Evaluating Olive Oil Quality through Absorbance and Fluorescence Spectrometry
|
|
- Philip Banks
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Olive_Oil_Spectrometry_v1c.docx Evaluating Olive Oil Quality through Absorbance and Fluorescence Spectrometry A spectrometric evaluation of olive oils. * 1.1 EXPERIMENTAL GOAL 1 OBJECTIVES In this experiment, students will use absorbance and fluorescence spectrometry to evaluate the quality of olive oils. 1.2 PREREQUISITE SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE Students should have experience using the Vernier Spectro-Vis Spectrophotometer, or a similar spectrometer, and have completed the lab Extraction and Separation of Plant Pigments. 1.3 RESEARCH SKILLS After this lab, students will have had practice in: following laboratory protocols using a laboratory notebook following hazardous waste guidelines using the proper personal protection equipment choosing an appropriate size of micropipette using micropipettes using a transfer pipette pigment extraction using a mini-centrifuge using a spectrophotometer to measure absorbance using a spectrophotometer to measure fluorescence 1.4 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After this lab, students will be able to: use a spectrometer to evaluate the grade and freshness of olive oil * This experiment was adapted from the evaluation copy of the lab Determination of Chlorophyll in Olive Oil in Advanced Biology with Vernier from Vernier Software, accessed November 18, 2016.
2 2 Olive Oil Spectrometry 2 PRE-EXPERIMENT ASSIGNMENT Olive Oil Quality Olive oil is one of the oldest food oils and has had an immense influence on much of European history and culture. Currently, the following grades of olive oil are recognized by the International Olive Council: Extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO): produced by the use of mechanical means only, and is also judged to be of highest quality in terms of taste. Virgin olive oil: produced by the use of mechanical means only, but not as high quality in taste. Refined olive oil: refined from either virgin or extra-virgin olive oil. The refining process uses charcoal or other filters to produce an oil without taste or color. A small amount of extra-virgin olive oil is often added to the refined oil to give it a hint of flavor. Refined olive oil is often just described on a label as olive oil or pure olive oil. Olive pomace oil is made from oil extracted from the paste left over after pressing the oil for extra-virgin or virgin olive oils. This extraction uses solvents or other treatments not sanctioned for the above grades, but is still considered fit for consumption. Olive pomace oil is preferred in some uses because it has a higher smoke point than other olive oils Chlorophyll in Olive Oils Chlorophyll is a component of most virgin olive oils. Other components include other plant pigments such as carotenoids; beta-carotene is one. The amount of chlorophyll in any one kind of olive oil depends on the chlorophyll content of the olive. In higher plants, chlorophyll molecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts act as light-harvesting antennae to absorb sunlight as the initial step in photosynthesis. The absorbed photon prepares the chlorophyll molecule to donate an electron to the electron transport chain. When the chlorophyll is isolated from the chloroplasts, the energy absorbed by the chlorophyll molecule is instead eventually given off as emission of a lower energy photon. This emission is called fluorescence. The structure of chlorophyll a is shown below. The absorbance spectrum of chlorophyll is shown below. Much of this information was excerpted from Wikipedia s interesting discussion of olive oil.
3 Olive Oil Spectrometry Oxidative Degradation of Olive Oils Olive oils are at their best when they are fresh. With age (or more quickly with exposure to heat, or light) olive oil will lose its green color and fresh, grassy smell. These changes occur when the chlorophyll molecule loses the central magnesium metal ion (Mg 2+ ) and becomes pheophytin. The structure of pheophytin a is shown below. Pheophytins are important parts of the electron transfer pathway in photosystem II, but in olive oil they are merely the first products of chlorophyll degradation. In very little time, the pheophytins break down to pyropheophytins. The structure of pyropheophytin a is shown below. Pheophytins and pyropheophytins have absorbance spectra very similar to chlorophylls, but despite these similarities, you will be able to spectrometrically distinguish between fresh extra-virgin olive oil, refined olive oil, and degraded extra virgin olive oil.
4 4 Olive Oil Spectrometry 2.2 PREPARE FOR THIS EXPERIMENT Read through the entire lab procedure and prepare your lab notebook. When you feel ready for the lab, test your preparation with the Pre-Experiment Quiz on e-learning.
