ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral artery diseases

Transcription

1 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral artery diseases The Task Force on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Artery Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) European Heart Journal (2011) August doi: /eurheartj/...

2 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral artery diseases Task Force Members Chairpersons: Michal Tendera, Poland; Victor Aboyans, France; Marie-Louise Bartelink, The Netherlands; Iris Baumgartner, Switzerland; Denis Clément, Belgium; Jean-Philippe Collet, France; Alberto Cremonesi, Italy; Marco De Carlo, Italy; Raimund Erbel, Germany; F. Gerry R. Fowkes, UK; Magda Heras, Spain; Serge Kownator, France; Erich Minar, Austria; Jan Ostergren, Sweden; Don Poldermans, The Netherlands; Vincent Riambau, Spain; Marco Roffi, Switzerland; Joachim Röther, Germany; Horst Sievert, Germany; Marc van Sambeek, The Netherlands; Thomas Zeller, Germany.

3 Table of Contents 1. General aspects 2. Specific vascular areas 2.1 Extracranial carotid and vertebral artery disease Carotid artery disease Vertebral artery disease 2.2 Upper extremity artery disease 2.3 Mesenteric artery disease 2.4 Renal artery disease 2.5 Lower extremity artery disease 3. Multisite artery disease

4 How to manage polyvascular patients D.L.Clement, Ghent, Belgium

5 The CoCaLis Document CoCaLis A Clinical Approach to the Management of the Patient with Coronary (Co) and / or Carotid (Ca) Artery Disease who presents with Leg Ischaemia (Lis) Denis L Clement, Henri Boccalon, John Dormandy, Isabelle Durand-Zaleski, Gerry Fowkes, Tim Brown International Reviewers J Cooke, W Haacke, W Hiatt, L Norgren International Angiology 2000; 19:

6 Polyvascular (multisite) disease Definition simultaneous presence of clinically relevant atherosclerotic lesions in at least two major vascular territories

7 Polyvascular disease Main message The clinician should not only look at the individual vascular lesion but also at the total patient and in special, the total (increased) cardiovascular risk

8 Polyvascular disease In other words The clinician should focus at least as much on controlling total CV risk ( best medical treatment ) than on correction of a stenosis

9 1-year event rate (%) REACH: Patients with CAD, PAD and the combination CAD PAD CAD + PAD CV death Non-fatal MI Non-fatal stroke CV death, MI or stroke CV death, MI, stroke or hospitalisation *TIA, UA, other ischaemic arterial event including worsening of PAD CAD, coronary artery disease; REACH, Reduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health; TIA, transient ischaemic attack; UA unstable angina Steg PG et al. 55th Annual Scientific Session of the ACC, Available at: Accessed 28/06/06.

10 Polyvascular disease Combinations Carotid and coronary artery disease Renal and coronary artery disease Lower extremity and coronary disease

11 Carotid artery stenosis in patients presenting with coronary artery disease (CAD) - 1 Two different situations should be considered: Carotid artery disease in patients not scheduled for CABG. Patients with CAD are at increased risk for carotid artery disease (and vice versa). Carotid artery disease in patients scheduled for CABG The question of prophylactic carotid revascularization in patients needing CABG who also have a severe carotid artery stenosis arises from the higher risk of stroke in this population.

12 Carotid artery stenosis in patients presenting with coronary artery disease (CAD) - 2 Carotid artery disease in patients not scheduled for CABG: Prevalence of severe carotid stenosis increases with the severity of CAD and is a predictor of worse CV prognosis. However, although the association between carotid artery stenosis and CAD is evident, the prevalence of significant carotid stenosis in the entire CAD population is relatively low (lesions of >70% stenosis in about 5% of the cases). Systematic screening for carotid stenosis is of limited value. Conclusion: management of CAD and control total CV risk

13 Algorithm for the management of extracranial carotid artery disease

14 Carotid artery stenosis in patients presenting with coronary artery disease (CAD) - 1 Two different situations should be considered: Carotid artery disease in patients not scheduled for CABG. Patients with CAD are at increased risk for carotid artery disease. Carotid artery disease in patients scheduled for CABG The question of prophylactic carotid revascularization in patients needing CABG who also have a severe carotid artery stenosis arises from the higher risk of stroke in this population.

