Lingering Disease of New Media Environments in Turkey: The necessity of devoloping new media literacy policy

Transcription

1 Lingering Disease of New Media Environments in Turkey: The necessity of devoloping new media literacy policy Mutlu Binark, Ph.D. Hacettepe University Faculty of Communication Dept. of Informatics and Information Technologies

2 Outline of the presentation General Data The new phenomenons The problematics The positive developments Why we need the techo-social policy for new media literacy in Turkey? and the necessity of the multistakeholder approach

3 TUİK Information Society Statistics, % Girişimlerde Bilişim Teknolojileri Kullanımı ICT Usage in Enterprises Bilgisayar Kullanımı - Computer Usage İnternet Erişimi - Internet Access Web Sitesi Sahipliği - Having Website Hanelerde Bilişim Teknolojileri Kullanımı ICT Usage in Households and Individuals Bilgisayar Kullanımı (Toplam)- Computer Usage (Total) (*) ,8-88,7 90,6 90,7 92,3 94,0 93,5 92,0-80,4-85,4 89,2 88,8 90,9 92,4 92,5 90,8-48,2-63,1 62,4 58,7 52,5 55,4 58,0 53, ,6 22,9-33,4 38,0 40,1 43,2 46,4 48,7 49,9 53,5 Erkek - Male 31,1 30,0-42,7 47,8 50,5 53,4 56,1 59,0 60,2 62,7 Kadın - Female 16,2 15,9-23,7 28,5 30,0 33,2 36,9 38,5 39,8 44,3 İnternet Kullanımı (Toplam) - Internet Usage (Total) 18,8 17,6-30,1 35,9 38,1 41,6 45,0 47,4 48,9 53,8 Erkek - Male 25,7 24,0-39,2 45,4 48,6 51,8 54,9 58,1 59,3 63,5 Kadın - Female 12,1 11,1-20,7 26,6 28,0 31,7 35,3 37,0 38,7 44,1 Hanelerde İnternet erişimi - Households with access to the Internet 7,0 8,7-19,7 25,4 30,0 41,6 42,9 47,2 49,1 60,2

4 Percentage of households have devices connected to the Internet, 2014 % İnternete bağlı araçlar Devices connected to the Internet Tüm haneler içinde As a percentage of all households Toplam Total Evden İnternet erişimi olan haneler içinde As a percentage of households with Internet access Toplam Total Masaüstü bilgisayar Desktop computer Taşınabilir bilgisayar (Dizüstü, tablet, netbook vb) Portable computer (Laptop, netbook, tablet) Cep telefonu (Akıllı telefonlar dahil) Mobile phone (incl. smart phone) Oyun konsolu Game console İnternete bağlanabilen TV Smart TV Diğer Others 19,1 31,7 30,9 51,3 48,8 81,0 1,5 2,4 5,2 8,6 0,1 0,2

5 Internet activities of individuals who have accessed the Internet in the last 3 months, by private purposes, 2014 % Amaçlar - Activities Toplam Total Erkek Male Kadın Female E-Posta gönderme / alma Sending / receiving s İnternet üzerinden telefonla görüşme/ video görüşmesi (webcam ile) Telephoning over the Internet / video calls (via webcam) over the Internet İnternet üzerindeki sosyal gruplara (Facebook, twitter vb) katılma Participating in social networks Online haber, gazete ya da dergi okuma Reading online news / newspapers / news magazines Mal ve hizmetler hakkında bilgi arama Finding information about goods or services İnternet üzerinden web radyo dinleme ya da web televizyon izleme Listening to web radio 53,9 57,3 48,8 37,1 37,7 36,1 78,8 81,1 75,3 74,2 77,9 68,7 67,2 68,8 64,8 46,8 47,5 45,8

6 Oyun, müzik, film, görüntü indirme veya oynatma Playing or downloading games, images, films or music Başkaları ile İnternet üzerinde oyun oynama Playing networked games with other persons Kendi oluşturduğunuz metin, görüntü, fotoğraf, video, müzik vb. içerikleri herhangi bir web sitesine paylaşmak üzere yükleme Uploading self-created content (text, photos, music, videos, software etc.) to any website to be shared Web sitesi veya blog oluşturma Creating websites or blogs Web sitesi üzerinden bir hekimden randevu alma (sağlık kuruluşu veya hastane vb) Making an appointment w ith a practitioner via the website (e.g. of a hospital or a health care centre) Seyahat veya seyahat ile ilgili konaklama için online hizmetleri kullanma Using services related to travel or travel related accommodation Mal veya hizmet satışı Selling of goods or services, e.g. via auctions (e.g. ebay) İnternet bankacılığı Internet banking 58,7 61,3 54,8 22,5 28,2 13,9 47,8 48,9 46,2 4,7 5,5 3,4 31,6 30,3 33,6 23,4 25,1 20,8 16,5 18,3 14,0 28,2 33,1 20,9

