lllustrated OUTLINE FOR USE IN TAXONOMIC DESCRIPTION OF SUGARCANE VARIETIES
|
|
- Gary Houston
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 PAPER lllustrated OUTLINE FOR USE IN TAXONOMIC DESCRIPTION OF SUGARCANE VARIETIES Pathologist, Division of Sugar Plant Investigations Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture Washington, D. C. The outline recommended is an adaptation of the variety questionnaire by the International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists. Its scope has been broadened and details have been added to facilita~e the comparative study of character variations within a certain group or collection. Of assistance is the incorporation of illustrations of type characters such as ligule, dewlaps and auricles. These illustrations not only simplify the taking of notes but often serve to refresh one's memory in the salient points of sugarcane morphology. If possible, all characters should be studied and illustrations prepared from fresh material. In noting the color of the stalk, mature and exposed internodes which have not yet become faded should be used. The color of the flesh in a freshly-made cross section soon changes and should be recorded immediately. Only fully developed eyes should be chosen for comparison, preferably those coming from beneath matured leaves which are still attached to the plant. The dewlap pattern characteristic of the variety shows most clearly in mature or almost fully grown leaves; because of a general tendency in cane leaves toward asymmetry, only the dewlaps on related sides should be compared. ~uricies attain their full size early but they also deteriorate soon; for this reason, descriptions should be made from relatively young material. Hair groups on leaf blade, leaf sheath, and prophyllum should be studied on both young and old organs because there occur varieties in which certain hairs are deciduous while others attain greater prominence in the mature organ. The epidermis should be stripped by heating parts of leaves or stalk in concentrated nitric acid. The blade epidermis strips rather readily and care should be taken not to prolong the treatment; the epidermis of the stem Stalk Structures. is more resistant and often requires prolonged
2
3 Sheath: Shedding: retained... shed when dry... partly shed... Clas$ing: tightly... loosely... Color:.... Waxiness:.... Length:.... Base: straight... saccate... oblique... Overlying margin: decurrent.... apperidaged... SHEATH SCAR: Prominence: prominent... inconspicuous... Shape: straight... oblique..... BLADE JOINT: (inner surface-throat; outer surface-collar composed of the 2 dewlaps). Dewlaps: color... waxiness... shape... size... Ligule: shape... symmetry... slope... height... Auricles: Inner auricle: shape.... size... outer auricle: shape... size... EPIDERMIS: Stem: pattern... stomates... hairs... Upper blade surface: bulliform bands... spines... velvety hairs.... Lower blade surface: spines... velvety hairs... Outer sheath surface:... COLOR:... SIZE: length.... diameter.... location of max. diameter..:... ALIGNMENT: aligned.... zigzag... crooked.... SHAPE: a) cylindrical... b) tymescent... c) bobbin-shaped... d) conoidal... e) obconoidal... f) concave on bud side.... g) tumescent on bud side.... h) shouldered at base opp. bud... SURFACE: smooth... blotched... growth cracks... corky cracks.... GENERAL BLOOM (wax): amount... 'distribution... color... WAX BAND: Shape: a) cylindrical... b) obconoidal... c) recessed under bud... d) constricted... Base line: distinct.... merging with general bloom.... I Width: broad... medium... narrow... Amount of wax: heavy light, I 18
4 BUD FURROW: Prominence: inconspicuous width in mm. prominent length INTERNAL TISSUE: Color: periphery center Texture: solid pithy in center with a cavity Anatomical structure: Rind: vascular bundles per mm. sheath development Central tissue: density of bundles lignification of parenchyma EPIDERMAL STRUCTURE: Short-cell groups (cork and silica cells) : numerous sparse Cork cells: Shape: a) squarish. b) reniform c) trapezoidal d) short-pointed e) long-pointed f) elongated rectangular Occurrence: solitary in groups or two or more % of solitary cork cells Long cells: straight bent width in p Stomates: absent sparse abundant EPIDERMAL PATTERN: 1) Cork and silica cells in pairs; cork cells reniform or squarish 2) Silica cells wanting or very sparse 3) About 50% of silica cells wanting, otherwise like pattern No. 1 4) A preponderance of long- and short-pointed cork cells 5) A preponderance of very narrow elongated-rectangular cork cells 6) Cork and silica cells in multiple pairs NODE GROWTH RING: Color: Long cells: straight bent width in p Shape: straight arched on bud side irregular Contour: flush swollen constricted ROOT BAND: Color:... Width: at bud side... at side opposite bud... Shape: a) cylindrical... b) tumescent... c) constricted... d) conoidal.... e) obconoidal..... f) tumescent on bud side... g) depressed... ROOT PRIMORDIA: Number of rowd: Uniformity of rows: uniform irregular Density in row: crowded semi-crowded sparse 119