5 Olive Oil Spectrometry MATERIALS CHECK OFF LIST Each group of (2-3) students will have: laptop computer with LoggerPro software Vernier SpectroVis Plus Spectrophotometer 1 glass micropestle 1 conical 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube 7 disposable cuvettes with four clear sides 7 disposable plastic pipettes cuvette and tube stand Each large group of (1-2) small groups will share: 3 LABORATORY MANUAL spinach leaves bottle containing 2-propanol or ethanol jar of grinding beads mini-centrifuge tubes with 8 ml of the following olive oils o Publix brand olive oil (not virgin) (or equivalent) o Publix brand light olive oil (or equivalent) o Pompeian Robust Extra Virgin Olive Oil (or equivalent) o Eleon Extra Virgin Olive Oil (or similar prestige olive oil) o Saporito Arborsana Extra Virgin Olive Oil (or similar prestige olive oil) o one or more of the above EVOOs heated to 180 C for 30 minutes o one or more of the above EVOOs heated to 180 C for 120 minutes 3.2 SAFETY AND WASTE DISPOSAL PROTOCOLS Goggles must be worn while the spectrometer is in use. Isopropanol-containing solutions should be placed in the labeled waste bottle. Used olive oil may be washed down the drain when no longer needed. Used cuvettes, tubes, and disposable pipettes should be put into the benchtop or classroom lab waste containers. 3.3 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Collect a Spectrum of Chlorophylls Use 2-propanol (or ethanol) to extract the pigments from a small amount of spinach leaves. Refer to your lab notebook from the early part of this semester for more details on the extraction procedure. Collect an absorbance spectrum of the spinach leaf pigments. Make sure your absorbance is not saturated you may need to dilute the pigment extract with more of the solvent. Q1. Briefly describe how you will extract the pigments from the spinach leaves. Q2. Insert a snip of your publication-ready spectrum here. Set aside your chlorophyll-containing cuvette for the upcoming fluorescence work. Compare your spectrum to the chlorophyll absorbance spectrum from Vernier (in Pre-Experiment). Q3. Account for any differences. Q4. Which spectrum do you think will be more useful for identifying chlorophyll in your olive oil samples? Explain.
6 6 Olive Oil Spectrometry Grades of Olive Oils In this part of the experiment you will compare three different grades of olive oil: light, regular, and extra virgin. 1. Label three cuvettes appropriately and fill each ¾ full with one of the three different grades of olive oil. 2. Prepare a fourth cuvette with DI water for the reference. 3. Calibrate the spectrometer using DI water for the reference. 4. Collect a full spectrum for each olive oil sample. 5. Compare the olive oil absorbance spectra to each other and also to one of the reference chlorophyll spectra. Q5. Describe the spectrum of each olive oil, and the differences between them, in terms of the absorbance peaks and other distinguishing features. Q6. Which grades of olive oil appear to contain chlorophyll? What spectrometric evidence support your answer? Chlorophyll Content Assay Now, use the light grade of olive oil as the reference to recalibrate the spectrometer, so that you can compare the chlorophyll content of the other olive oils. Q7. Explain the purpose for this new calibration. Q8. What makes the light olive oil appropriate as a calibration reference? Collect new spectra of the two different olive oil grades (regular and extra virgin) and compare them, in terms of absorbance peaks and features, to the spectra you collected previously. Q9. How are these spectra of the same olive oils different from the spectra you collected in the previous section? Use your absorbance spectra to estimate how much more chlorophyll one grade contains compared to the other. NOTE: If your absorbance shows signs of saturation, you may need to dilute your olive oil in a known amount of the reference oil. Don t forget to include the dilution in your calculations. Q10. Describe how you used your absorbance spectra to determine the relative ratios of chlorophyll in the two grades of olive oil. Q11. What difficulties, if any, did you encounter, and how did you resolve them? Obtain a sample of a prestige olive oil and use the above assay to determine the relative chlorophyll content. Q12. Describe your results Chlorophyll Fluorescence Chlorophyll will fluoresce under the right wavelength of light. Use the absorbance spectra you recorded to predict which of the two fluorescence wavelengths available on the SpectroVis will be most effective with chlorophyll. Q13. Describe your choice and the reasoning behind it. Confirm your prediction by collecting a fluorescence spectrum using the cuvette containing your plant pigment extraction at each excitation wavelength. You should see a peak from chlorophyll at approximately 675 nm.
7 Olive Oil Spectrometry 7 Q14. Which excitation wavelength was most effective? Chlorophyll Fluorescence Assay Optimize sample time To evaluate the relative fluorescence of each of your assigned olive oils, you will first need to optimize the sample time. Find the olive oil with the greatest fluorescence at the ~675 nm chlorophyll peak. You will use this sample to optimize the sample time. Follow these instructions to optimize the sample time to produce a peak intensity between 0.8 and 1.0: 1. Choose Set up Sensors Spectrometer from the Experiment menu and change the sample time to 150 ms. 2. Collect a spectrum. Observe the height of the peak at ~675 nm. 3. Adjust the sample time up or down until the amplitude of the peak is within the desired range. Q15. Record the optimized sample time in your lab notebook and here Collect and compare fluorescence spectra Use the same optimized sample time to collect and store a full spectrum of each olive oil. Q16. Why is it important to use the same sample time for each oil sample? Use the spectra you collected to calculate the relative chlorophyll content of each olive oil. Q17. Show your calculations and results here. Q18. Compare your results using fluorescence spectrometry to those using absorbance spectrometry. Do they agree? Q19. Is one method better than the other? Explain your reasoning Absorbance and Fluorescence Evaluation of Degraded Olive Oils Three different EVOO s were given the heat treatments described below to accelerate chlorophyll demetalization. You will evaluate the oils for indications of chlorophyll loss, and formation of degradation products pheophytins and pyropheophytins. Heat treatments: 1. The oil was heated to 180C and held at that temperature for 30 minutes. It was then allowed to return to ambient temperature and stored in a jar. 2. The oil was heated to 180C and held at that temperature for 120 minutes. It was then allowed to return to ambient temperature and stored in a jar. Complete the following assays with each of the heat-treated oils, and the controls: 1. Collect and compare the absorbance spectra. 2. Collect and compare the fluorescence spectra. Note any new peaks and shifts in peaks, both of which could be the result of degradation products. 3.4 POST-LAB ASSIGNMENT Prepare an abstract describing just the final experiment: the examination of the heat-treated EVOOs.
