Viscometer Falling Ball Viscometer, ViscoTester, Accessories

Transcription

1 Viscometer Falling Ball Viscometer, ViscoTester, Accessories 1

2 Introduction η Viscosity Viscosity curve η = f (T) Viscometry Flow Behavior The measuring technique for the determination of the viscosity of a fluid is called viscometry. Viscosity is a characteristic value which is highly dependent on ambient conditions like temperature and pressure. Since it is a variable which can only be indirectly determined, the result depends on the measured values and thus on the test method. Different instruments can deliver different results and still measure correctly, i.e. the selection of a measuring instrument should also depend on the test substance. Viscometers The Höppler Falling Ball Viscometer C is the classical instrument for viscosity measurements under defined ambient conditions (page 6). Additionally, Thermo Haake has specialized in the manufacture and distribution of rotational viscometers such the ViscoTester 01/02 (page 3) or the ViscoTester 6/7 (page 4, 5). The ViscoTester 550 is recommended for a demanding quality control without the sophistication of an R&D rheometer. Extensive QC testing of non-newtonian fluids and routine development measurements is the domain of the VT550. Instruments which are used to determine the viscous and elastic properties of a material are called rheometers, such as the product lines RotoVisco and Rheo- Stress. These instruments are described in more detail in a separate brochure. If the viscosity of a product not only changes depending on the temperature but also with the stress or strain imposed, the substance shows a non-newtonian behavior. There are materials which change their viscosity due to their molecular properties depending on the strain imposed (with rotational viscometers = shear rate). Their viscosity can become either lower (pseudoplastic fluids) or higher (dilatant fluids) with increasing shear rate or can additionally depend on the time-duration of the shear imposed. If the viscosity decreases, the material is described as thixotropic and if it increases then it is called rheopectic. This process must be reversible, i.e. the viscosity must return to its initial state once the shear rate has been removed. Yield Stress The yield stress of a substance is the force which is necessary to bring the fluid to a steady flow within the observation period. According to this definition rotational viscometers can define yield stresses by approximation only. Flow behavior with yield stress is commonly described as plasticity flow. Bingham flow behavior is an exceptional case where the slope of the stress-shear curve is constant. τ τ τ Yield Point Shear Stress Newtonian and non- Newtonian flow behavior Shear Stress Bingham and plastic flow behavior The ThermoHaake Viscometer Program RS/RT/RV VT550 TTemperature γ γ Shear Rate Shear Rate 2

3 ViscoTester 01/02 Application The small, battery operated rotational viscometers can be used for quick unsophisticated tests and comparative measurements in laboratories and on the shop floor. The easy to carry viscometers independent of a mains socket require no calculations.the instruments calibrated for Newtonian substances indicate data directly in units of m Pa s (VT01) or in dpa s (VT02). Both ViscoTesters 01 resp. 02 together with 3 sensor systems come as a ready to use package. These instrument packages are well suited for fast batch controls in e.g.: Chemical industry Pharmaceutical industry Mineral oil industry Food industry Measuring Principle A rotor driven by a speed stabilized motor rotates in the substance to be measured. The required torque is directly correlated to viscosity. The deflection of a measuring spring is indicated on a scale. Technical Data Viscosity range VT01: mpa s (cp) Viscosity range VT02: dpa s (P) Temperature: up to +15O C Rotor speed: 62.5 rpm Reproducibility: ± 2% of total range Comparability: ± 7% of total range Material: Rotors 1, 2 and 3, 18/8 steel, Rotors 4 and 5, anodized aluminium Order information Order No. Description ViscoTester 01, base instrument with 3 sensor systems and 4 batteries ViscoTester 02, base instrument with 3 sensor systems and 4 batteries support stand for ViscoTester 01/ mains power supply 230V/50Hz Battery charger (230V/50-60Hz) incl. 4 cells Ni-Cd extension rod (90 cm) for ViscoTester carrying case for ViscoTester carrying case for ViscoTester 02 VT01 Cup A Rotor No No No VT02 Cup Rotor No No No