5 INDIVIDUAL ROOT BUDS: Color: center surrounding border.... Shape: round... oval.. Contour: flush..... swollen.. depressed.... Size: large... small.... Dormancy: dormant. tendency to sprout in the field... BUD membranaceous margin- of win& COLOR: Scale: young bud... old bud... Wing: young bud... old bud... POSITION RELATIVE TO STALK: flush.... depressed..... protruding.... INSERTION: above leaf scar... at scar... extending sac-like below scar..... HEIGHT: reaching growth ring... not reaching growth ring... extending beyond growth ring... SIZE: large... intermediate... small... FORM: General shape: short... long... broad.... narrow... i.....: plump.... flat....:... Form pattern: a) oval... b) ovate... c) obovate... d) rhomboid... e) pentagonal... f) round... g) elongate triangular..... MEMBRANACEOUS MARGIN: Width: uniformly narrow.... wider at base.... wider at apex.... Basal appendange: Prominence: inconspicuous... prominent... absent... Insertion: low... medium... high... Lateral appendages: number.... location... prominence.... WING: Insertion: below middle of bud at middle above middle
6
7 ' Surface: smooth..... wrinkled.... Size and shape: wide... medium... narrow... wider at base... narrower at base... lobed... Edges: entire..... notched at base...:..... emarginate throughout... Tip: Form: a) broadly triangular... b) crescent-shaped.... c) truncate... d) mucronate... e) round-pointed...::... f) sharp-pointed... Margin: entire... notched... cleft... dentoid... VENATION: straight and parallel.... converging at apex.... semi-radial... radial... GERM PORE: apical.... subapical.... central.... LEAF BLADE TEXTURE: smooth... rough...: leathery...'.. THICKNESS: thick..... thin.....:. VEINS: ~ ~CO~S~~CUOUS... prominent... MIDRIB: Color: upper surface Cross section: massive lower surface flat STRUCTURE OF LOWER EPIDERMIS: Intercostal area: Width: total number of cell rows rows of stomates Hairs: 2-celled hairs spines velvety pubescence (gr. 67)... Vein area: Width: rows of cells... cell pattern... Spines: absent...:... scarce... abundant... in rows... Stomata1 grooves: absent... incompletely developed... prominent..... STRUCTURE OF UPPER EPIDERMIS: (a) Bulliform band: width in number of cell rows cell type... (b) Marginal band: Width: nu'mber of cell rows cell pattern Hairs: 2-celled hairs spines
8 1 (c) Stomate zone: number of rows 1 (d) Central zone: Width: number of cell rows cell pattern c Hairs: velvety pubescence (gr. 67) Strand of short cells in middle of central zone: Width of strand: number of cell rows Spines: small medium large. PUBESCENCE OF LEAF EDGE (gr. 53) : LEAF SHEATH LENGTH: average length in cm I OVERLYING decurrent appendaged not decurrent SHEATH JOINT (base of sheath) : Form: horizontal Color: outer surface SHEATH SCAR: Form: straight. oblique protuding under bud spreading under bud sagging under bud PUBESCENCE: Distribution of hairs: covering entire sheath hairs in groups sheath glabrous Dorsal patch (Jeswiet gr. 57) : Shape: lenticular linear irregular Extent: group begins cm. above node; group ends cm. below blade joint Density within group: dense medium sparse Hair type: long short hard soft appressed =k erect Lateral patch (gr. 60) : on overlying margin on underlying maron both margins Size: short long narrow broad,extent: group begins cm. above node; group ends cm. below dewlap Density wzthin group: dense medium sparse Hair type: long short hard soft appressed + erect Marginal fringe (gr. 56) : on overlying, underlying, or both margins Extent: group short group long hairs dense hairs sparse Hairs on surface of appendage (gr. 62) : Lashes on decurrent margin (gr. 64) : Cilia in axil of basal appendage: Peripheral fringe (gr. 59) : Dorsal tuft opposite bud (gr. 69) : Small black hairs extending into upper region of wax ring: L v
9
10 STRUCTURE OF EPIDERMIS: Intercostal area: Cell pattern:... Hairs: 2-celled hairs.... short spines..... large spines... Stomates: number of rows... Vein area: Cell pattern:... Spines: Location: marginal... central...:... scattered... Amount: absent... sparse... & abundant squarish SYMMETRY: both sides & alike... sides asymmetrical... COLOR: surface... margin... SIZE: large... medium... small... WAXY COVERING:... LOWER MARGIN: Slope: +horizontal somewhat sloping... steeply sloping... Outline: &straight... arched... --shaped... UPPER MARGIN: & straight... concave... convex... PUBESCENCE: Outer surface (gr. 58) : dense... medium... sparse... Inner surface: Short hairs (gr. 52) : Distribution: uniform & in bands Density: dense... medium... sparse... Extension of gr. 52 into midrib... Long hairs (gr. 51) I : / absent... limited to marginal tuft Distribution: covering about 1/3 of dewlap covering -+ entire dewlap extending into midrib
11 Amount: dense Arrangement: uniform LIGULE in bands Common patterns GENERAL SHAPE AND PATTERNO.: WIDTH: a) remains + uniform b) decreases gradually creases rapidly SLOPE: a) steep b) moderate c) ) horizontal FREE EDGE: a) entire b) notched and wavy c) flanges notched SYMMETRY: a) symmetrical b) asymmetrical MIDDLE PART OF LIGULE: Free edge: a) straight b) broadly curved c) round-pointed PUBESCENCE: Marginal fringe: (gr. 61) long sparse Dorsal hairs: (gr. 66) free sparse Hairs back of ligule on midrib: Deltoid or linear patch of short hairs: (gr. 63) Group of long hairs at base: (gr. 55) Single row of hairs at base of ligule: (gr. 65)
12 Common pattarns a) auricle inserted high b) auricle inserted low ) transitional types of auricles; 4) deltoid... 5) dentoid... 6) unciform... 7) calcariform...:... 8) lanceolate... 9) falcate... OCCURRENCE: Auricles wanting: Auricles of transitional type: Inner auricle pattern Auricles well developed: Inner auricle pattern LEVEL OF INSERTION: Symmetry: Both auricles inserted at same level Auricles inserted at different levels Height: Auricles inserted at level of dewlaps Auricles inserted below level of dewlaps outer auricle pattern outer auricle pattern PUBESCENCE: Marginal fringe (gr. 54) : absent partly developed extending over entire margin Surface covering: Hairs'are continuous with pubescence of sheath... Hairs limited to apical zone of auricle: Present on outer auricle (gr. 70) Present on inner auricle (gr. 71) Dr. Artschwager stated that for the past two years he had had occasion to study New Guinea importations and had made descriptions of 100 varieties. In a discussion brought up by Mr. Rosenfeld regarding the proper term to use in describing certain discolorations or mottled areas that occur regularly on