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
INTRODUCTION Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity The chemical reactions occurring in living things are controlled by enzymes. An enzyme is a protein in the cell which lowers the activation energy of a catalyzed
More informationPlant adaptations, Chlorophyll & Photosynthesis. Surviving in hot environments and making the most of light
Plant adaptations, Chlorophyll & Photosynthesis Surviving in hot environments and making the most of light Photosynthesis is the basis of life of earth. It provides the energy that drives virtually all
More informationSpectrophotometry and the Beer-Lambert Law: An Important Analytical Technique in Chemistry
Spectrophotometry and the Beer-Lambert Law: An Important Analytical Technique in Chemistry Jon H. Hardesty, PhD and Bassam Attili, PhD Collin College Department of Chemistry Introduction: In the last lab
More informationAustin Peay State University Department of Chemistry Chem 1111. The Use of the Spectrophotometer and Beer's Law
Purpose To become familiar with using a spectrophotometer and gain an understanding of Beer s law and it s relationship to solution concentration. Introduction Scientists use many methods to determine
More informationReview Questions Photosynthesis
Review Questions Photosynthesis 1. Describe a metabolic pathway. In a factory, labor is divided into small individual jobs. A carmaker, for example, will have one worker install the front windshield, another
More informationSeparation and Identification of Plant Pigments Dr. Gergens - SD Mesa College
Separation and Identification of Plant Pigments Dr. Gergens - SD Mesa College PURPOSE In this experiment, the photosynthetic pigments common to all flowering plants will be extracted by liquidliquid extraction.
More informationPhotosynthesis and Cellular Respiration. Stored Energy
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Stored Energy What is Photosynthesis? plants convert the energy of sunlight into the energy in the chemical bonds of carbohydrates sugars and starches. SUMMARY EQUATION:
More informationPhotosynthesis Practice. 2. Chlorophyll a and b absorb _B -_V and _R wavelengths of light best.
Photosynthesis Practice Fill in the blanks. Name Date Period 1. Molecules that collect light energy are called _P. 2. Chlorophyll a and b absorb _B -_V and _R wavelengths of light best. 3. _C is the main
More informationUnit 5 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Unit 5 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Advanced Concepts What is the abbreviated name of this molecule? What is its purpose? What are the three parts of this molecule? Label each part with the
More informationTEACHER ACTIVITY GUIDE
Page 1/5 TEACHER ACTIVITY GUIDE EFFECT OF HEAT & ph ON COLOR & TEXTURE OF GREEN VEGETABLES Taken from IFT Experiments in Food Science Series Color plays a key role in establishing consumer acceptability
More informationMeasuring Protein Concentration through Absorption Spectrophotometry
Measuring Protein Concentration through Absorption Spectrophotometry In this lab exercise you will learn how to homogenize a tissue to extract the protein, and then how to use a protein assay reagent to
More information1. f. Students know usable energy is captured from sunlight by chloroplasts and is stored through the synthesis of sugar from carbon dioxide.
1. The fundamental life processes of plants and animals depend on a variety of chemical reactions that occur in specialized areas of the organism s cells. As a basis for understanding this concept: 1.