4 ViscoTester 6/7 Application The fastest way to carry out viscosity measurements is by using a rotational viscometer. Another advantage is the simple and easy-to-clean geometry of the rotors that are in contact with the fluid. This is especially true for the ViscoTester, which is the reason why this instrument is often favored for quick quality control applications. Measuring principle The ViscoTester is a classical rotational viscometer that measures the resistance of a test substance against a preset speed. The resulting torque or resistance is the measure for the viscosity of the fluid. The higher the torque, the higher the viscosity. Due to the standardized geometry, the generated shear rates can only be determined exactly for Newtonian substances. Compatibility The basic standard ISO 2555 describes the design and the characteristic measurement technique of a viscosity measuring instrument (torque, speed, rotor geometry). If a rotational viscometer meets these requirements, it complies with the Brookfield method and is 100% compatible as long as comparable versions are used. This is the reason why many instrument manufacturers use our designations such as: L - for low-viscous substances R - for medium-viscous substances 4 Version L or R L is mainly used for low-viscous substances such as diluted solutions, oils, dispersions and emulsions. Milk-like fluids (2-5 mpas) may be considered the lower viscosity limit and the recommended upper limit can be described using products like motor oil. Measuring range is from mpas. ViscoTester 6 R RS232 interface to transfer data to a PC or printer Windows-based RheoWin software (optional) to present and evaluate data Bi-directional RS232 interface to control the instrument and transfer data to PC Windows RheoWin software (optional) to run the device, present and evaluate data Temperature sensor Pt100 to monitor the sample temperature Common features Complete package; switch on and measure viscosity Digital display of viscosity, % torque, speed and rotor number Digital display of the sample temperature (only VT7) Complete instrument diagnosis when switching on and warning of malfunction Visual and acoustic signals at critical measuring conditions is the standard viscometer for 80% of all viscosity measurements. It is especially suited for the medium viscosity range extending from sewing machine oil up to PVC plastisols or whipped cream. Warning in case the permitted measuring range is exceeded Digital calibration of the torque with national traceable standards Digital speed control with built-in accuracy via a step motor Non-contact, electrooptical torque measuring system with high accuracy without the risk of wear and tear Two-year warranty Due to these superior technical features and our confidence in this instrument, the ViscoTester comes with a 2-year warranty. The Visco- Tester 6/7 is the most stable measuring instrument in its viscometer class Standards Many national and international standards describe viscosity measurements according to the Brookfield method. The ViscoTester meets the following standards: BS: 6075, 5350 ISO: 2555, 1652 ASTM: 115, 789, 1076, 1084, 1286, 1417, 1439, 1638,1824, 2196, 2336, 2364, 2393, 2556, 2669, 2849, 2983, 2994, 3232, 3236, 3716

5 Technical Data Ambient conditions: The instruments can be used at ambient temperatures from +10 C to +40 C and a relative humidity of up to 80%. The power supply should be between V/50-60Hz. Display: η dynamic viscosity in mpas %τ torque in % of the max. limit value n speed in rpm # number of the selected spindle T temperature in C (only VT7) Speeds: All models have the following standard speeds (rpm): Accuracy: better than +/- 0.5% of the absolute value Torque: The versions L and R differ in the torque range roughly by a factor of 6. The value displayed is measured with a maximum uncertainty of +/- 1 % in relation to the full scale (100%). Viscosity range: Apart from the following theoretical viscosity ranges, practical considerations also should play a role for the instrument selection. accuracy: +/- 1% of full scale reproducibility: +/- 0.2 % Version L: mpas in 76 ranges (19 speeds with 4 spindles for low to medium viscosity test fluids) Version R: mpas in 114 ranges (19 speeds with 6 spindles for medium to higher viscosity test fluids) VT6 R with standard accessories Options: For special measuring requirements the following accessories are recommended to be used with the standard ViscoTester: Ordering Information The ViscoTester is supplied as a complete instrument in a stable carrying case with multilingual documentation. Standard accessories for each basic instrument are a stand and the measuring spindles with a storage rack. Order No. Description ViscoTester 6L ( V/50-60Hz); with stand, spindles L1 to L4, rack, spindle guard, and documentation in a case ViscoTester 6R ( V/50-60Hz); with stand, spindles R2 to R7, rack, spindle guard, and documentation in a case ViscoTester 7L ( V/50-60Hz), with stand, spindles L1 to L4, rack, spindle guard, and documentation in a case. Pt100 temperature sensor standard ViscoTester 7R ( V/50-60Hz), with stand, spindles R2 to R4, rack, spindle guard, and documentation in a case. Pt100 temperature sensor standard Order No. Description RheoWin data evaluation software for ViscoTester 6L RheoWin data evaluation software for ViscoTester 6R RheoWin control and data evaluation software for ViscoTester 7L RheoWin control and data evaluation software for ViscoTester 7R Pt100 temperature sensor (1/3 DIN) with handle for VT Helipath stand (230V/50Hz) to penetrate motor driven new test fluid to measure thixotropic fluids more reproducible Helipath stand (115V/60 Hz) as above Adapter for thin fluids, which extends the measuring, range down to the viscosity of water Adapter for small samples if only 20 cm 3 are available Set of spindles for the adapter with small volume with version R Set of spindles for the adapter with small volume with version L Spindle 1 for version R Set of spindles for version R Set of spindles for version L 5