13 the rind of some cane varieties, Dr. Brandes said the condition is not a pathological one and that the discolorations appear as if the waxy surface had not developed. The rind has a roughened velvety surface instead of a smooth glossy feeling. He said he had never seen it until it appeared in a group of native canes from New Guinea, and there, in a half-dozen or more in a collection of 1000, the entire internode seemed to be involved, and the stalk, though healthy and full of juice, looked on the surface like an old, dead cane. Mr. Bregger mentioned that the blotching is one way of recognizing B.H. 10 (12). Dr. Artschwager stated that some people have not paid much attention to Jeswiet's hair groups but he found them intriguing. Hair groups are not helpful unless the quantity is great enough to be outstanding. For classification the upper epidermis of the leaf is more valuable than the lower. Dr. McIntosh asked if it is the intention of this paper to standardize descriptions and to use the given numbers throughout. Dr. Artschwager replied that he attempted to standardize it for people to use who are making descriptions, so each would know what the other means. Whether it is desirable to use Jeswiet's numbers is a question. For some varieties they are very useful but in other cases not so important. In the structure of the epidermis of the stem they are useful. These descriptions are not for a practical field man to use but for the technically trained person who makes crosses and who wants to compare varieties and trace relationships. ASSEMBLING AND EVALUATING WILD FORMS OF SUGARCANE AND CLOSELY RELATED PLANTS E. W. BRANDES, Principal Pa2hologist in Charge G. B. SARTORIS, Senior Pathologist and C. 0. GRASSL, Assistant Botanist Division of Sugar Plant Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture Washington, D. C. INTRODUCTION The process of improving sugarcane varieties by crossing wild cane, usually small and of unprepossessing appearance, with the larger, better-looking cultivated canes has come to be known as nobilization of the wild cane. The successful efforts to increase yields of sugar by this means is a relatively recent achievement of workers in the Netherlands East Indies and British India. The success of these attempts has focused attention upon this method and similar attempts are being made in other parts of the world. It is obvious that improvement of wild plants by selection is almost as old as mankind and essentially there is no novelty in the idea of nobilization except that it is a pause to reach back and
Plants have organs composed of different tissues, which in turn are composed of different cell types
Plant Structure, Growth, & Development Ch. 35 Plants have organs composed of different tissues, which in turn are composed of different cell types A tissue is a group of cells consisting of one or more
More informationLecture 7: Plant Structure and Function. I. Background
Lecture 7: Plant Structure and Function I. Background A. Challenges for terrestrial plants 1. Habitat is divided a. Air is the source of CO2 for photosynthesis i. Sunlight cannot penetrate soil b. Soil
More informationPlant Structure, Growth, and Development. Chapter 35
Plant Structure, Growth, and Development Chapter 35 PLANTS developmental plasticity = ability of plant to alter form to respond to environment Biological heirarchy Cell basic unit of life Tissue group
More informationTable 3. List of descritors for maize
Table 3. List of descritors for maize Descriptor Descriptor Descriptor state Recording stage Remarks number 1 Accession number 2 Total no. of leaves Record the total number of At flowering leaves per plant
More informationLaboratory Broadleaf Weed Identification
1 Tips for Identifying Broadleaf Weeds Laboratory Broadleaf Weed Identification The cotyledon is an important identifying characteristic for broadleaf weeds. Shape and position of leaves, presence of pubescence
More informationCELERY LAB - Structure and Function of a Plant
CELERY LAB - Structure and Function of a Plant READ ALL INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE BEGINNING! YOU MAY WORK WITH A PARTNER ON THIS ACTIVITY, BUT YOU MUST COMPLETE YOUR OWN LAB SHEET! Look at the back of this paper
More informationHair & Fiber. (Unit 5)
37 Hair & Fiber (Unit 5) Morphology of Hair Hair is encountered as physical evidence in a wide variety of crimes. A review of the forensic aspects of hair examination must start with the observation that
More informationGrapefruit Growing and Certification Requirements
United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Marketing Service Fruit and Vegetable Programs Fresh Products Branch United States Standards for Grades of Grapefruit (Texas and States other than Florida,
More informationCELERY LAB - Structure and Function of a Plant
CELERY LAB - Structure and Function of a Plant READ ALL INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE BEGINNING! YOU MAY WORK WITH A PARTNER ON THIS ACTIVITY, BUT YOU MUST COMPLETE YOUR OWN LAB SHEET! Plants are incredible organisms!
