GY 112: Earth History. Lecture 7 & 8: Dating
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1 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA GY 112: Earth History Lecture 7 & 8: Dating Instructor: Dr. Douglas W. Haywick
2 Last Time 1. Alfred Wegener and Drifting Continents 2. The Plate Tectonic Revolution 3. Plate Tectonics Mechanisms
3 His supporting evidence? Matching rock types and fossils* * types and ages
4 The Plate Tectonics Revolution Paleomagnetism shows that the ocean floor youngest near the ridges and oldest near the continents
5 The Plate Tectonics Revolution The outer part of the Earth is broken up into several large tectonic plates
6 The Plate Tectonics Revolution J. Tuzo Wilson was the first to describe global tectonics in terms of rigid surface "plates, and recognized ocean evolution ( Wilson Cycle ). He characterized three basic plates boundaries
7 Internal guts of the Earth Four Major Geophysical Layers 1) The Crust 2) The Mantle 3) The Outer Core 4) The Inner Core (1270 km; solid metal)
8 The Plate Tectonics Mechanism It is postulated that the convection currents can eventually break up the lithosphere into separate plates Tension Cooler Hotter
9 Divergent Plate Boundaries
10 Convergent Plate Boundaries
11 San Andreas Fault Transform Fault Plate Boundaries
12 Today s Agenda 1. Relative vs. Absolute Dating Techniques a) Magnetostratigraphy b) Fission Track Dating 2. Radiometric Dating 3. Mass spectrophotometers (Web Lectures 7 & 8)
13 Dating Geologists can time events by putting them in order of occurrence. But, this does not allow you to actually date when those events actually occurred. Source:
14 Geological Dating Techniques Relative Techniques: Assigns an age to a rock that puts it into a narrow range (e.g., mid-devonian; Late Cretaceous, upper Pliocene).
15 Geological Dating Techniques Relative Techniques: Assigns an age to a rock that puts it into a narrow range (e.g., mid-devonian; Late Cretaceous, upper Pliocene). Absolute Techniques: Assigns an age to a rock that is a number (e.g., / MA; 1,453 KA +/- 67 KA).
16 Geological Dating Techniques Relative Techniques: paleontology (biostratigraphy), stable isotope stratigraphy, paleomagnetism/magnetostratigraphy) Source:
17 Geological Dating Techniques Relative Techniques: paleontology (biostratigraphy), stable isotope stratigraphy, paleomagnetism) Cambrian Ordovician Silurian
18 Geological Dating Techniques Absolute Techniques: fission track dating, radiometric dating Source:
19 Relative Dating Magnetic Stratigraphy or Magnetostratigraphy Recall: Paleomagnetism
20 Magnetostratigraphy N The Earth has a magnetic field north is north and south is south, but S
21 Magnetostratigraphy S The Earth has a magnetic field north is north; south is south, but. It hasn t always been that way N Magnetic reversals
22 Magnetostratigraphy Magnetization of ancient rocks at the time of their formation is a good piece of evidence supporting plate tectonics. Source: ems/geosystems11-15.jpg
23 Magnetostratigraphy Magnetization of ancient rocks at the time of their formation is a good piece of evidence supporting plate tectonics... and, it allows us to date rocks (kind of) Source: ems/geosystems11-15.jpg
24 Magnetostratigraphy Reversals in polarity of field are recorded in rocks when they crystallize and as they settle from water Magnetometer
25 Magnetostratigraphy Reversals in polarity of field are recorded in rocks when they crystallize and as they settle from water Magnetometer Vertical successions of sedimentary rock record changes in magnetic field over time
26 Magnetostratigraphy A portion of the paleomagnetic record from 10 MA to 0 MA (today)
27 Magnetostratigraphy Chron Polarity time-rock unit
28 Magnetostratigraphy Chron Polarity time-rock unit Period of normal or reversed polarity Normal interval Same as today Black Reversed interval Opposite to today White
29 Magnetostratigraphy
30 Absolute Dating Fission Track Dating
31 Fission Track Dating The Periodic Table of the elements
32 Fission Track Dating Radioactive elements are unstable
