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7 %,7 80 4,,7,,2,,, Q2Q3/0 $4 : $,;, / 302 3/03 : :3 :,/, -, :3:3 -: 9Q7 Q 07 3/0,38 2,8 4 2,2,8 / 7,7 3 :,, : 0/ :7 : Q3 25,7,34, ,,7 3, 7, , , 7 4,7, 207, / 945 :28,,5 8 Q 07 30Q 07 3/ /: : 3-:8Q70. 1,, 7/ : :3-: /: Q2/08 302,3 3 Q 07 /0-7, 2 9, ,/,20 /,3, / 2 9Q7 07 0;08 3/ / $ ,/, ,, ; 43: ,, 09 8 ;0 ; /043: ,.,-, ,/,39Q ,7 07 3/0/,,, , ,3, 8,,,., Q2Q303843:3/, 80207, /,8,38Q7Q / : 9Q7Q3 8,38Q7 0 4,3 4 : Q , Q2Q3/0 /,, : : / !.9: , , 3 3 9,7 3 ;0 1 2 derecelendirmesini bu bölümde vermeyi daha uygun gördük. Burada ana kaynakça 4,7,! / , /0 8,38Q :2,52, 8437,,- 7, 2, 9 7 $ 302, - 7 8,3,9 /, 4 2,8 3 3,3 3/,, 2 Q 9Q7 03/Q ,7 3/,3-7 8 / 7;0-:03/Q / ,,7 3/, / 30 Q, 5,7 ;0 897, :3:3 843:.:3/, /, 8 302,/, 1,7,3, ; ,3 9Q ,, $ 302,8, 1 2 9Q , Q 07 3Q 0 / ,5 2.,7 ; ,7,8 3/,-0 7 :, 2,7,/,,, 5,7 07 0;08 3/0 479,,,3 9Q Q ,7,. 4, , / 7 2 :7 : 20 4/7, /,7, 1 2-9Q7 07 3,3 3/, 47 : ; Q7 07 / , 3/ Q7 07/03 8 / 7 ;0 Q, , 9,7 3/0 03/ ,,2; , - 7-2/04 : 9:72: 9: : türdeki filmlere hemen her zaman ilgi göstermesi nedeniyle sinema endüstrisi içinde 47 : ; Q7Q,5 2.,7 3 ;, 0 20/ - 7 9Q7 4 2: 9:7 :3/,3 8437, - Q2/ :; / ,/,9Q7 07Q , 6

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13 .RQW 'UDFXOD 7UDQVLOYDQ\D GDQ ELU PXP\D 0ÕVÕU GDQ \D GD G Q\D GÕúÕQGDQ *HLQ OH EHUDEHU DUWÕN µ$phulndq WDU]Õ NRUNXGDQ V ] HGLOPH\H EDúODQGÕ , 9 4 /,3 0 03,9 07,7/, Q7 Q, ,-07 / / 302 $07,9 07 / 302 3, 2,7/ 7 %0/ :3/ 01170, , 30, :.,8,7 08,3843 2, /,., ,3, 3, ,,34 9,/, 945 :28, ,7,, 3,2,,.,,/,7,7 59 7:807, ,,7 3,3 2, 1,9,7 0,. -: 2: 9:7 / ,89,308 3/0,5 2 /,, , 3; /04,809, 30,. 3 3,59 9,- 4,7 Q 80 1,9,7/,3,. -: 2: 01170, , ,9,3,7,7,8 3, Medeni Haklar Hareketi ve Martin Luther King 0/03,,7, , 7 0 0; /0,,,3 03 -Q Q ,3 17, 207,, ,,,7 ; :7/: : ; 945 :24 : :2:/:7 3/, / ,/ 3, 494-Q890-0,,7 9,7,1 3/,3,,7090/ 208 Q Q38Q Q8-4 49: /Q 03 03/ 4. Bu ,,7 3 7 Q9 Q 4,7,,59,7 0 02/ ;0 /0 03,3,7 :,3/ Q8-4 49:3: /Q ,79 3 : : ,8 3/, 8,, / ;0 0/03,,7, ,, :3,84 : 47/: 3,2,9,,3/ 9,7,1 3/,3: :,3,3 //090/,,32,,38 ; 9,, , 5 8 / ³.LQJ EHONL GH HQ orn \ÕOÕQGD øú YH g]j UO N øolq :DVKLQJWRQD < U \ ú VÕUDVÕQGD /LQFROQ $QÕWÕ Q QGH \DSWÕ Õ %LU +D\DOLP 9DU NRQXúPDVÕ\OD QO G U.LQJ VL\DKODUÕQ R\ KDNNÕ D\UÕPFÕOÕ ÕQ VRQD HUPHVL odoõúdq KDNODUÕ YH GL HU WHPHO KDNODU LoLQ J VWHULOHU G ]HQOHGL YH RUJDQL]H HWWL % W Q EX KDNODU \ÕOÕQGD oõndq <XUWWDú +DNODUÕ 2 Aktaran: Stephen Jones, Clive Barker s A-Z Of Horror, BBC Books, 1997, s Harold Schechter, David Everitt, A.g.e., s Norman Lowe, Mastering - Modern World History, Macmillan Press Ltd. 3 rd Edition, London, 1997, s

14 .DQXQX &LYLO 5LJKWV $FW RI LOH \ÕOÕQGD oõndq 2\ +DNNÕ.DQXQX 9RWLQJ 5LJKWV $FW RI LOH $PHULNDQ KXNXNXQXQ ELUHU SDUoDVÕ ROGX 5 38,3,,7 3 ;0 8,, ;,9,3/, 4 2, 9,3,7 2,8 3,59, 2,,7, 3 4-0,7 C/Q Q30, 7Q 2Q 9Q7 6 Martin Luther King, Tennessee Eyaleti nin Memphis kentinde 4 Nisan 1968 'de bir suikast sonucu /Q7Q 2Q 9Q7 2,,7/ 3/, ; ;0 8,8, 945 :2 7 Q , 2,,7 3, : 9:7.HQQHG\ QLQ0HúXP0LUDVÕ,, / /,, ,, 2 -,, ,25,3,8 8 7,8 3/, 207,,7 03 &1:, , 7,., ,,3 4,7, Q Q209,7.,2,,7 3, ;07 07/0 8 39,5,7, Q Q20,3/ 72, 0/01, /,,7, 8,,7/ 2,5 2, ,7,8,,7/ 2 ; ; /,,1,, /030, 7 2,8 3 8,,2,,, 9 7 Kennedy'nin 90 /Q7Q , ;0 4 : 9:7/: :,8,2, Q Q ,,3 7 ³$UGÕOÕ /\QGRQ %DLQHV -RKQVRQ EDúDUÕOÕ $PHULNDQ HNRQRPLVLQLQ ND]DQÕPODUÕQÕ GDKD orn VD\ÕGD YDWDQGDúD \D\DUDN ELU % \ N 7RSOXP NXUPD\Õ DPDoODGÕ + N PHWLQ µ0hglfduh \DúOÕODUD VD OÕN \DUGÕPÕ µ<l\hfhn 3XOODUÕ \RNVXOODUD EHVLQ \DUGÕPÕ YH orn VD\ÕGD H LWLP JLULúLPL UHQFLOHUH \DUGÕPÕQ \DQÕ VÕUD RNXOODUD YH QLYHUVLWHOHUH ED Õú QHGHQL\OH IHGHUDO KDUFDPDODU GUDPDWLN Oo GH or DOGÕ 8 ' 093,2 /, 207,,7 3 8, 8,799,,8 07,7.,2,,7 /, Q / / 302 3/0 Q Q - 7,8 07,70 9 4,7, -,,,3 2Q/,, :3 -,,3 8 7,8 3/,-Q Q - 7, / 3Q Q7 5 Carter Vaughn Findley, John Alexander Murray Rothney, Twentieth Century World, Houghton Mifflin Company, (Second Edition), Chicago 1990, s Norman Lowe, A.g.e., s Carter Vaughn Findley, John Alexander Murray Rothney, A.g.e., s Carter Vaughn Findley, John Alexander Murray Rothney, A.g.e., s