More informationAnatomical study on Vaccinium arctostaphylos L.
Department of Pharmacognosy 1, School of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, and Faculty of Pharmacy 2, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Anatomical study on Vaccinium
More informationLaboratory. Leaves: Specialized Plant Organs
Laboratory 5 Leaves: Specialized Plant Organs 1 Laboratory 1: Leaves OBJECTIVES After completing this lab you will be able to: 1. Describe and name leaf patterns 2. Identify the structural differences
More informationHair Design. 5 Elements of Hair Design. 5 Principles of Hair Design. Facial Shapes. Hair designs for men
Hair Design 5 Elements of Hair Design 5 Principles of Hair Design Facial Shapes Hair designs for men Elements of Hair Design To begin to understand the creative process involved in hairstyling, it is critical
More informationWriting a Dichotomous Key to Wildflowers
Writing a Dichotomous Key to Wildflowers Objectives: 1. Understand how to use and make dichotomous keys. 2. Understand common terminology of plant morphology. 3. Learn to recognize some fall wildflowers.
More informationPink & White Gel Tip Overlay Rules, Judges Instructions & Criteria Student Division Competition Rules
Competition Rules 1. Total time allowed 3 hours (180 minutes) 2. These are traditional square style competition nails. 3. The nails must be applied with Tips and Gel overlay 4. The competitor must apply
More informationPlant Classification, Structure, Growth and Hormones
Biology SAT II Review Sheet Plants Plant Classification, Structure, Growth and Hormones Multicellular autotrophs (organisms that use the energy of inorganic materials to produce organic materials) Utilize
More informationLab Exercise 4. Epithelial Tissues. Connective Tissue Proper. What you need to be able to do on the exam after completing this lab exercise:
Lab Exercise 4 Epithelial Tissues Connective Tissue Proper Textbook Reference: See Chapter 4 What you need to be able to do on the exam after completing this lab exercise: Be able to identify each type
More informationLeaf Structure and Transpiration
10 LESSON Leaf Structure and Transpiration INTRODUCTION Have you wondered what happens to all that water that disappears from the reservoir of your growing system? Although some might have evaporated from
More informationPhotosynthesis. Chemical Energy (e.g. glucose) - They are the ultimate source of chemical energy for all living organisms: directly or indirectly.
Photosynthesis Light Energy transduction Chemical Energy (e.g. glucose) - Only photosynthetic organisms can do this (e.g. plants) - They are the ultimate source of chemical energy for all living organisms:
More informationFREEBIRD THE ORIGINAL D.I.Y. ORNITHOPTER! Tools and Glue. Required Materials
Do not try to make your ornithopter using "household materials". If you want it to fly, you have to build it right. FREEBIRD THE ORIGINAL D.I.Y. ORNITHOPTER! Wingspan: 16 inches Weight: 1/4 ounce The Ornithopter
More informationTransport in Plants. Lab Exercise 25. Introduction. Objectives
Lab Exercise Transport in Plants Objectives - Become familiar and be able to recognize the different types of cells found in the plant s vascular tissue. - Be able to describe root pressure and transpiration
More informationDry Bean Types and Development Stages
Dry Bean Types and Development Stages Two basic plant growth habits are found in dry edible bean: determinate (bush) or indeterminate (vining or trailing). Cultivars may be classified according to plant
More informationDichotomous Keys for the Arboretum Walk. Plant List
1 Dichotomous Keys for the Arboretum Walk Plant List Common name 1. Pin oak 2. Sweet gum 3. Red maple 4. Bur oak 5. River birch 6. Black cherry 7. Tulip poplar 8. Kentucky coffeetree 9. Catalpa 10. Honeylocust
More informationEdmund Li. Where is defined as the mutual inductance between and and has the SI units of Henries (H).
INDUCTANCE MUTUAL INDUCTANCE If we consider two neighbouring closed loops and with bounding surfaces respectively then a current through will create a magnetic field which will link with as the flux passes
More informationSummarizing and Displaying Categorical Data
Summarizing and Displaying Categorical Data Categorical data can be summarized in a frequency distribution which counts the number of cases, or frequency, that fall into each category, or a relative frequency
More informationInvasive Tree Species
Invasive Tree Species A Contents Invasive Tree Species................. 1 Removal Permit Process.............. 2 Mitigation......................... 3 Identification Guide: Norway maple - Acer platanoides............