More informationName Date Period PHOTOSYNTHESIS HW REVIEW ENERGY AND LIFE
1 Name Date Period PHOTOSYNTHESIS HW REVIEW ENERGY AND LIFE MULTIPLE CHOICE: CIRCLE ALL THE ANSWERS THAT ARE TRUE. THERE MAY BE MORE THAN ONE CORRECT ANSWER! 1. Which molecule stores more than 90 times
More informationEFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON CELL MEMBRANES
EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON CELL MEMBRANES LAB CELL 1 INTRODUCTION A eukaryotic cell, a cell with a nucleus, not only has a plasma membrane as its external boundary, but it also has a variety of membranes that
More informationGreen pigment that absorbs solar energy and is important in photosynthesis
PHOTOSYNTHESIS REVIEW SHEET FOR TEST Part A: Match the terms below with the correct description Chlorophyll Chloroplast Electromagnetic spectrum Electron transport chain Grana Light-dependant reactions
More informationPhotosynthesis (Life from Light)
Photosynthesis Photosynthesis (Life from Light) Energy needs of life All life needs a constant input of energy o Heterotrophs (consumers) Animals, fungi, most bacteria Get their energy from other organisms
More informationName Class Date. Figure 8-1
Chapter 8 Photosynthesis Chapter Test A Multiple Choice Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on the line provided. 1. Which of the following is an autotroph? a. mushroom
More informationJan Baptisa van Helmont (1648)
Instructions To help you navigate these slides, you should set your viewer to display thumbnails of these slides. On many viewers, this can be done by pressing the F4 key. The slides should be viewed in
More informationEquation for Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis Definition The process by which cells harvest light energy to make sugars (glucose). -Sugar is used to power the process of cellular respiration, which produces the ATP that cells utilize
More informationEvolution of Metabolism. Introduction. Introduction. Introduction. How Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7 & 8
How ells Harvest Energy hapter 7 & 8 Evolution of Metabolism A hypothetical timeline for the evolution of metabolism - all in prokaryotic cells!: 1. ability to store chemical energy in ATP 2. evolution
More informationUse of Micropipettes
Use of Micropipettes Prior to lab you should understand: The function of micropipettes in the laboratory Basic parts of micropipette What volumes are measured with P, P and P1 micopipettors How to read
More informationANALYSIS OF PLANT PIGMENTS USING PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY AND VISIBLE AND/OR UV SPECTROSCOPY (1-31-96)
ANALYSIS OF PLANT PIGMENTS USING PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY AND VISIBLE AND/OR UV SPECTROSCOPY (1-31-96) INTRODUCTION We have seen that all cells must constantly consume fuel molecules to maintain themselves,
More informationDetermination of the Mass Percentage of Copper in a Penny. Introduction
Determination of the Mass Percentage of Copper in a Penny Introduction This experiment will cost you one penny ($0.01). The penny must be minted after 1983. Any penny will do; for best results the penny
More informationA B C D. Name Class Date
Chapter 8 Photosynthesis Chapter Test A Multiple Choice Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on the line provided. 1. Which of the following is an autotroph? a. mushroom
More informationPhotosynthesis. Name. Light reactions Calvin cycle Oxidation Reduction Electronegativity Photosystem Electron carrier NADP+ Concentration gradient
Vocabulary Terms Photoautotroph Chemoautotroph Electromagnetic spectrum Wavelength Chloroplast Thylakoid Stroma Chlorophyll Absorption spectrum Photosynthesis Light reactions Calvin cycle Oxidation Reduction
More informationDetermining the Quantity of Iron in a Vitamin Tablet. Evaluation copy
Determining the Quantity of Iron in a Vitamin Tablet Computer 34 As biochemical research becomes more sophisticated, we are learning more about the role of metallic elements in the human body. For example,
More informationLike The Guy From Krypton Photosynthesis: Energy from Sunlight What Is Photosynthesis?
Like The Guy From Krypton Photosynthesis: Energy from Sunlight What Is Photosynthesis? Photosynthesis: synthesis from light The broad outline: Plants take in CO 2 and release water and O 2 Light is required
More informationUsing Spectrophotometers to Examine Photosynthetic Rates Under Various Qualities of Light
Purdue GK-12 Lesson Plan 2006-07 Using Spectrophotometers to Examine Photosynthetic Rates Under Various Qualities of Light Purdue University GK-12 2006-2007 Lead developer and contact: Amanda Deering Purdue
More informationEnzymes: Amylase Activity in Starch-degrading Soil Isolates
Enzymes: Amylase Activity in Starch-degrading Soil Isolates Introduction This week you will continue our theme of industrial microbiologist by characterizing the enzyme activity we selected for (starch
More information2 CELLULAR RESPIRATION
2 CELLULAR RESPIRATION What factors affect the rate of cellular respiration in multicellular organisms? BACKGROUND Living systems require free energy and matter to maintain order, to grow, and to reproduce.
More informationA. Incorrect! No, while this statement is correct, it is not the best answer to the question.
Biochemistry - Problem Drill 18: Photosynthesis No. 1 of 10 1. What is photosynthesis? Select the best answer. (A) Photosynthesis happens in the chloroplasts. (B) Light absorption by chlorophyll induces
More informationLABORATORY EXPLORATION The Light-dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
LABORATORY EXPLORATION The Light-dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis Plants are autotrophs, self-feeding organisms that capture light energy (photons) and store it as chemical energy (carbohydrates).
