETIC ENGINEERING OF ORGANISMS

HUMAN PROTEINS FROM GENETIC ENGINEERING OF ORGANISMS HUMAN PROTEINS FROM GM BACTERIA Injecting insulin is an everyday event for many people with diabetes. GENETIC ENGINEERING OF ORGANISMS involves transferring genes from one species into another. Genetic

More information

The correct answer is d C. Answer c is incorrect. Reliance on the energy produced by others is a characteristic of heterotrophs.

The correct answer is d C. Answer c is incorrect. Reliance on the energy produced by others is a characteristic of heterotrophs. 1. An autotroph is an organism that a. extracts energy from organic sources b. converts energy from sunlight into chemical energy c. relies on the energy produced by other organisms as an energy source

More information

Living things: Cells Living things:

Living things: Cells Living things: unit 1 The cell is the smallest unit capable of living an independent existence. Most cells contain a nucleus which controls the way they work; the only cells in the human body with no nuclei are the red

More information

Photosynthesis (Life from Light)

Photosynthesis (Life from Light) Photosynthesis Photosynthesis (Life from Light) Energy needs of life All life needs a constant input of energy o Heterotrophs (consumers) Animals, fungi, most bacteria Get their energy from other organisms

More information

How To Understand The Human Body

How To Understand The Human Body Introduction to Biology and Chemistry Outline I. Introduction to biology A. Definition of biology - Biology is the study of life. B. Characteristics of Life 1. Form and size are characteristic. e.g. A

More information