15 Risk of stroke related to CABG Patient category Stroke risk (%) No carotid stenosis Unilateral >50% carotid stenosis 3.0 Bilateral >50% carotid stenosis 5.0 Carotid occlusion 7.0 Previous stroke or TIA 8.5 TIA, transient ischaemic attack Adapted from Blacker DJ et al. Mayo Clin Proc 2004;79:

16 Classes of recommendations Classes of Recommendations Class I Class II Class III Class IIa Class IIb Definition Evidence and/or general agreement that a given treatment or procedure is beneficial, useful, effective. Conflicting evidence and/or a divergence of opinion about the usefulness/efficacy of the given treatment or procedure. Weight of evidence/opinion is in favour of usefulness/efficacy. Usefulness/efficacy is less well established by evidence/opinion. Evidence or general agreement that the given treatment or procedure is not useful/effective, and in some cases may be harmful. Suggested wording to use Is recommended/is indicated Should be considered May be considered Is not recommended

17 Levels of evidence

18 Screening for carotid artery stenosis in patients undergoing CABG Recommendations In patients undergoing CABG, DUS scanning is recommended in patients with a history of cerebrovascular disease, carotid bruit, age 70 years, multivessel CAD, or LEAD. Screening for carotid stenosis is not indicated in patients with unstable CAD requiring emergent CABG with no recent stroke/tia. Class Level I B III B CABG = coronary artery bypass graft; CAD = coronary artery disease; DUS = duplex ultrasonography; LEAD = lower extremity artery disease; TIA = transient ischaemic attack.

19 Carotid artery revascularization in patients undergoing CABG (1) In patients undergoing CABG, with a <6-month history of TIA/stroke and corresponding carotid artery disease Carotid revascularization is recommended in 70 99% carotid stenosis. Carotid revascularization may be considered in 50 69% carotid stenosis, depending on patientspecific factors and clinical presentation. Carotid revascularization is not recommended if the carotid stenosis is <50%. I IIb III C C C CABG = coronary artery bypass graft; TIA = transient ischaemic attack

20 Carotid artery revascularization in patients undergoing CABG (2) In patients undergoing CABG with no history of TIA/stroke within 6 months Carotid revascularization may be considered in men with bilateral 70 99% carotid stenosis or 70 99% carotid stenosis and a contralateral occlusion. Carotid revascularization may be considered in men with 70 99% carotid stenosis and ipsilateral previous silent cerebral infarction. IIb IIb C C CABG = coronary artery bypass graft; TIA = transient ischaemic attack

21 Management of carotid stenosis in patients undergoing CABG Recommendations Class Level The indication for carotid revascularization should be individualized after discussion by a multidisciplinary team including a neurologist. If carotid revascularization is indicated, the timing of the carotid and coronary interventions should be decided according to the clinical presentation, level of emergency, and severity of carotid disease and CAD. CABG = coronary artery bypass graft; CAD = coronary artery disease I I C C

22 Polyvascular disease Combinations Carotid and coronary artery disease Renal and coronary artery disease Lower extremity and coronary disease

23 Renal artery disease in patients with coronary disease Prevalence is not negligible (10-20% of patients with >50% stenosis; ¼ bilateral) Still, systematic screening does not appear reasonable because the management of these patients is rarely affected Systematic renal angio at the time of coronary angio not recommended

24 Diagnostic strategies for RAS (also outside the context of polyvascular disease) Recommendations DUS is recommended as the first-line imaging test to establish the diagnosis of RAS. CTA (in patients with creatinine clearance >60 ml/min) is recommended to establish the diagnosis of RAS. MRA (in patients with creatinine clearance >30 ml/min) is recommended to establish the diagnosis of RAS. When the clinical index of suspicion is high and the results of non-invasive tests are inconclusive, DSA is recommended as a diagnostic test (prepared for intervention) to establish the diagnosis of RAS. Captopril renal scintigraphy, selective renal vein renin measurements, plasma renin activity, and the captopril test are not recommended as useful screening tests to establish the diagnosis of RAS. Class Level I B I B I B I C III B CTA = computed tomography angiography; DSA = digital subtraction angiography; DUS = duplex ultrasonography; MRA = magnetic resonance angiography; RAS = renal artery stenosis.