15 ³øúLQ JDULS \DQÕ KHP \RNVXOOX D NDUúÕ VDYDú KHP GH 9LHWQDP VDYDúÕ LoLQ \DSÕODQ KDUFDPDODU NÕVD YDGHGH J QHQFLQ DUWPDVÕQD \DUGÕPFÕ ROGX %XQD NDUúÕOÕN ODUÕQ VRQXQD GR UX K N PHWLQ EX KDUFDPDODUÕ NDUúÕODPDN LoLQ YHUJLOHUL \ NVHOWPHGHNL EDúDUÕVÕ]OÕ Õ JLWWLNoH DUWDQ ELU HQIODV\RQ \DUDWWÕ YH EX GD HNRQRPLN J QHQFL DúÕQGÕUGÕ. 9 : 207,3 9, ,3. / / ,,3. / 7 207,, :28, - 3, 9 3/,3,, 2,2-7 8,;, 9 7 ' 093,2 $,;, 9LHWQDP6DYDúÕ9H%DUÕú+DUHNHWOHUL ' 093,2$,;, 42Q3 89/Q3, $4; ;0@ ,, 72 olan Vietnam Demokratik Cumhuriyeti (Kuzey Vietnam) ile Vietnam Cumhuriyeti Q30 ' 093,2 ;0 -, 9, 4 2, Q 070,5 9, 89 2Q ,7,8 3/,,,3,3 8,;, /,3 3,,/,7 8,;,, /, 4 2: 9:7 ;0,8 07 3, ABD bilhassa domino teorisine /,,3,7, 42Q3 2 3,,., 3Q3/0 $4 : $,;,, 8,, Q ,;, 2, Q Q ,3,8 07 3/ : 3, 09 3/05,, ;0-,,7 8 4,., ;0 8 ; : :78: :, 4,,., - 7 8Q : 8,;, 9,7 90 / 07 8,;,,7/,3 1,7, ,/, /03 4 :, 9,.070,30/038,;, 90 0; 438, 08 3/0 /01, 207,,7 3 49:72, 4/,,7 3, 9, $,;, 7Q39Q 07 4,7, 03,7,,3,3,. 0 03,8 07 7Q39Q 07 8,;, 8 7,8 3/,2, /:74,38 ;, 3/:7:2: 09 0,3 ;0, 38,3,7 8,;, 9,3 84 :92: ;0-0.0,2:4 :3:3 8,;,,4,3/ Q3,, Daniel R.Brower, The world In The Twentieth Century; The Age of global war and revolution, Prentice - Hall Inc (2 nd Edition), New Jersey, s )DKLU $UPDR OX < ]\ÕO 6L\DVL 7DULKL &LOW 7 UNL\H øú %DQNDVÕ. OW U <D\ÕQODUÕ %DVNÕ øvwdqexo V µ'rplqr 7HRULVL RODUDN DGODQGÕUÕODQ %DúNDQ (LVHQKRYHU ÕQ ³H HU NRP QLVWOHU ELU ONH\L LúJDO HGHUOHUVH QFH R ONHQLQ NRPúXODUÕQÕ HQ VRQXQGD GD W P G Q\D\Õ HOH JHoLULOHU úhnolqghnl J U ú %X J U ú ]HOOLNOH ³$WPDFDODU RODUDN DGODQGÕUÕODQ YH %DúNDQ ÕQ VDYDú \DQOÕVÕ SROLWLNDODUÕQÕ VDYXQDQ PXKDID]DNkU kanat destekler. 14

