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1 Table of Contents Basic Letter Sounds Phonemic Awareness More Letter Sounds Syllabication Concepts Six Syllable Types Decoding Concepts Phonics 101 Suffixes and Spelling Rules Prefixes Consonant Sound Articulation b c /b/ /k/ /d/ /f/ /g/ /h/ j /j/ /k/ /l/ /m/ /n/ /p/ qu /kw/ /r/ /s/ /t/ /v/ /w/ x /ks/ /y/ /z/ d f g h k l m n p r s t v w y z Basic Letter Sounds Digraphs Digraphs/Trigraphs Articulation Two consonant letters that spell one sound sh, ch, th, ph, wh, -ck /sh/ ck /k/ /ch/ /th/ /th/ /w/ wh ph /f/ dge /j/ /ch/ tch /ng/ Ex. ship, math, chop, Phil, whim 1

2 Short Vowel Sounds /ă/ apple /ĕ/ edge /ĭ/ itch /ŏ/ octopus /ŭ/ up Matching Sounds and Letters Phonemes are individual sounds in words. Graphemes are the letter or letter combinations that spell the phonemes: bug = /b/ /u/ /g/ = b u g keep = /k/ /ee/ /p/ = k ee p cast = /k/ /a/ /s/ /t/ = c a s t night = /n/ /igh/ /t/ = n igh t Phonemes and Graphemes chip /ch/ /i/ /p/ ash /a/ /sh/ Understanding Phonemic Awareness Phonemic Awareness Finger Stretching Understanding phonemes Consonant phonemes: /b/ /d/ /k/ Vowel phonemes: /a/ /e/ /i/ Segmenting and blending phonemes Identifying and categorizing vowel phonemes Phonological awareness Segmenting and blending syllables 2

3 Practice Finger Stretching Practice Phonemic Awareness Say the word cat This verifies that the students heard the word correctly SAY the word make This verifies that the students heard the word correctly Stretch the phonemes - /c/ /a/ /t/ /c/ (extend thumb), /a/ (extend index finger), /t/ (extend middle finger) Stretch and say the phonemes - /m/ /a/ /k/ /m/ (extend thumb), /a/ (extend index finger), /k/ (extend middle finger) Blend the phonemes together - cat Pull your fingers back to a closed fist while blending the sounds together Blend the phonemes together - make Pull your fingers back to a closed fist while blending the sounds together ASK What is the vowel phoneme? Is it long, short? Spelling With Digraph ck /k/ sound -ck is used after one short vowel at the end of a one-syllable word Ex. back, sick, lock More Letter Sounds qu- Trigraphs-Three letters that spell one sound qu The letter (q) is always followed by a (u) The qu spells the sounds /kw/ The (u) in qu never acts as a vowel. It is part of the consonant spelling -tch /ch/ Used after one short vowel at the end of a one syllable word fetch, stitch, match -dge /j/ Used after one short vowel at the end of a one syllable word badge, fudge, hedge 3

4 Blends 2-3 consonants where each letter spells a sound Digraph Blends Initial 2-Sound Blends Initial 3-Sound Blends A digraph blend is a blend containing a digraph and a consonant, spelling two sounds bl, cl, fl, gl, pl, sl, br, cr, fr, gr, pr, tr, dw, sc, sw, tw Final 2-Sound Blends -ct, -ft, -ld, -lk, -lm, lp, -mp,-nd, -nt, -pt,-sk, -st str, scr, spr, spl Final 3-Sound Blends -mpt shr- -nch thr- -nth squ- (shrimp) (ranch) (thrash) (tenth) (squid) Chunks Schwa Letters that always spell the same sounds ang (rang), ank (bank), ing (wing), ink (think), ong (song), onk (honk), ung (hung), unk (chunk) The vowel sound in the unstressed syllable of a multisyllabic word The symbol for the schwa is / əә / Any of the vowel letters can make the schwa sound Ex. sandal, helmet, tennis, wagon, campus, along Sounds of Letter y Sounds of c The letter y has three sounds as a vowel Long e happy, family exactly Long i - python, my, multiply Short i - myth, system, symbol Soft c The c is soft when followed by e, i, or y The sound is /s/ Ex. cell, city, fancy Hard c The c is hard when followed by any other letter The sound is /k/ Ex. cash, contact, cub, cliff, cranky 4