More informationAnimal Tissues. I. Epithelial Tissue
Animal Tissues There are four types of tissues found in animals: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. In this lab you will learn the major characteristics of each tissue
More informationUnited States Standards for Grades of Lettuce
United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Marketing Service Fruit and Vegetable Division United States Standards for Grades of Lettuce Fresh Products Branch Effective December 1, 1975 (Reprinted
More informationImpressions of a Stoma
Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens Impressions of a Stoma Overview Students use two different methods to view stomata on the underside of leaves. Introduction Plants exchange the
More informationCopyright 2008 OLYMPUS CORPORATION All Rights Reserved. Paper Craft Assembly Manual
Paper Craft Assembly Manual Before assembly: 1/9 Tips on assembly: Print all the parts (Photo-quality paper is recommended for ink-jet printers and paper of medium thickness (0.20 mm) for laser printers.)
More informationCHEM 107. Hair handout. Basic Structure of Hair. 3-22-05 and 3-24-05
CHEM 107 Hair handout. 3-22-05 and 3-24-05 Basic Structure of Hair A hair can be defined as a slender, thread-like outgrowth from a follicle in the skin of mammals. Composed mainly of keratin, it has three
More informationDEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH OF THE MANDIBLE
2012-2013 ORAL BIOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH OF THE MANDIBLE Ass. Prof. Dr. Heba M. Elsabaa Development and Growth of the Mandible DEVELOPMENT OF THE MANDIBLE The Mandible Is the largest and strongest
More informationINSTRUCTIONS FOR CHAIN LINK INSTALLATION Chain Link fence & Posts Meshdirect.co.uk
INSTRUCTIONS FOR CHAIN LINK INSTALLATION Chain Link fence & Posts Meshdirect.co.uk This guide explains how to correctly install our chain link fencing and post system. The guide provides details of the
More informationPineapples. Ian Hewett Horticultural Marketing Inspectorate United Kingdom. Version - October 2011
Pineapples Ian Hewett Horticultural Marketing Inspectorate United Kingdom Version - October 2011 1 Definition Of Produce This Standard applies to pineapples of varieties (cultivars) grown from Ananascomosus(L).
More informationExercise V. Bacterial Cultural Characteristics or Morphology
Exercise V Bacterial Cultural Characteristics or Morphology When a single bacterial cell is deposited on a solid or in a liquid medium, it begins to divide. One cell produces two, two produce four, four
More information1. The leaf is the main photosynthetic factory (Fig. 36.1, p. 702)
TRANSPORT IN PLANTS A. Introduction 1. The leaf is the main photosynthetic factory (Fig. 36.1, p. 702) a. This requires a transport system to move water and minerals from the roots to the leaf. This is
More informationPlants, like all other living organisms have basic needs: a source of nutrition (food),
LEARNING FROM LEAVES: A LOOK AT LEAF SIZE Grades 3 6 I. Introduction Plants, like all other living organisms have basic needs: a source of nutrition (food), water, space in which to live, air, and optimal
More informationPlant Structure and Function Notes
For plants, when they made the transition from water to land, they had to make adaptations for obtaining water and prevent loss by desiccation (drying out) -water also needed for fertilization of eggs
More informationPractice Problems on Boundary Layers. Answer(s): D = 107 N D = 152 N. C. Wassgren, Purdue University Page 1 of 17 Last Updated: 2010 Nov 22
BL_01 A thin flat plate 55 by 110 cm is immersed in a 6 m/s stream of SAE 10 oil at 20 C. Compute the total skin friction drag if the stream is parallel to (a) the long side and (b) the short side. D =
More informationCamber, The unkind Curve
Camber, The unkind Curve Understand how Camber can be handled in a typical Tube Mill: By W.B. Bud Graham, Contributing Writer Ok, were going to talk about curves. Not the one seen in a ball game but the
More informationAdvanced MakeUp Tips by Kathy Whittington
Advanced MakeUp Tips by Kathy Whittington Applying Eye Shadow Eyes are the windows to your soul. The right make up can add to the beauty of your eyes if you know how to accent the positive and minimize
More informationMake a difference in someone s life FITTING GUIDE
Make a difference in someone s life FITTING GUIDE CONTENTS Introduction 3 Applications 4 Characteristics 4 Fitting philosophy 5 Mid-peripheral / limbal zone 6 Only 3 fitting variables to determine 7 Ideal
More informationPruning Trees. Center for Landscape and Urban Horticulture. University of California Cooperative Extension Central Coast & South Region
University of California Cooperative Extension Central Coast & South Region Center for Landscape and Urban Horticulture Pruning Trees Pruning Trees at Planting Landscape trees should not be pruned at planting
More information1. A wire carries 15 A. You form the wire into a single-turn circular loop with magnetic field 80 µ T at the loop center. What is the loop radius?