6 Falling Ball Viscometer C Application Measuring principle Features Technical Data The Falling Ball Viscometer type C measures accurately the viscosity of transparent Newtonian liquids and gases. It meets the requirements of the German DIN as well as ISO standard and it is accepted as an official reference instrument. Its measuring accuracy when backed up by the precise temperature control of a ThermoHaake circulator is not surpassed by any other type of viscometer. The Falling Ball Viscosimeter is mainly used for low viscous substances such as used in: Chemical industry (polymer solutions, solvents, inks) The rolling and sliding movements of a ball through the sample liquid are timed in an inclined cylindrical measuring tube. The sample viscosity is correlated to the time a ball requires to traverse a definite distance. By turning the measuring tube upside down again the return of the ball may also be used for an additional measurement. The test results are given as dynamic viscosity in the internationally standardized, absolute units of milli Pascal seconds (mpas). High accuracy through improved visibility of falling ball Minimized test time due to accurate return run of the ball Reduced cost of ownership through increased life time of falling tube Extended re-calibration periods through improved bearing support Viscosity range: mpa s (cp) Temperature range: -20 C up to C Reproducibility: better than 0.5 % Comparability: better than 1 % Material: Balls1,2 and G, Boron silicia glass; balls 3 and 4, Nickel iron alloy; balls 5 and 6, stainless steel; falling tube, Boron silicia glass Note For non-newtonian liquids and pastes as well as pseudoplastic or thixotropic substances we recommend ThermoHaake rotational viscometers: ViscoTester or RotoVisco Pharmaceutical industry (raw materials, glycerine) Food industry (gelatin, sugar solutions) Mineral oil industry (oils, liquid hydrocarbons) Viscosity η 20 C (mpa. s) 10 5 Tar 10 4 Honey 10 3 Glycerine 10 2 Lubricatingoil 10 1 Olive oil Spindle oil 10 0 Water 10-1 Ether 10-2 Neon Ball G Order information Order No. Description Falling Ball Viscometer type C including 6 balls, instrument case, thermometer -1 C up to 26 C (0.1 C divisons) cleaning tools, calibration sheet, instruction manual Stopwatch, LCD-Display up to 9 h, 59 minutes, seconds Ball G for gas measurements Pt100 temperature sensor for falling ball - DC50 circulator 6

7 Accessories, Instrument Selection The selection of a viscometer should not only depend on the price; it also has to be suitable for the special application and substance. The adjascent selection table should facilitate this selection: Standard Liquids CRITERION Falling Ball C ViscoTester 01/02 ViscoTester 6/7 Standards DIN 53015/ ISO no ISO 2555 Temperature -20/120 C -20/200 C -30/300 C Viscosity from: 0.5 mpas 1.5 mpas (VT01); 30 mpas (VT02) 3 mpas (Type L); 20 mpas (TypeR) Viscosity up to: mpas 330 mpas (VT01); mpas (VT02) mpas (Type L); mpas (Type R) Flow curve no one point 19 points per sensor Yield stress no no relative determination Accuracy +/ _ 0.5% absolute +/ _ 7% of full scale +/ _ 1% of full scale Measuring cycle 5-10 minutes approx. 1-2 minutes approx. 1-2 minutes Power supply none necessary battery V / Hz According to ISO 9000, measuring devices which are used in the production and quality processes have to be inspected - periodically at regular intervals - with nationally traceable standards The inspection intervals, criteria and admitted tolerances are defined in the quality handbook of the company using the instrument. Thermo Haake supplies liquids with a known viscosity for the functional inspection of a measuring instrument. Deviations of the indicated viscosity of up to 3% from the true value are still within tolerance; the viscosity values apply to a reference temperature of C. If a viscometer is to be inspected and calibrated according to ISO 9000, the following standard liquids (which are recommended for ISO 9000) are to be used: Order No. Type Description η (20 C) E7 Test fluid 100 ml 5 mpas E200 Test fluid 100 ml 120 mpas E2000 Test fluid 100 ml 1900 mpas E6000 Test fluid 100 ml 6000 mpas E15000 Test fluid 100 ml mpas E40000 Test fluid 100 ml mpas Order No. Type Description η (20 C) BW Standard liquid 100 ml 100 mpas AW Standard liquid 100 ml 2000 mpas B Standard liquid 100 ml mpas Service contracts Thermo Haake manufactures viscometers and rheometers in an ISO 9001 environment to ensure total quality for the products. The instruments have been designed and manufactured to comply with the standard for Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive especially the standards EN 50081, Part 2, EN 50082, Part 2, and EN All relevant products carry the CE sign. 7

8 A Thermo Electron business International Thermo Haake Dieselstr Karlsruhe Germany Tel. +49(0) Fax +49(0) Hotline +49(0)18050 HAAKE info@thermohaake.com USA Thermo Haake 5225 Verona Road Madison, WI Tel Fax infousa@thermohaake.com France Thermo Rheo 99 route de Versailles Champlan Tel. +33(0) Fax +33(0) info@thermorheo.com UK Thermo PRISM Emerald Way Stone Business Park, Stone Staffordshire ST15 0SR Tel. +44(0) Fax +44(0) info@thermoprism.com 8 ViscoTester, RheoWin, RotoVisco, RheoStress, are registered trademarks of Thermo Haake GmbH. The product information in this document was correct at the time of printing, however specifications are subject to alteration without notice due to the Thermo Haake philosophy of continual product innovation and development and any information contained herein should not be construed as a contractual commitment by Thermo Haake. All orders are accepted subject to our current Conditions of Sale, copies of which are available on request. ThermoHaake/Dec