7 For the age group the uses of computer, İnternet and mobile phones (2013) % 6-15 ages 6-10 ages ages Total Erkek Kadın Total Erkek Kadın Ttal Erkek Kadın Computer 60,5 62,6 58,3 48,2 49,7 46,8 73,1 75,4 70,6 Internet 50,8 53,7 47,8 36,9 38,3 35,4 65,1 68,9 61,0 Mobile phones 24,3 26,1 22,4 11,0 11,0 11,0 37,9 41,0 34,5

8 The uses of mobile phones regarding with different age groups (2013) 6-15 ages 6-10 ages ages % Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female The uses of mobile phones 24,3 26,1 22,4 11,0 11,0 11,0 37,9 41,0 34,5 The reasons of Speaking 92,8 92,2 93,6 83,8 80,0 87,6 95,5 95,4 95,6 Texting 65,4 65,0 65,9 29,4 29,4 29,4 76,2 74,5 78,2 Playing games 66,8 71,8 60,7 80,0 85,0 74,9 62,9 68,2 56,0 İnternet 30,7 32,3 28,8 11,8 15,5 8,1 36,3 36,7 35,8

9

10

11

12 The New Phenomenons New social eco-system Networked publics (Boyd) Being connected and mobile (Hinton & Hjörth) Persistence-visibility-speradability and searchability Interactivity Personalization and content creation Increase of user-generated content participatory culture (Jenkins), citizen journalism, trolling, homophiliy, hate speech, immaterial labour and commercializaion, big data and data mining-data sorting Self-mass communication (Castells)

13 Figure 1. Direniş - Devrim 27 June 2013 ( Figure 2. Çapulcu check list 9 June 2013 ((

14 Problematics Legislative level: Law 5651 and recent regulations Political economy of infrastructure (the monopoly of TurkTelekom) Naturalization of securitization discourse and the dissemination of surveillance technologies (DPI, CCTVs, biometric data, Phorm, NetClean, Procera etc.) in everyday lives: superpanopticon (Poster) & surveillance assamblages (Deleuze & Guattari) cause: the legitimization of new type of governmentality +creating permanent moral panic + fear society +consumer surveillance +banopticon (marginalization of some part of population) (Bigo) Lack of protection of personal information and Data Retention Law in Turkey Existence of hate speech on new media environtments Increasing roles of trolls (such as esatç, wakeup attack, fuatavni, sosyal pencere etc.)in political communication and public persuasion Labelling and even demonization of cyberspace and social media by governmental authorities (PM Erdoğan, PM Davutoğlu, and Justice and Development Party s Technicians of Opinion) Addiction discourse and moral panic Variation of new media experince +The existence of digital divide an inequality (based on age, gender, class etc.) One type of diet +Lack of new media literacy + Lack of multistakeholders approach

15 Establishment of Access Providers Union in 2014 in 4 hours removing the Internet content due to violation of honour and dignity of people by filling a complaint through TİB w/o any court order Websites can be shut down by either IP address blocking or URL blocking Legalization of DPI Web hosting companies are obliged to keep records of all Internet activities of all users for about two years To protect from Telecommunication Directorate (TİB) personnel from potential illegalities For banned websites see Engelli web

16

17 Demonization of social media during Gezi Park protests PM Erdoğan himself labelled social media as a pain in the neck in a TV program he attended in June 2nd He said that There is a pain in the neck called Twitter. You can find all the lies and exaggeration here. To me, social media is a pain in the neck [1]. Similarly, Ali Şahin, AKP s Vice President in charge of Social Media made the following statement: Social media is a tool full of lies and slander. It is much more dangerous than a bomb-laden vehicle. The latest developments have proven that there is a need to regulate social media. [1] er_denen_bir_bela_var , Access Date:

18 The ban of Twitter an YouTube in March 2014 In his speech in Bursa meeting on March 20, 2014, PM Erdoğan said: You know Twitter. There is a verdict against it now. We are going to eradicate all of them /gundem/ asp, Access Date: After the Corruption Operation on December 17, 2013 against AKP, some tape records of Erdoğan, some of his family members and ministers were shared on social media. Following this, the Presidency of Telecommunication blocked access to Twitter and YouTube (March 2014) respectively without any court decision

19 Stigma on social media by newly selected PM İnternetten bilgi sahibi olunmaz. Bilgi sahibi olunsa bile ahlak sahibi olunmaz From internet one can t get information, even receive information, can t receive any ethos/moral A.Davutoğlu, Prime Minister Source: September 3, 2014

20 Demonization of Internet continues At the openning cerenomy of Turkish National Assembly in October 1st, 2014 President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan says that: The abuse of the press and Internet are not be withheld silently and without reacted. Internet becames a part of lives and education of our students through the disseminaton of computers. Source: In a meeting with a joint delegation from the Committee to Protect Journalists and the International Press Institute in October 2nd,2014, citing his concern that criminal and terrorist organizations, including the militant group Islamic State, are using the Internet to recruit followers, President Erdoğan defended his government's efforts to control online speech. He said that: "I am increasingly against the Internet every day. Source: Source:

