Use of Pesticides in Horticultural Crop Integrated Pest Management. John C. Wise, Ph.D. MSU Department of Entomology Trevor Nichols Research Complex

Transcription

1 Use of Pesticides in Horticultural Crop Integrated Pest Management John C. Wise, Ph.D. MSU Department of Entomology Trevor Nichols Research Complex

2 What is a Pesticide? Historical definition: all inclusive word meaning killer of pests. - The ending cide comes from the latin cida meaning killer. Modern legal definition: any substance used for controlling, preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest.

3 How are Pesticides Classified? Pesticides are generally classified in 3 ways: 1. Based on chemical structures 2. According to their mode of action 3. According to their mode of entry i.e.; ingestion, inhalation, contact absorption

4 Pesticide Safety Part of an IPM program. Pesticides can cause harm to humans, animals, or the environment because they are designed to kill or otherwise adversely affect living organisms. HAZARD = EXPOSURE x TOXICITY

5 Toxicity - 4 Categories TOXICITY CATEGORY ORAL LD 50 (mg/kg) SIGNAL WORD APPROX. ADULT LETHAL DOSE (ORAL) I 0-50 DANGER/ Few drops to 1 g (or ml) POISON II WARNING 1 g or ml - 30 g (or ml) III 500-5,000 CAUTION 30 g (or ml) kg (or L) IV >5,000 CAUTION More than 0.5 kg (or L) Low-level exposure to chemicals that have potential to cause long-term effects may not cause immediate injury, but repeated exposures can greatly increase the risk of chronic adverse effects.

6 Ways that a pesticide can enter the body: Means of Exposure: Dermal (skin) Oral (mouth) Inhalation (lungs)- Eyes

7 The best way to reduce pesticide exposure: Personal Protective Equipment PPE = personal protection equipment: clothing and devices worn to prevent direct contact with pesticides.

8 Pesticide Safety Pesticides can also pose dietary risks to those who consume the crops that have been sprayed. Research-based standards for pesticide use rates, seasonal application limits, and pre-harvest intervals provide safety guidelines. Most countries regulate the maximum residue levels (MRLs) allowed on domestic and imported foods. Following these guidelines when using pesticides in IPM programs will help prevent crop rejections and meet global expectations for corporate social responsibility.

9 Old and New Insecticide Classes Conventional Insecticides Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Organophosphates Carbamates Synthetic Pyrethroids New Insecticides Avermectins Biologicals/Botanicals Neonicotinoids Spinosyns Insect Growth Regulators Oxadiazines Diamides Pyrizoles

10 Reduced-Risk Pesticides Reduces pesticide risks to human health; Reduces pesticide risks to non-target organisms; Reduces the potential for contamination of valued, environmental resources, or Broadens adoption of IPM or makes it more effective. EPA Federal Register (57): 23140

11 20 th Century IPM Industrial Age Limited information Inexpensive, easy to use tools Homogeneous broad spectrum contact poisons Limited regulatory restrictions Multiple avenues for higher and lower quality products 21 st Century IPM Information Age Robust information Expensive knowledge-based tools Selective and varied performance characteristics Greater regulatory restrictions Very high quality standards

12 Critical Performance Characteristics of Insecticides Life-stage Selectivity Insecticide Mode of Activity Physical and Chemical Properties of the Insecticide Exposure to Target Pest

13 Key Performance Characteristics Insecticide Activity on Target Pest : Lethal activity Sub-lethal activity Repellency, anti-feedant and oviposition deterrence

14 Lethal activity results in direct mortality of the pest Ovicides: Residue under eggs Adulticides: Contact w/ adults Larvacides: Residue over eggs (ovi-larvicidal) Ingestion/contact w/ larva Leaf or Fruit Spray Deposition

15 Sub-lethal activity affects the subsequent generation of the pest Nonviable eggs Leaf or Fruit Spray Deposition

16 Repellents cause the pest to actively avoid the treated substrate

17 Antifeedants and Oviposition Deterrants reduce the desirability of the crop as a food source or egg laying host for the pest No Feeding or Egg Laying Fruit

18 Curative activity is lethal action on a pest post-infestation resulting from the transitory penetration of the insecticide into plant tissue. Spray Fruit