5 Sounds of g The g is soft when followed by e, i, or y The sound is /j/ The g is hard when followed by any other letter The sound is /g/ Ex. gel, giraffe,gym Ex. gash, gosh, gum, glad, grass Syllabication Concepts Blending and Segmenting Syllables Students need to orally segment words into syllables and blend syllables into words before they are taught to read multi-syllable words Teacher says the word Student repeats the word and says each syllable accurately Student puts down a syllable board for each syllable Multi-Syllable Concepts Every syllable has a vowel sound When one vowel letter is next to another vowel letter, the two vowels usually stick together to spell one vowel sound When there is a silent e, the silent e works with the vowel preceding it to create its long sound Blending and Segmenting Syllables Syllabication Questions Show multi-syllable word Teach students to look for the vowels Students put down boards for each syllable Students write one syllable on each board Adjust or flex as needed 29 Show student the word Ask: How many vowels do you see? Ask: Are the vowels together or apart? Ask: Do you see silent e? 30 5

6 8/28/13 Syllaboards Spelling With Syllaboards Teacher says a multi-syllable word Student repeats the word and listens for the vowels Students put down boards for each syllable Students write one syllable on each board Check their spelling and correct any mistakes Student reads the word SIX SYLLABLE TYPES Closed R-Controlled Consonant -le Open Vowel Consonant e Vowel Team Syllable Types CLOSED SYLLABLE A closed syllable has one vowel letter followed by one or more consonant letters The vowel sound in a closed syllable is usually short Ex. and, tell, itch, spot, rush R-Controlled Syllable When a vowel is followed by an r in the same syllable, the vowel and the letter r combine together to make one phoneme ar (yarn), or (fork er (her), ir (bird) ur (turn) 6

7 Consonant le Syllable Open Syllables The single consonant before the letters le forms a three letter syllable A syllable that ends in a single vowel letter with a long vowel or a schwa sound -ble,-cle, dle,-fle,-gle,-kle,-ple, -tle, -zle -le makes the sound /el/ (schwa) Consonant le syllables are only found in multi-syllable words ta-ble, e-ven, o-ver, mu-sic, ex-tra, a-long, pres-i-dent Vowel Consonant e Syllable Vowel Team Syllable When a single vowel is followed by one consonant letter and the letter (e) the vowel is usually long. Ex. make, eve, fine, note cube Ex. mistake, athlete, excitement, envelope, distribute Two or more letters that form a single vowel sound Ex. ai, ay, ee, ea, ey, ie, oa, ow, ue, ui au, aw, oo, ou, ow, oi, oy, ew eigh, ough y-e spells the long i sound Ex. type, enzyme Spellings of Long Vowel Sounds Spelling of Other Vowel Sounds o, oa, ow, oe, o-e, ough a, ai, ay, a-e, eigh, ea i, ie, y, i-e, igh, y-e e, ee, ea, ie, y, ey, e-e u, u-e, ue, ew au, aw oi, oy ou, ow oo (ooze) oo (book) 7

8 Two Vowels Can Spell Two Sounds b o a, c l i e n t h e r o i c, p o e t r y, c h a o s, c a m e o m a n u a l, p r e v i o u s Suffixes and Spelling Rules Suffix (-ed) Vowel Suffixes and Doubling The suffix ed makes 3 sounds /ed/, /d/, /t/ -ed adds a syllable to a base word that that ends with (t) or (d) Ex. acted, vented, tended ed makes the sound /d/ Ex. bugged, robbed, hummed -ed makes the sound /t/ Ex. packed, jumped, hissed VOWEL SUFFIXES Suffixes that have a vowel as their first letter -es, -ed, -ing, -able, -er, -est, -ous, -ive, -ible, -y Doubling When a 1 syllable word has 1 vowel followed by 1 consonant, double the final consonant when adding a vowel suffix Ex. run-running Exception: Do not double the letter (x) when adding a vowel suffix Suffix (-s) Drop the e Rule -s is added to a noun to make it plural (maps) -s is added to a verb to change the tense (looks) -s is pronounced /s/ (hits) or /z/ (bugs) When a base word ends in the letter (e), the (e) is dropped before adding a vowel suffix Ex. placing, safer, lived, inflatable -es is used when the words ends in sh, -ch, -s, -z, and -x 8

9 Odd Syllables -tion (fiction, nation, direction, condition) -sion (mansion, permission, discussion) -ture (future, mixture, adventure) -cious (precious, delicious, spacious Prefixes Common Prefixes Congratulations, Phonics 101 Graduate! re- again (rearrange) dis- not, opposite of (disappear) in- not (invisible) un- not, opposite of (unhappy) de- reverse, make opposite (defrost) mis- wrongly (misspell) These concepts lay the necessary foundation but your students will continue to need instruction in morphology: History of our language Anglo-Saxon Words Latin Prefixes, Roots, and Suffixes Greek Combining Forms pre- before (preheat) Materials for Reading Intervention Really Great Reading Company READ 9