CHAPTER 3 SOURCES O THE MAGNETC ELD 1. A wire carries 15 A. You form the wire into a single-turn circular loop with magnetic field 8 µ T at the loop center. What is the loop radius? Equation 3-3, with
More informationTraditional Drawing Tools
Engineering Drawing Traditional Drawing Tools DRAWING TOOLS DRAWING TOOLS 1. T-Square 2. Triangles DRAWING TOOLS HB for thick line 2H for thin line 3. Adhesive Tape 4. Pencils DRAWING TOOLS 5. Sandpaper
More informationConvex Mirrors. Ray Diagram for Convex Mirror
Convex Mirrors Center of curvature and focal point both located behind mirror The image for a convex mirror is always virtual and upright compared to the object A convex mirror will reflect a set of parallel
More informationJACK RUSSELL TERRIER
05.12.2012 / EN FEDERATION CYNOLOGIQUE INTERNATIONALE (AISBL) SECRETARIAT GENERAL: 13, Place Albert 1 er B 6530 Thuin (Belgique) FCI-Standard N 345 JACK RUSSELL TERRIER SMOOTH COATED VARIETY BROKEN COATED
More informationGrooved gaskets. Types of gaskets
Types of gaskets have proven extremely useful in all areas of industry, including the most demanding sealing tasks. Our grooved gaskets can be found in conventional power plants as well as in the primary
More informationLapping and Polishing Basics
Lapping and Polishing Basics Applications Laboratory Report 54 Lapping and Polishing 1.0: Introduction Lapping and polishing is a process by which material is precisely removed from a workpiece (or specimen)
More informationShape Dictionary YR to Y6
Shape Dictionary YR to Y6 Guidance Notes The terms in this dictionary are taken from the booklet Mathematical Vocabulary produced by the National Numeracy Strategy. Children need to understand and use
More informationVisual Arts Scope and Sequence
ART PRODUCTION Visual Arts Scope and Sequence LINE Recognize lines and line characteristics in the environment I R R R Identify and explore tools that make lines (pencils, crayons, markers, paint brushes)
More information16 Stitches Style Guide
16 Stitches Style Guide A lot of detailing goes into the making of a good dress shirt, right from the collar to the cuffs, to the cut of the torso. This style guide has been put together to help you know
More informationFigure 1: Seagrass structural detail. Differences in leaf shapes, leaf sheaths etc. are characteristics for taxonomic distinction.
Marine Angiosperms There are a wide variety of marine angiosperms some, such an the mangals, saltmarsh grasses and seagrasses that will either partly or entirely submerged (or submerged dependent on the
More informationPATTERN: A two-dimensional decorative visual repetition. A pattern has no movement and may or may not have rhythm.
Project: Elements of Design - NAME Elements: Line, Color, Value, Shape, Space, Texture Principles: Consider what principles you may have used based on the definition of each. Artist to Remember: Research
More informationBiology 3B Laboratory Land Plant Structure
Biology 3B Laboratory Land Plant Structure Objectives Learn and recognize the basic tissues and structures of land plants Understand how these morphological features relate to plant structure and function
More informationTwo main classes: Epithelial Connective (synovial) Epithelial. Cutaneous Mucous Serous
Two main classes: Epithelial Connective (synovial) Epithelial Cutaneous Mucous Serous Epithelial Membranes = sheet of epithelia + connective tissue base 1. Cutaneous membrane: outer skin layer (stratified
More informationMEASUREMENT OF END FACE GEOMETRY ON FIBER OPTIC TERMINI...2
MEASUREMENT OF END FACE GEOMETRY ON FIBER OPTIC TERMINI...2 IMPORTANCE OF END FACE GEOMETRY...2 FIBER OPTIC CONNECTOR END FACE GEOMETRY MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES...2 INTERFEROMETRIC MICROSCOPE TYPES...3 MEASUREMENT
More informationMelanoma and Other Skin Cancers - What to Look Out For. Patient Advice
Melanoma and Other Skin Cancers - What to Look Out For Patient Advice Most moles are healthy and will stay that way. Healthy moles tend to have the following appearances: Symmetry in shape and colour ie
More informationTable of Contents Section 6 Table of Contents
Table of Contents Section Table of Contents Victory Series First Molar Bands...2 Victory Series Second Molar Bands... Unitek General Purpose Molar Bands...10 Unitek Pedodontic Molar Bands...11 Unitek Proportioned
More informationCHAPTER 5 OPEN CHANNEL HYDROLOGY
5.4 Uniform Flow Calculations 5.4.1 Design Charts CHAPTER 5 OPEN CHANNEL HYDROLOGY Following is a discussion of the equations that can be used for the design and analysis of open channel flow. The Federal
More informationGate Leg Drop Leaf Table Plans
Preparing the table top blanks: Cut and glue enough 3/4 stock to make three panels 40 long by 24 wide (they will be cut to final size at a later time). While the glue dries we will work on the legs. Preparing
More informationCedar Cottage Doghouse Plans
Overlapping cedar shingles add an element of charm to this medium size doghouse. The walls, floor, and trim are constructed of solid cedar, making it naturally weather resistant and provides excellent
More informationruning & Orchard Renewal
P runing & Orchard Renewal Richard G. St-Pierre, Ph.D. (January 2006) The Basics Of Pruning & Orchard Renewal Pruning is defined as the art and science of cutting away a portion of a plant to improve its
More informationSection. Tolerances. Aluminum Extrusion Manual. 4th Edition
Section 8 Tolerances Aluminum Extrusion Manual 4th Edition Section 8 How straight is straight enough? How flat is flat enough? How uniform must a wall thickness be in order to be acceptable? These are
More informationAISI CHEMICAL COMPOSITION LIMITS: Nonresulphurized Carbon Steels
AISI CHEMICAL COMPOSITION LIMITS: Nonresulphurized Carbon Steels AISI No. 1008 1010 1012 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 10 1026 1027 1029 10 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 10 1041 1042 1043
More informationOnion & Leek Planting Guide
Onion & Leek Planting Guide Important Remove plants from box immediately. Do not put in soil or water before planting. Keep cool and dry until you can plant. Follow the instructions inside for best results.