More informationEFFECT OF SALT ON CELL MEMBRANES
EFFECT OF SALT ON CELL MEMBRANES LAB CELL 2 INTRODUCTION A eukaryotic cell, a cell with a nucleus, not only has a plasma membrane as its external boundary, but it also has a variety of membranes that divide
More informationClass Copy! Class Copy! The process of photosynthesis can be expressed by the following word equation and chemical equation.
Floating Leaf Disk Photosynthesis Lab Introduction: Photosynthesis is a process that converts carbon dioxide into sugars such as glucose using energy from the sun. When light is absorbed by pigments in
More informationWhich regions of the electromagnetic spectrum do plants use to drive photosynthesis?
Which regions of the electromagnetic spectrum do plants use to drive photosynthesis? Green Light: The Forgotten Region of the Spectrum. In the past, plant physiologists used green light as a safe light
More informationSolubility Product Constants
Solubility Product Constants PURPOSE To measure the solubility product constant (K sp ) of copper (II) iodate, Cu(IO 3 ) 2. GOALS 1 To measure the molar solubility of a sparingly soluble salt in water.
More informationReaction Stoichiometry and the Formation of a Metal Ion Complex
Reaction Stoichiometry and the Formation of a Metal Ion Complex Objectives The objectives of this laboratory are as follows: To use the method of continuous variation to determine the reaction stoichiometry
More informationBiology 3A Laboratory: Enzyme Function
Biology 3A Laboratory: Enzyme Function Objectives To be able to list the general characteristics of enzymes. To study the effects of enzymes on the rate of chemical reactions. To demonstrate the effect
More informationStudying Photosynthetic Electron Transport through the Hill Reaction
Studying Photosynthetic Electron Transport through the Hill Reaction In this lab exercise you will learn techniques for studying electron transport. While our research system will be chloroplasts and photosynthetic
More informationPhotosynthesis January 23 Feb 1, 2013 WARM-UP JAN 23/24. Mr. Stephens, IB Biology III 1
WARM-UP JAN 23/24 Mr. Stephens, IB Biology III 1 Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration What is the connection between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration? Energy Production Inorganic Molecules Specialized
More informationCHAPTER 6: PHOTOSYNTHESIS CAPTURING & CONVERTING ENERGY
CHAPTER 6: PHOTOSYNTHESIS CAPTURING & CONVERTING ENERGY 2 PROCESSES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis is actually 2 processes: light reactions - convert solar energy (sunlight) to chemical energy (ATP &
More informationTHE ACTIVITY OF LACTASE
THE ACTIVITY OF LACTASE Lab VIS-8 From Juniata College Science in Motion Enzymes are protein molecules which act to catalyze the chemical reactions in living things. These chemical reactions make up the
More informationPhotosynthesis Part I: Overview & The Light-Dependent Reactions
Photosynthesis Part I: Overview & The Light-Dependent Reactions Photosynthesis: The BIG Picture Photosynthesis is the process by which PHOTOAUTOTROPHS convert the energy in SUNLIGHT into the energy stored
More informationPhotosynthesis Reactions. Photosynthesis Reactions
Photosynthesis Reactions Photosynthesis occurs in two stages linked by ATP and NADPH NADPH is similar to NADH seen in mitochondria; it is an electron/hydrogen carrier The complete process of photosynthesis
More information2 Spectrophotometry and the Analysis of Riboflavin
2 Spectrophotometry and the Analysis of Riboflavin Objectives: A) To become familiar with operating the Platereader; B) to learn how to use the Platereader in determining the absorption spectrum of a compound
More informationPLANT PHYSIOLOGY. Az Agrármérnöki MSc szak tananyagfejlesztése TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0010
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Az Agrármérnöki MSc szak tananyagfejlesztése TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0010 The light reactions of the photosynthesis Photosynthesis inhibiting herbicides Overview 1. Photosynthesis, general
More informationUniversity of Wisconsin Chemistry 524 Spectroscopic Applications (GFAA, ICP, UV/Vis, Fluorescence)
University of Wisconsin Chemistry 524 Spectroscopic Applications (GFAA, ICP, UV/Vis, Fluorescence) For this laboratory exercise, you will explore a variety of spectroscopic methods used in an analytical
More informationLab 2 Biochemistry. Learning Objectives. Introduction. Lipid Structure and Role in Food. The lab has the following learning objectives.