21 Hate speech especially towards Types of Hate Speech: Political Hate Speech Hate speech against women Hate speech against foreigners and immigrants Sexual-identity based hate speech Religious belief and sect based hate speech Hate speech against disabled people and diverse diseases Hate speech in Turkey fluctuates according to the topics on the agenda, methods like exaggeration, distortion, defamation, humiliation, discrediting, insulting Especially recently towards all people of Israel or all Jews, LGBTIs, Kurdish politicians, Syrian refugees #wedontwantanysyrians and when we search #kobani at Twitter we see hate speech against Kurdish people See: Alternative Informatics Association Internet Ungovarnance Report See:

22 Some Positive Developments in Turkey : Increase of production of UGC since Gezi Park protests such as memes, videos, etc. Rise of citizen journalism and establishment of indepenent news portals i.e. 140 Journos, Dokuz8/Nine8, Ankara Eylem vakti, Seyri-Sokak, Çapul.tv Rise of info on the usage of VPN, tor and torrent since the recent bans Constitutional Court s recent decisions on Internet bans as a violation of human rights, and unblock Twitter and YouTube to protect free speech and right to access information Organizing a workshop among academicians and other stake holders to work on new media literacy in every level in April, 11, 2014 with the Unicef Turkiye Some micro level research (Binark & Bayraktutan; Arslan-Yeğen& Binark; Asrak- Hasdemir &Uzun; Arslan-Yeğen, Akça-Koca, Sayımer &Balabanlı) Organizing Internet Ungovernance Forum during IGF2014 by the collobaration of global and local NGOs leaded with Alternative Informatics Association See:

23 The campaign of DO NOT MAKE USE OF child-protection concerns for censorship and surveillance activities! NETCLEAN IS NOT THE SOLUTION WHAT TO DO THEN? As NGOs working in the fields of children's rights, human rights and informatics; demand The cancellation of the purchase of the software, In the absence of any evidence that blocking stops either accidental or deliberate access to, we urge the Turkish Government to focus on developing awareness programs that aim to mitigate consumer demand for child pornography as identified in international documents instead of ineffective and untransparent Internet restrictions, Development of legal measures for the prevention of child pornography, The public spending in this area to be done in a transparent way and with the participation of the interested parties, That priority be given to the research, education, and awareness efforts against child abuse as mentioned in the Turkey Children's Rights Strategy Document And executing the child protection arrangements without infringing the citizens' rights for accessing information and freedom of expression.

24 What shall we do? Developing a civic techno-social informatics policy need to empower NGO s awareness in regard with all these problematics and need to increase collobaration among NGOs need to disseminate new media literacy among child, youth and adults in regarded with Universal Declaration of Human Rights in this context need to develop cognitive authority, care of security and privacy, ethical and responsible usage and reusage (curatorship, reproduction and redistribution of existing media) of digital media. need to be aware that: digital natives are in deed digital naives in some aspect (Hargittai 2010, Boyd 2014) because of economic and social inequality only access does not solve the digital divide: there is a literacy divide such as technical skills, knowledge skills etc. Besides EU kids online research highlights that most children approach online opportunities in a more passive way for information, playing games and entartainment purposes. See: EU Kids Online Final Recommendations for Policy, September 2014 ISSN: X Need to empower techno-social informatics policy within the context of freedom of expression and information, asssed by the former UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression Frank La Rue, in his annual report to UN Human Rights Council in 2011 (A/HRC/17/27 Geneva:OHCHR, 16 May, 2011)

25 And more need to develop the politics of resistance in everyday life (i.e. not giving up info, self-disclosure etc.) need to develop the awareness raising of privacy advocacy need to train in being critical of the content that we consume need to develop open ethics among different stake holders to listen the voice of children and young people as a natural part of the stakeholders, assesing the chldren rights in regarded with Convention on the Rights of the Child to develop a policy initiative that the implications of the Internet for the exercise of human rights and the freedom of expression in a digital context Need to develop transparent policy making need to careful on using digital native discourse because of deemphasizing the learning and skill development Indeed there is a need for lifelong learning in the era of new media Need more macro level and micro level research!

26 The necessity for the techo-social policy for the new media literacy in Turkey Inequalites of using digital skills amon women and elder people Needs to aware of the value creation through the software algorithms Siva Vaidhyanathan notes in The Googlization of Everything we are not Google customers:we are its product (2011:3) Users are actually the source of value creation (meta) (Terrananova, Fisher, Fuchs) See:Julian Assange When Google Meets Wikileaks (2014) Multistakeholders approach for new media literacy

27