25 Treatment strategies for RAS (1) Medical therapy Recommendations Class Level ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers are effective medications for treatment of hypertension associated with unilateral RAS. ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are contraindicated in bilateral severe RAS and in case of RAS in a single functional kidney. ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; RAS = renal artery stenosis. I III B B

26 Treatment strategies for RAS (2) Endovascular and surgical therapy Recommendations Endovascular therapy Angioplasty, preferably with stenting, may be considered in the case of >60% symptomatic RAS secondary to atherosclerosis. In the case of indication for angioplasty, stenting is recommended in ostial atherosclerotic RAS. Endovascular treatment of RAS may be considered in patients with impaired renal function. Treatment of RAS, by balloon angioplasty with or without stenting, may be considered for patients with RAS and unexplained recurrent congestive heart failure or sudden pulmonary oedema and preserved systolic left ventricular function. Surgical therapy Surgical revascularization may be considered for patients undergoing surgical repair of the aorta, patients with complex anatomy of the renal arteries, or after a failed endovascular procedure. RAS = renal artery stenosis. Class Level IIb A I B IIb B IIb C IIb C

27 Polyvascular disease Combinations Carotid and coronary artery disease Renal and coronary artery disease Lower extremity and coronary artery disease

28 Management of LEAD combined to CAD The problem of LEAD is underrecognised; LEAD often remains asymptomatic or the clinical picture is completely dominated by the coronary artery symptomatology; ABI should be performed in all coronary patients LEAD: Lower Extremity Artery Disease; CAD: Coronary Artery Disease

29 Management of CAD in LEAD patients When LEAD to be treated surgically: In unstable CAD: Vascular surgery should be postponed and CAD treated first unless vascular surgery cannot be delayed because of life- or limb threatening conditions CAD = coronary artery disease; LEAD = lower extremity artery disease;

30 Management of CAD in LEAD patients When LEAD to be treated surgically: In stable coronary conditions: Peripheral vascular surgery is carrying a high cardiac risk (<5% or more) Preoperative screening for CAD should be done in every surgical LEAD patient to identify and minimize immmediate and future risk + functional capacity; Such screening should preferentially be started with noninvasive techniques Strict risk factor control to be continued or started CAD = coronary artery disease; LEAD = lower extremity artery disease;

31 Management of CAD in LEAD patients In nonsurgical LEAD patient, screening for CAD should be limited to circumstances in which testing would otherwise be indicated CAD = coronary artery disease; LEAD = lower extremity artery disease;

32 Management of LEAD combined to CAD In any case realise the elevated risk of the condition! 50% of mortality in LEAD due to CV disease Mortality substantially (3.7 times) higher than in patients without LEAD LEAD: Lower Extremity Artery Disease CAD: coronary artery disease

33 Management of LEAD combined to CAD Control total CV risk Life style adaptation Statins Control of hypertension Antiplatelets: aspirine or clopidogrel LEAD: Lower Extremity Artery Disease CAD: coronary artery disease

34 LEAD : undertreated Guidelines and Reality

35 LEAD : undertreated Recent data show (Reach Registry): Less than 25% of PAD patients get any treatment Undertreatment with antiplatelets and statins is common Less than 46% had any risk factor control Less than 28% had full risk factor control

36 LEAD : undertreated Every physician should devote all efforts to control this condition A major role of the IUA!!

37 How to manage polyvascular patients D.L.Clement, Ghent, Belgium

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