1 Lab 2 Biochemistry Learning Objectives The lab has the following learning objectives. Investigate the role of double bonding in fatty acids, through models. Developing a calibration curve for a Benedict
More informationPhotosynthesis. Monday March 30. Announcements. Agenda
Announcements Monday March 30 By the end of class today, I should be able to 1) Summarize Unit 6 learning targets 2) Identify the key structures involved in photosynthesis 3) Describe the process of photosynthesis
More informationPhotosynthesis. Photosynthesis: Converting light energy into chemical energy. Photoautotrophs capture sunlight and convert it to chemical energy
Photosynthesis: Converting light energy into chemical energy Photosynthesis 6 + 12H 2 O + light energy Summary Formula: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 + 6H 2 O 6 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Photosythesis provides
More informationINTERNATIONAL OLIVE COUNCIL
INTERNATIONAL OLIVE COUNCIL COI/T.20/Doc. No 19/Rev. 3 February 2015 ENGLISH Original: ENGLISH Príncipe de Vergara, 154 28002 Madrid España Telef.: +34 915 903 638 Fax: +34 915 631 263 - e-mail: iooc@internationaloliveoil.org
More informationWhile reading these chapters, constantly ask yourself, How is this information helping me to understand how cells get energy from food?
Biology 160 Reading Guide 07: Photosynthesis NAME: This is DUE: Come prepared to share your findings with your group. ** Fill this reading guide out as you are reading the chapters. This will help you
More informationLecture 7 Outline (Ch. 10)
Lecture 7 Outline (Ch. 10) I. Photosynthesis overview A. Purpose B. Location II. The light vs. the dark reaction III. Chloroplasts pigments A. Light absorption B. Types IV. Light reactions A. Photosystems
More informationElectron Transport Generates a Proton Gradient Across the Membrane
Electron Transport Generates a Proton Gradient Across the Membrane Each of respiratory enzyme complexes couples the energy released by electron transfer across it to an uptake of protons from water in
More informationCary 100 Bio UV-Vis Operating Instructions 09/25/2012 S.V.
1234 Hach Hall 515-294-5805 www.cif.iastate.edu Cary 100 Bio UV-Vis Operating Instructions 09/25/2012 S.V. Location: Contact: 1240 Hach Hall Steve Veysey, 1234 Hach Hall Safety All researchers working
More informationX Ray Flourescence (XRF)
X Ray Flourescence (XRF) Aspiring Geologist XRF Technique XRF is a rapid, relatively non destructive process that produces chemical analysis of rocks, minerals, sediments, fluids, and soils It s purpose
More informationPhotosynthesis P P P. Autotrophs and Heterotrophs (page 201) Chemical Energy and ATP (pages 202 203) Chapter 8. Name Class Date
Chapter 8 Photosynthesis Section 8 1 Energy and Life (pages 201 203) This section explains where plants get the energy they need to produce food. It also describes the role of the chemical compound ATP
More informationLab 5: Quantitative Analysis- Phosphates in Water By: A Generous Student. LBS 171L Section 9 TA: Dana October 27, 2005
How uch Phosphate is the Body Being Exposed to During a Lifetime by Showering? Lab 5: Quantitative Analysis- Phosphates in Water By: A Generous Student LBS 171L Section 9 TA: Dana October 7, 005 [Note:
More informationENZYME KINETICS ENZYME-SUBSTRATE PRODUCTS
ENZYME KINETICS INTRODUCTION The study of reaction rates catalyzed by enzymes and the factors affecting them is generally referred to as enzyme kinetics. The basic components of an enzyme catalyzed reaction
More informationHiPer Ion Exchange Chromatography Teaching Kit
HiPer Ion Exchange Chromatography Teaching Kit Product Code: HTC001 Number of experiments that can be performed: 5 Duration of Experiment: Protocol: 5-6 hours Storage Instructions: The kit is stable for
More informationCh. 4 ATP & Photosynthesis
Name: Biology G Vocabulary Section 4.1 Ch. 4 ATP & Photosynthesis Period: ADP Adenosine Diphosphate ATP Adenosine Triphosphate Chemosynthesis Vocabulary Section 4.2 Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Thylakoid
More informationKevin Bogart and Justen Andrews. Extraction of Total RNA from Drosophila. CGB Technical Report 2006-10 doi:10.2506/cgbtr-200610
Kevin Bogart and Justen Andrews Extraction of Total RNA from Drosophila CGB Technical Report 2006-10 doi:10.2506/cgbtr-200610 Bogart K and Andrews J. 2006. Extraction of Total RNA from Drosophila. CGB
More informationLaboratory 5: Properties of Enzymes
Laboratory 5: Properties of Enzymes Technical Objectives 1. Accurately measure and transfer solutions with pipettes 2. Use a Spectrophotometer to study enzyme action. 3. Properly graph a set of data. Knowledge
More informationPhotosynthesis Chapter 8 E N E R G Y T O M A K E F O O D?