More informationWhen looking for a diamond, keep in mind that if a diamond is cut poorly, it affects the brilliance; the number of facets a stone has
Diamond Buying Guide We have created a tutorial to provide you with the guidance you need when purchasing diamond jewelry. By developing your knowledge of diamonds, you will find shopping for and making
More informationHow to Paint a Bee. What you ll need. Select a rock. Paint - White, bright yellow, and black. Brushes Assortment of small and medium brushes
How to Paint a Bee What you ll need Paint - White, bright yellow, and black Brushes Assortment of small and medium brushes Other Chalk, pencil, and stylus Photo 1 A simple bee painted on different shaped
More information5.2. Vaporizers - Types and Usage
5.2. Vaporizers - Types and Usage 5.2.1. General Vaporizers are constructed in numerous designs and operated in many modes. Depending upon the service application the design, construction, inspection,
More informationReflection and Refraction
Equipment Reflection and Refraction Acrylic block set, plane-concave-convex universal mirror, cork board, cork board stand, pins, flashlight, protractor, ruler, mirror worksheet, rectangular block worksheet,
More informationHuman Anatomy & Physiology
PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Barbara Heard, Atlantic Cape Community College Ninth Edition Human Anatomy & Physiology C H A P T E R 7 The Skeleton: Part B Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images Vertebral
More informationAlgebra Geometry Glossary. 90 angle
lgebra Geometry Glossary 1) acute angle an angle less than 90 acute angle 90 angle 2) acute triangle a triangle where all angles are less than 90 3) adjacent angles angles that share a common leg Example:
More informationStrawberry Leaf Spot
Strawberry Leaf Spot Cathy Heidenreich and Bill Turechek Introduction - Leaf spot is one of the most common and widespread diseases of strawberry. Mycosphaerella fragariae is also the cause of black seed
More informationMGB Chrome Bumper Conversion
MGB Chrome Bumper Conversion Installation Instructions For 1974 1/2-1980 MGB This kit requires cutting, welding, and painting. Professional installation recommended. Note: Every MGB body is slightly different
More informationCorel Painter 8 Liquid Ink Visual Guide
Corel Painter 8 Liquid Ink Visual Guide Contents Welcome to Corel Painter 8........... 3 Liquid Ink in Corel Painter 8.......... 4 Liquid Ink Controls in Corel Painter 8...... 7 General Section: Liquid
More informationTEXAS STATE FLORSITS ASSOCIATION HIGH SCHOOL FLORAL CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE
TEXAS STATE FLORSITS ASSOCIATION HIGH SCHOOL FLORAL CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE Texas State Florists Association PO Box 170760 Austin, TX. 78717 512.834.0361 www.tsfa.org The Texas State Florists' Assn.
More informationA Morphological Study On Endemic Malabaila lasiocarpa Boiss. (Apiaceae) From Bingol (Turkey)
Araştırma Makalesi/Research Article A Morphological Study On Endemic Malabaila lasiocarpa Boiss. (Apiaceae) From Bingol (Turkey) Ömer KILIÇ 1 Abstract- In this study morphological characters of Malabaila
More informationSheet Metal Stamping Dies & Processes
Training Objectives After watching the program and reviewing this printed material, the viewer will gain knowledge and understanding of the stamping process and the die systems used to form sheet metal.
More informationTopographic Survey. Topographic Survey. Topographic Survey. Topographic Survey. CIVL 1101 Surveying - Introduction to Topographic Modeling 1/8
IVL 1 Surveying - Introduction to Topographic Modeling 1/8 Introduction Topography - defined as the shape or configuration or relief or three dimensional quality of a surface Topography maps are very useful
More informationSheet metal operations - Bending and related processes
Sheet metal operations - Bending and related processes R. Chandramouli Associate Dean-Research SASTRA University, Thanjavur-613 401 Table of Contents 1.Quiz-Key... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.Bending
More informationFigure 1. Basic structure of the leaf, with a close up of the leaf surface showing Stomata and Guard cells.
BIOL100 Laboratory Assignment 3: Analysis of Stomata Name: Stomata (singular=stoma) are the respiratory control structures in plants (see Figure 1 below). They are essentially small holes in the surface
More informationMATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERING BASIC ALGEBRA
MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERING BASIC ALGEBRA TUTORIAL 4 AREAS AND VOLUMES This is the one of a series of basic tutorials in mathematics aimed at beginners or anyone wanting to refresh themselves on fundamentals.