33 Absolute Techniques Fission-Track Dating Measure decay of uranium 238 by counting number of tracks
34 Absolute Techniques Fission-Track Dating Measure decay of uranium 238 by counting number of tracks
35 Radiometric Dating Uranium (and others) are unstable
36 Radioactive Decay
37 Radioactive Decay Three modes of decay
38 Radioactive Decay Three modes of decay 1) Alpha Decay Loss of alpha particle Convert parent into element that has nucleus containing two fewer protons U 235 Pb 207
39 Radioactive Decay Three modes of decay 1) Alpha Decay Loss of alpha particle Convert parent into element that has nucleus containing two fewer protons 2) Beta Decay Loss of beta particle Convert parent into element whose nucleus contains one more proton by losing an electron C 14 N 14
40 Radioactive Decay Three modes of decay 1) Alpha Decay Loss of alpha particle Convert parent into element that has nucleus containing two fewer protons 2) Beta Decay Loss of beta particle Convert parent into element whose nucleus contains one more proton by losing an electron 3) Gamma Decay Capture of beta particle Convert parent into element whose nucleus has one less proton K 40 Ar 40
41 Radioactive Decay Alpha Decay (Uranium) 238 U 206 Pb + 8α
42 Radioactive Decay Radiometric dating Radioactive isotopes decay at constant geometric rate After a certain amount of time, half of the parent present will survive and half will decay to daughter
43 Radioactive Decay Radiometric dating Radioactive isotopes decay at constant geometric rate Half-life After a certain amount of time, half of the parent present will survive and half will decay to daughter Interval of time for half of parent to decay
44 Absolute Age Absolute ages change Error increases in older rocks Techniques change Biostratigraphic correlations may be more accurate
45 Half Lives Parent Isotope Daughter Isotope Half Life (years) Datable Material(s) 14 C (Carbon-14) 14 N (Nitrogen-14) Wood, shells and organic material 235 U (Uranium-235) 207 Pb (Lead-207) Metamorphic, igneous rocks, Zircon, U-bearing minerals 40 K (Potassium-40) 40 Ar (Argon-40) Metamorphic, igneous & sedimentary rocks; feldspar-bearing minerals 238 U (Uranium-238) 206 Pb (Lead-206) Metamorphic, igneous rocks, Zircon, U-bearing minerals 232 Th (Thorium-232) 208 Pb (Lead-208) Metamorphic, igneous rocks, Zircon, U-bearing minerals 87 Rb (Rubidium-87) 87 Sr (Strontium-87) Various rocks and minerals 147 Sm (Samarium-147) 143 Nd (Neodymium-143) Very old rocks, REE bearing minerals
46 Half Lives Parent Isotope Daughter Isotope Half Life (years) Datable Material(s) 14 C (Carbon-14) 14 N (Nitrogen-14) 5,730 Wood, shells and organic material 235 U (Uranium-235) 207 Pb (Lead-207) Metamorphic, igneous rocks, Zircon, U-bearing minerals 40 K (Potassium-40) 40 Ar (Argon-40) Metamorphic, igneous & sedimentary rocks; feldspar-bearing minerals 238 U (Uranium-238) 206 Pb (Lead-206) Metamorphic, igneous rocks, Zircon, U-bearing minerals 232 Th (Thorium-232) 208 Pb (Lead-208) Metamorphic, igneous rocks, Zircon, U-bearing minerals 87 Rb (Rubidium-87) 87 Sr (Strontium-87) Various rocks and minerals 147 Sm (Samarium-147) 143 Nd (Neodymium-143) Very old rocks, REE bearing minerals
47 Half Lives Parent Isotope Daughter Isotope Half Life (years) Datable Material(s) 14 C (Carbon-14) 14 N (Nitrogen-14) 5,730 Wood, shells and organic material 235 U (Uranium-235) 207 Pb (Lead-207) 700,000,000 Metamorphic, igneous rocks, Zircon, U-bearing minerals 40 K (Potassium-40) 40 Ar (Argon-40) Metamorphic, igneous & sedimentary rocks; feldspar-bearing minerals 238 U (Uranium-238) 206 Pb (Lead-206) Metamorphic, igneous rocks, Zircon, U-bearing minerals 232 Th (Thorium-232) 208 Pb (Lead-208) Metamorphic, igneous rocks, Zircon, U-bearing minerals 87 Rb (Rubidium-87) 87 Sr (Strontium-87) Various rocks and minerals 147 Sm (Samarium-147) 143 Nd (Neodymium-143) Very old rocks, REE bearing minerals