Photosynthesis Chapter 8 H O W D O E S T H E P L A N T U S E T H E S U N S E N E R G Y T O M A K E F O O D? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pe82qtkssh4 Autotroph vs. Heterotroph Autotrophs/Producers-organisms
More informationBeer's Law: Colorimetry of Copper(II) Solutions
Exercise 11 Page 1 Illinois Central College CHEMISTRY 130 Name: Beer's Law: Colorimetry of Copper(II) Solutions Objectives In this experiment, we will use Beer's Law to determine the unknown concentrations
More informationChapter 9 Review Worksheet Cellular Respiration
1 of 5 11/9/2011 8:11 PM Name: Hour: Chapter 9 Review Worksheet Cellular Respiration Energy in General 1. Differentiate an autotroph from a hetertroph as it relates to obtaining energy and the processes
More informationPhotosynthesis 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2. An anabolic, endergonic, carbon dioxide (CO 2
PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis An anabolic, endergonic, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) requiring process that uses light energy (photons) and water (H 2 O) to produce organic macromolecules (glucose). photons SUN
More informationQuestion. Which of the following are necessary in order for photosynthesis to occur? A. water B. light energy C. carbon dioxide D.
Photosynthesis is the process through which plants convert light energy to chemical energy in order to produce food The energy involved in photosynthesis is eventually stored in the chemical bonds of molecules
More informationActivity Sheets Enzymes and Their Functions
Name: Date: Activity Sheets Enzymes and Their Functions amylase What are Enzymes? starch glucose Enzymes are compounds that assist chemical reactions by increasing the rate at which they occur. For example,
More informationUpon completion of this lab, the student will be able to:
1 Learning Outcomes EXPERIMENT B4: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM Upon completion of this lab, the student will be able to: 1) Analyze the absorbance spectrum of a sample. 2) Calculate the equilibrium constant for
More informationATOMIC ABSORTION SPECTROSCOPY: rev. 4/2011 ANALYSIS OF COPPER IN FOOD AND VITAMINS
1 ATOMIC ABSORTION SPECTROSCOPY: rev. 4/2011 ANALYSIS OF COPPER IN FOOD AND VITAMINS Buck Scientific Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, Model 200 Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) has for many years
More informationExperiment C-31 Color Absorption
1 Experiment C-31 Color Absorption Objectives To understand the concepts of light waves and color. To investigate how red, green and blue liquids absorb light of different wavelengths. To learn about colorimeter
More informationTeacher Demo: Photosynthesis and Respiration: Complementary Processes
SNC1D/1P Sustainable Ecosystems/ Sustainable Ecosystems and Human Activity Teacher Demo: Photosynthesis and Respiration: Complementary Processes Topics photosynthesis and respiration gas tests for oxygen
More informationPhotosystems I and II
Photosystems I and II March 17, 2003 Bryant Miles Within the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast, are two photosystems. Photosystem I optimally absorbs photons of a wavelength of 700 nm. Photosystem
More informationData/Result: Table 1: Group 10 s starting and ending volumes of NaOH, total volume of NaOH, and weight of olive oil
Determining Acidity of Olive Oils I. Purpose/Objective: The purpose is to identify percent of oleic acids in different types of olive oils. Using a prepared sodium hydroxide solution with a known normality,
More informationWARNING NOTICE. Chemiluminescence What s inside of a light stick anyway?
WARNING NOTICE The experiments described in these materials are potentially hazardous. Among other things, the experiments should include the following safety measures: a high level of safety training,
More informationChemistry 321, Experiment 8: Quantitation of caffeine from a beverage using gas chromatography
Chemistry 321, Experiment 8: Quantitation of caffeine from a beverage using gas chromatography INTRODUCTION The analysis of soft drinks for caffeine was able to be performed using UV-Vis. The complex sample
More informationLIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY HOW MUCH ASPIRIN, ACETAMINOPHEN, AND CAFFEINE ARE IN YOUR PAIN RELIEVER? USING HPLC TO QUANTITATE SUBSTANCES (Revised: 1-13-93)
INTRODUCTION HOW MUCH ASPIRIN, ACETAMINOPHEN, AND CAFFEINE ARE IN YOUR PAIN RELIEVER? USING HPLC TO QUANTITATE SUBSTANCES (Revised: 1-13-93) Headache, sore muscles, arthritis pain... How do you spell relief?