More informationPolish and Symmetry Craftsmanship in the GIA Diamond Cut Grading System: Evaluating Finish in Standard Round Brilliant Diamonds
GEMOLOGY Polish and Symmetry Craftsmanship in the GIA Diamond Cut Grading System: Evaluating Finish in Standard Round Brilliant Diamonds In the new Gemological Institute of America (GIA) Diamond Cut Grading
More informationPruning Deciduous Shade Trees
Cooperative Extension Pruning Deciduous Shade Trees Trees in the wild are never pruned, yet they often have long healthy lives. In a natural setting, their branches develop a balance and form typical of
More informationMilling Milling milling cutter milling machines 1
Milling Milling is a basic machining process by which a surface is generated progressively by the removal of chips from a workpiece as it is fed to a rotating cutter in a direction perpendicular to the
More informationCare of Mature Backyard Apple Trees
Education Center and Info Line practical solutions to everyday questions Toll free Info Line 1-877-398-4769 M-F 9 AM - 2 PM Care of Mature Backyard Apple Trees Introduction Backyard apple trees can be
More informationArea of Parallelograms, Triangles, and Trapezoids (pages 314 318)
Area of Parallelograms, Triangles, and Trapezoids (pages 34 38) Any side of a parallelogram or triangle can be used as a base. The altitude of a parallelogram is a line segment perpendicular to the base
More informationWhat role does the nucleolus have in cell functioning? Glial cells
Nervous System Lab The nervous system of vertebrates can be divided into the central nervous system, which consists of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which contains nerves,
More informationLEADER IN CUTTING TECHNOLOGY
LEADER IN CUTTING TECHNOLOGY FOR OVER 2 YEARS REASONS WHY TRONEX IS THE BEST IN THE WORLD 1 2 SUPERIOR CUTTING PERFORMANCE Cut hundreds of thousands of times before dulling. Cut hundreds of thousands of
More informationPICTURES TO HELP WITH IDENTIFICATION OF FUCUS SPECIES FROM THE BRITISH ISLES
PICTURES TO HELP WITH IDENTIFICATION OF FUCUS SPECIES FROM THE BRITISH ISLES Compiled by HOLLY BROWN and MARTIN WILKINSON, School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland Although
More informationCongestive Heart Failure
William Herring, M.D. 2002 Congestive Heart Failure In Slide Show mode, to advance slides, press spacebar or click left mouse button Congestive Heart Failure Causes of Coronary artery disease Hypertension
More informationME 111: Engineering Drawing
ME 111: Engineering Drawing Lecture # 14 (10/10/2011) Development of Surfaces http://www.iitg.ernet.in/arindam.dey/me111.htm http://www.iitg.ernet.in/rkbc/me111.htm http://shilloi.iitg.ernet.in/~psr/ Indian
More informationInstallation Manuals Version n. 01 of 14/06/2013
Technical Manuals Installation Manuals Version n. 01 of 14/06/2013 pag. 2 Index Index... 2 Introduction and general hints... 3 Curving Profile... 3 DESCRIPTION... 3 MATERIAL... 3 CERTIFICATE... 3 SIZES...
More informationHive Top Ventilation Shims
Hive Top Ventilation Shims When preparing your bee hives for the winter, it is very important to provide for ventilation at the top of the hive. Through out the winter, the bees are expelling a lot of
More informationStudents will identify these animal cell structures: Students should properly answer the pre-activity cell membrane, nucleus. questions.
WHAT DO PLANT & ANIMAL CELLS LOOK LIKE? Grade Levels: 10-12 Time Frame: 2 periods Big Idea: Students will compare various plant epithelial cells (onion and elodea) with human epithelial cells (cheek lining
More informationCopyright 2011 Casa Software Ltd. www.casaxps.com. Centre of Mass
Centre of Mass A central theme in mathematical modelling is that of reducing complex problems to simpler, and hopefully, equivalent problems for which mathematical analysis is possible. The concept of
More informationAnatomy and Physiology of Leaves
I. Leaf Structure and Anatomy Anatomy and Physiology of Leaves A. Structural Features of the Leaf Question: How do plants respire? Plants must take in CO 2 from the atmosphere in order to photosynthesize.
More informationLAB 24 Transpiration
Name: AP Biology Lab 24 LAB 24 Transpiration Objectives: To understand how water moves from roots to leaves in terms of the physical/chemical properties of water and the forces provided by differences
More informationMelanoma The Skin Understanding Cancer
Melanoma A form of cancer that begins in melanocytes (cells that make the pigment melanin). It may begin in a mole (skin melanoma), but can also begin in other pigmented tissues, such as in the eye or
More informationRemoving chips is a method for producing plastic threads of small diameters and high batches, which cause frequent failures of thread punches.
Plastic Threads Technical University of Gabrovo Yordanka Atanasova Threads in plastic products can be produced in three ways: a) by direct moulding with thread punch or die; b) by placing a threaded metal
More informationIntroduction to Design Techniques
Introduction to Design Techniques DESIGN TECHNIQUES Now that you have a good understanding of the elements and principles of design, the next step is to learn the techniques of floral design. When professional
More information