48 Half Lives Parent Isotope Daughter Isotope Half Life (years) Datable Material(s) 14 C (Carbon-14) 14 N (Nitrogen-14) 5,730 Wood, shells and organic material 235 U (Uranium-235) 207 Pb (Lead-207) 700,000,000 Metamorphic, igneous rocks, Zircon, U-bearing minerals 40 K (Potassium-40) 40 Ar (Argon-40) 1,300,000,000 Metamorphic, igneous & sedimentary rocks; feldspar-bearing minerals 238 U (Uranium-238) 206 Pb (Lead-206) Metamorphic, igneous rocks, Zircon, U-bearing minerals 232 Th (Thorium-232) 208 Pb (Lead-208) Metamorphic, igneous rocks, Zircon, U-bearing minerals 87 Rb (Rubidium-87) 87 Sr (Strontium-87) Various rocks and minerals 147 Sm (Samarium-147) 143 Nd (Neodymium-143) Very old rocks, REE bearing minerals
49 Half Lives Parent Isotope Daughter Isotope Half Life (years) Datable Material(s) 14 C (Carbon-14) 14 N (Nitrogen-14) 5,730 Wood, shells and organic material 235 U (Uranium-235) 207 Pb (Lead-207) 700,000,000 Metamorphic, igneous rocks, Zircon, U-bearing minerals 40 K (Potassium-40) 40 Ar (Argon-40) 1,300,000,000 Metamorphic, igneous & sedimentary rocks; feldspar-bearing minerals 238 U (Uranium-238) 206 Pb (Lead-206) 4,500,000,000 Metamorphic, igneous rocks, Zircon, U-bearing minerals 232 Th (Thorium-232) 208 Pb (Lead-208) Metamorphic, igneous rocks, Zircon, U-bearing minerals 87 Rb (Rubidium-87) 87 Sr (Strontium-87) Various rocks and minerals 147 Sm (Samarium-147) 143 Nd (Neodymium-143) Very old rocks, REE bearing minerals
50 Half Lives Parent Isotope Daughter Isotope Half Life (years) Datable Material(s) 14 C (Carbon-14) 14 N (Nitrogen-14) 5,730 Wood, shells and organic material 235 U (Uranium-235) 207 Pb (Lead-207) 700,000,000 Metamorphic, igneous rocks, Zircon, U-bearing minerals 40 K (Potassium-40) 40 Ar (Argon-40) 1,300,000,000 Metamorphic, igneous & sedimentary rocks; feldspar-bearing minerals 238 U (Uranium-238) 206 Pb (Lead-206) 4,500,000,000 Metamorphic, igneous rocks, Zircon, U-bearing minerals 232 Th (Thorium-232) 208 Pb (Lead-208) 14,000,000,000 Metamorphic, igneous rocks, Zircon, U-bearing minerals 87 Rb (Rubidium-87) 87 Sr (Strontium-87) Various rocks and minerals 147 Sm (Samarium-147) 143 Nd (Neodymium-143) Very old rocks, REE bearing minerals
51 Half Lives Parent Isotope Daughter Isotope Half Life (years) Datable Material(s) 14 C (Carbon-14) 14 N (Nitrogen-14) 5,730 Wood, shells and organic material 235 U (Uranium-235) 207 Pb (Lead-207) 700,000,000 Metamorphic, igneous rocks, Zircon, U-bearing minerals 40 K (Potassium-40) 40 Ar (Argon-40) 1,300,000,000 Metamorphic, igneous & sedimentary rocks; feldspar-bearing minerals 238 U (Uranium-238) 206 Pb (Lead-206) 4,500,000,000 Metamorphic, igneous rocks, Zircon, U-bearing minerals 232 Th (Thorium-232) 208 Pb (Lead-208) 14,000,000,000 Metamorphic, igneous rocks, Zircon, U-bearing minerals 87 Rb (Rubidium-87) 87 Sr (Strontium-87) 48,600,000,000 Various rocks and minerals 147 Sm (Samarium-147) 143 Nd (Neodymium-143) Very old rocks, REE bearing minerals
52 Half Lives Parent Isotope Daughter Isotope Half Life (years) Datable Material(s) 14 C (Carbon-14) 14 N (Nitrogen-14) 5,730 Wood, shells and organic material 235 U (Uranium-235) 207 Pb (Lead-207) 700,000,000 Metamorphic, igneous rocks, Zircon, U-bearing minerals 40 K (Potassium-40) 40 Ar (Argon-40) 1,300,000,000 Metamorphic, igneous & sedimentary rocks; feldspar-bearing minerals 238 U (Uranium-238) 206 Pb (Lead-206) 4,500,000,000 Metamorphic, igneous rocks, Zircon, U-bearing minerals 232 Th (Thorium-232) 208 Pb (Lead-208) 14,000,000,000 Metamorphic, igneous rocks, Zircon, U-bearing minerals 87 Rb (Rubidium-87) 87 Sr (Strontium-87) 48,600,000,000 Various rocks and minerals 147 Sm (Samarium-147) 143 Nd (Neodymium-143) 106,000,000,000 Very old rocks, REE bearing minerals
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56 Today s Homework 1) Quiz 3 Thursday (Short Answer: Compare/Contrast) Next Time Lectures 6: Stratigraphy Heads-up for tomorrow s lab Bring Scientific calculator to lab!
57 GY 112: Earth History Lectures 7, 8: Dating Instructor: Dr. Doug Haywick This is a free open access lecture, but not for commercial purposes. For personal use only.
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