Endocrine System. Chapter 11. Introduction. How Hormones Work. How Hormones Work. The Hypothalamus & Endocrine Regulation
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1 Endocrine System Chapter 11 Introduction The endocrine system consists of, tissues, & organs that secrete hormones into the blood Hormone an organic substance secreted by a cell that has an effect on the metabolic activity of another cell or tissue Target that are affected by the hormone Have specific receptors for the hormones How Hormones Work Basic action The hormone combines with a receptor The new molecular structure causes cellular changes Activation of 2 nd messengers Involves a cell membrane receptor Activation of genes Involves intracellular receptors How Hormones Work The Hypothalamus & Endocrine Regulation Controls the adrenal medulla Adrenalin Releases hormones Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Oxytocin Secretes substances that control the anterior pituitary gland Releasing factors Inhibiting factors Overview of the Endocrine System 1
2 The Pituitary Gland Connected to the hypothalamus Infundibulum Master gland of the endocrine system 2 parts Posterior pituitary Nervous tissue Anterior pituitary Glandular tissue Posterior pituitary Receives hormones from the hypothalamus via axons Anterior pituitary Receives hormones from the hypothalamus via capillaries The Pituitary Gland Posterior Pituitary Produces 2 Hormones Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Target kidneys Effect reabsorption of water Oxytocin Targets reproductive organs Effects contractions of smooth muscles (labor contractions, milk ejection; ductus deferens, prostate gland ejaculations) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates gametes Targets follicle (females), testes (males) Effects follicle development & estrogen secretion (females), sperm maturation (males) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Targets follicle (females), interstitial of testes (males) Effects ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, secretion of progesterone (females), secretion of testosterone (males) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Target thyroid gland Effect triggers the release of thyroid hormones Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Target adrenal cortex Effect that produce steroid hormones Prolactin Target - breast Effect - stimulates milk production Growth hormone Target all Effect - stimulates growth in general and the skeletal system in particular Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) Target - melanocytes Effect increases melanin production and distribution 2
3 Pituitary Hormones The Thyroid Gland Location anterior to larynx Thyroid hormones include iodine in their structure Target most Effect of thyroid hormones increase energy utilization, oxygen consumption, growth, development The Thyroid Gland Control of Thyroid Hormones Other Produce calcitonin (CT) Targets bone, kidneys Effect lowers blood calcium levels The Parathyroid Glands Location posterior surfaces of thyroid gland Produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) Target bone, kidneys, intestines Effect Increases blood calcium levels The Thymus Gland Location posterior to the sternum Hormones enhance lymphycyte production Development Childhood large Puberty largest Adulthood decreases in size 3
4 The Adrenal Glands Location on top of the kidney Structure Capsule Cortex Medulla Secretes epinephrine & norepinephrine Target most Effect - stimulates heart beat & tissue metabolism, increases alertness, prepares body to deal with emergencies The Adrenal Medulla The Adrenal Cortex Secretes aldosterone Target kidneys Effect increases blood sodium, decreases blood potassium Secretes steroid hormones (cortisol, corticosterone) Target most Effect conserve blood glucose, anti-inflammatory effects Location between the spleen and the duodenum Functions both exocrine and endocrine Endocrine are in the Islets of Langerhans The Pancreas Glucagon Targets liver, adipose tissues Effect - increase blood sugar levels Insulin Targets - most Effect - decrease blood sugar levels Diabetes mellitis Islets of Langerhans The Pineal Gland Location = epithalamus Secretes melatonin Light inhibits production Regulates circadian rythms Target hypothalamus Effects inhibits FSH & LH secretion 4
5 The Testes Divided into internal compartments containing seminiferous tubules Spermatogenesis Androgens (male sex hormones) Testosterone is the most important Target most Effects maturation of sperm; protein synthesis in skeletal muscle; male secondary sex characteristics & behaviors Seminiferous Tubules The Ovaries Follicle Cells Estrogen Targets most Effects follicle maturation; female secondary sex characteristics and behaviors The Ovaries Corpus Luteum Progesterone Targets uterus, mammary glands Effects prepare uterus for implantation, mammary glands for secretion Relaxin Targets pubic symphysis, uterus Effects loosens pubic symphysis, relaxes cervical muscles Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive System 5
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