More informationThe Determination of an Equilibrium Constant
The Determination of an Equilibrium Constant Chemical reactions occur to reach a state of equilibrium. The equilibrium state can be characterized by quantitatively defining its equilibrium constant, K
More informationPesticide Analysis by Mass Spectrometry
Pesticide Analysis by Mass Spectrometry Purpose: The purpose of this assignment is to introduce concepts of mass spectrometry (MS) as they pertain to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of organochlorine
More informationBiology I. Chapter 8/9
Biology I Chapter 8/9 NOTEBOOK #1 Interest Grabber Suppose you earned extra money by having a part-time job. At first, you might be tempted to spend all of the money, but then you decide to open a bank
More information3. In what part of the chloroplast do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place? Chloroplast. Name Class Date
The Chloroplast In plants, photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts. Inside chloroplasts are saclike membranes called thylakoids. These thylakoids are arranged in stacks. A stack of thylakoids is called
More informationBiology. Slide 1of 51. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Biology 1of 51 8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis 2of 51 Inside a Chloroplast Inside a Chloroplast In plants, photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplasts. Plant Chloroplast Plant cells 3of 51 Inside
More informationProject 5: Scoville Heat Value of Foods HPLC Analysis of Capsaicinoids
Willamette University Chemistry Department 2013 Project 5: HPLC Analysis of Capsaicinoids LABORATORY REPORT: Formal Writing Exercises PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT Read the entire laboratory project and section 28C
More informationHS 1003 Part 2 HS 1003 Heavy Metals Test
HS 1003 Heavy Metals Test 1. Purpose This test method is used to analyse the heavy metal content in an aliquot portion of stabilised hot acetic acid extract by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Note:
More informationBiology 20 Cellular Respiration Review NG Know the process of Cellular Respiration (use this picture if it helps):
Biology 20 Cellular Respiration Review NG Know the process of Cellular Respiration (use this picture if it helps): 1) How many ATP molecules are produced for each glucose molecule used in fermentation?
More information2. 1. What are the three parts of an ATP molecule? (100 points)
Photosynthesis Date Created: 12/8/14, 11:22:50 AM Questions: 34 Date Modified: 12/17/14, 8:27:08 AM 1. ATP & Photosynthesis Review Game 30 Multiple Choice Questions Final Question Correct Answers = +$100
More information10/5/06 Lab 3. Protein Determination. Lab 3. PROTEIN DETERMINATION
10/5/06 Lab 3. Protein Determination Lab 3. PROTEIN DETERMINATION I. INTRODUCTION Reading in Biology, 6 th ed. By Campbell: PROTEINS-MANY STRUCTURES, MANY FUNCTIONS p. 71-80 Blood is a connective tissue
More informationSolubility Curve of Sugar in Water
Solubility Curve of Sugar in Water INTRODUCTION Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of solvents (the larger volume of the mixture) and solutes (the smaller volume of the mixture). For example, a hot chocolate
More informationFrom lowest energy to highest energy, which of the following correctly orders the different categories of electromagnetic radiation?
From lowest energy to highest energy, which of the following correctly orders the different categories of electromagnetic radiation? From lowest energy to highest energy, which of the following correctly
More informationA Look at Accelerated Photostability Testing for Packaged Food and Drinks
A Look at Accelerated Photostability Testing for Packaged Food and Drinks By Dr. Oliver Rahäuser and Dr. Artur Schönlein Atlas Material Testing Technology GmbH Vogelsbergstr. 22, 63589 Linsengericht-Altenhaßlau,
More informationThe Determination of an Equilibrium Constant
The Determination of an Equilibrium Constant Computer 10 Chemical reactions occur to reach a state of equilibrium. The equilibrium state can be characterized by quantitatively defining its equilibrium
More informationPractice Questions 1: Scientific Method
Practice Questions 1: Scientific Method 1. A student divided some insect larvae into four equal groups, each having the same amount of food. Each group was kept at a different temperature, and the average
More informationATP & Photosynthesis Honors Biology
ATP & Photosynthesis Honors Biology ATP All cells need for life. Some things we use energy for are: Moving Thinking Sleeping Breathing Growing Reproducing ENERGY Labeled Sketch: The principal chemical
More informationEXPERIMENT 5. Molecular Absorption Spectroscopy: Determination of Iron With 1,10-Phenanthroline
EXPERIMENT 5 Molecular Absorption Spectroscopy: Determination of Iron With 1,10-Phenanthroline UNKNOWN Submit a clean, labeled 100-mL volumetric flask to the instructor so that your unknown iron solution
More informationBiology 29 Cell Structure and Function Spring, 2009 Springer LABORATORY 2:CHLOROPLASTS AND PHOTOREDUCTION
Biology 29 Cell Structure and Function Spring, 2009 Springer LABORATORY 2:CHLOROPLASTS AND PHOTOREDUCTION In this laboratory we will purify chloroplasts from spinach by differential centrifugation, then
More informationecture 16 Oct 7, 2005
Lecture utline ecture 16 ct 7, 005 hotosynthesis 1 I. Reactions 1. Importance of Photosynthesis to all life on earth - primary producer, generates oxygen, ancient. What needs to be accomplished in photosynthesis
More information* Is chemical energy potential or kinetic energy? The position of what is storing energy?
Biology 1406 Exam 2 - Metabolism Chs. 5, 6 and 7 energy - capacity to do work 5.10 kinetic energy - energy of motion : light, electrical, thermal, mechanical potential energy - energy of position or stored
More information4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP. KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy.
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy. 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds. Starch molecule Glucose molecule The chemical
More informationPHOTOSYNTHESIS page 51
PHOTOSYNTHESIS page 51 Pre-lab assignment: Before lab you must read the lab introduction, perform the calculations described below and answer the questions. You will hand in a copy of this work when you
More information