19 Residue Profile on Apple Leaves Organophosphates

20 Residue Profile on Apple Leaves Neonicotinoids

21 Residue Profile on Apple Leaves Insect Growth Regulators

22 Residue Wash-off Profiles for Grape Leaves (phosmet) (carbaryl) Amount ug/g of phosmet Amount ug/g of phosmet inch rain.5 in rain 1 in rain 0 0 inch rain.5 in rain 1 in rain (bifenthrin) (thiamethoxam) Amount ug/g of phosmet Amount ug/g of phosmet inch rain.5 in rain 1 in rain 0 0 inch rain.5 in rain 1 in rain

23 Insecticide Activity Characteristics Compound Mode of Action Mode of Entry Insecticidal Activity Speed of Activity Organophosphates Nerve Poison Contact/Ingest Lethal, Curative Fast Carbamates Nerve Poison Contact/Ingest Lethal Moderate Pyrethroids Nerve Poison Contact/Ingest Lethal / repellent Fast Avermectins Nerve Poison Ingestion Lethal Moderate Spinosyns Nerve Poison Ingestion Lethal Fast Insect Growth Regulators Hormonal Ingestion / egg contact Lethal / Sublethal Slow Azadirechtin Hormonal Contact/Ingest Repellency / lethal Slow Diamides Ryanodine Receptor Ingestion Lethal Moderate Neonicotinoids Nerve Poison Contact/Ingest Lethal / Antifeedant Oviposition deterrence Curative Moderate For many of the RR insecticides The temporal sequence of lethal and sub-lethal modes is responsible for the crop protection seen in the field efficacy trials. (Wise and Whalon 2009; Biorational Control of Arthropod Pests: Application and Resistance Management. Springer)

24 The Only Good Bug is a Dead Bug!!!

25 Traditional Cover Spray Schedule for Apple Pests Adult activity Eggs Larvae Number of PC Petal Fall 1st Cover 2 nd Cover 3 rd Cover OPs OPs OPs OPs Week

26 21 st Century IPM Integrated Approach for Apple Pests Adult activity Eggs Larvae Number of PC Transovarial Novaluron Oviposition Deterrence Neonics Curative Neonics Disrupt PC overwintering Pyriproxyfen Week

27 How to Deliver the Pesticide to the Crop to Attain Optimal Activity? What type of spray coverage of the crop is necessary to attain optimal exposure to the target pest? Varies by species, life stage, behavior, etc. Insecticide's chemical characteristics Crop stage and canopy

28 Traditional Spraying Techniques are Largely Inefficient Pimentel (1995) estimates that only 0.4% of the pesticides contacts its target pest Reichard (1979) showed that only 29-56% of the spray reaches the target canopy

29 Seed Treatment Application Pelleted Seed Nontreated Seed Film coated Seed Encrusted Seed Image provided by Dr. Alan Taylor, Cornell

30 Savings in Pesticide Usage (Onion: Seed treatment compared to In-furrow) Treatment Grams ai per acre Percent Reduction Cyromazine (ST) Clothianidin + Imidacloprid (ST) Spinosad (ST) Chlorpyrifos (IF) ST Seed Treatment and IF In-furrow Treatment Graph provided by Dr. Alan Taylor, Cornell

31 Spray Deposition Studies low med high - GPA Proptec AgTec Airblast

32 Improved Ground Sprayer Systems for Fruit Crops Technology Improvements: Nozzles that reduce drift of water droplets. Electronic sensors turn on/off spray. Covered sprayer reduce pesticide drift.

33 Chemigation Delivery Systems

34 Solid Set Canopy Delivery System Images provided by Dr. Art Agnello, Cornell

35 Attract and Kill Delivery Systems Insecticide-Bait formulations Insecticide-wax formulations Pesticide Treated Sphere

36 Trunk Injection Delivery System

37 20 th Century IPM Industrial Age Time for another poison 21 st Century IPM Information Age What strategic combination of tools and delivery systems will optimize crop protection, while minimizing impact on non-targets and protecting key environmental resources?

38 Importance of Pesticides for Horticultural Crop IPM Pesticides will remain as important tools for horticultural crop IPM because of the very high quality standards for these food products. Modern pesticides are knowledge-based tools that require robust scouting information for optimal performance. Effective scouting is the most reliable means of minimizing pesticide waste in the IPM system. Improving the efficiency of pesticide delivery will reduce the total amount of AI needed to protect the crop, and lower worker exposure and negative impacts on the environment. Respect, rather than fear, of pesticides provides the best means of achieving a consistent quality product and a balanced integration with IPM alternatives.

39 QUESTIONS?