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18 GHQPHPHVLQL LVWHUOHU \ÕOÕQGD 6DYDú 9HUJLVLQH 'LUHQLú :DU7D[ 5HVLVWDQFH UJ W NXUXOXU %X UJ W NHQGLQL 9LFGDQL 5HGoLOLN H DGDU $\UÕFD NLPL EDUÕú H\OHPFLOHUL.X]H\ 9LHWQDP D ELOH JLGHUOHU 4XDNHUODU YH ED]Õ VDYDú NDUúÕWODUÕ VDYDú NXUEDQÕ 9LHWQDPOÕODU LoLQ NDQ ED ÕúÕ NDPSDQ\DODUÕ G ]HQOH\LS RQODUD WÕEEL \DUGÕPODU \DSDUODU ,7 3479,,7 3/, Q,,32,,-,, 5 /0 7;0 0:,,38,;,,7 9, Q3 Q3Q3 /0 /0890 ;07/ 7Q Q7, 090. $9430, 7 Robert Lowell, boksör Muhammed Ali, siyasi teorisyen Hans Morgenthau, George F. 033,3, 97 8,3043/,,7. 4,3,0 4-,3;0,77 0, /03,,7,70 09 /07,79 3 : :Q3 Q 07,7,8 3/,8,,- 7 $,;,,7 9, / 302 3/0 7;0 0 :, 7 ' 093,2 7, 2, Q Q 0,5 3/, 2 43/,3 1,, 207,,9 7 $,;,,7 9 hareket 1971 /0 -: Q ,7/ 3/,3 207,, Q 0 0 / ,,2,8 Q 07 30,;,,;,,, 7:/Q Q 3,,/,78Q /0,, : ,7/ 2,3 3 Q30 ' 093,2 8,8 2, :2,7 3 /:7:2,7 3 ;0 3 38,;,,, 7/ 143: /0;,20/07 07 ' 093,2$,;,,7 9,70 09 /,, 3.0,7, /03, 7, ;,7/ 7 ' 093,2 0307,9 43 4:73, /,, 3,3,3 ' 09,2,3/ ,3!0,.04; , 2,, 0/0-:1,7,7 : 0 / ³ * oo GLUHQLú KDUHNHWOHUL $%' KDONÕQÕQ VHoLP PDQWÕ ÕQD LQDQFÕQÕ ND\EHWWL LQL J VWHUPHNWHGLU $\QÕ ]DPDQGD KDUHNHWLQ JLGHUHN UDGLNDOOHúWL LQL GH J VWHULU 6DYDú PHNDQL]PDVÕQÕQ RUWDGDQ NDOGÕUÕOPDVÕ JLULúLPOHULQH NLPL ]DPDQ úlgghw HúOLN HWPLúWLU 7DULKWH orn D] NLWOH KDUHNHWL E \OH ELU \R XQOXN ND]DQPÕúWÕU +DUHNHWH NDWÕODQODUÕQ VD\ÕVÕ QHGHQL\OH 9LHWQDP 6DYDúÕ NDUúÕWÕ KDUHNHW $PHULNDQ WDULKLQGH WHN ROPD ]HOOL LQL NRUXPDNWDGÕU 6DYDúÕ YH %LULQFL ' Q\D 6DYDúÕQD SHN orn NLúLQLQ NDUúÕ oõnpdvõqd UD PHQ GDKD QFH \ ] ELQOHULQ VRND D G N OPH\H EX NDGDU LVWHNOL ROGX X J U OPHPLúWLU 'R DVÕ JHUH L KDUHNHW orn \ QO G U 3URWHVWRFXODU $PHULNDQ WRSOXPX NDGDU KHWHURMHQGLU. o N NDVDEDODUGDNL J VWHULOHUH HY KDQÕPODUÕ Lú DGDPODUÕ GRNWRUODU GLúoLOHU GLQ DGDPODUÕ YH LúoLOHU NDWÕOÕUNHQ E \ N úhkluohughnl J VWHULOHUH W P EX JUXSODUD HN RODUDN QLYHUVLWH UHQFLOHUL UHWLP J UHYOLOHUL ERKHPOHU UHWPHQOHU JD]LOHU YH 15 Daniel R.Brower, a.g.e., s

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28 8,, , -Q Q,,,32, -,,9 7 $,, , 7 4,7,,,/ Q ,998 ;0! /0 -,,,3,,,32, 0 8,,7 3/,,9 2,8, :9,,3 7,,32,,7#4/30 3 / ; ,, /: :, ,30 4,7, 5,9,2,8, -,,2,2, 8, 8Q70/ ,;,8 3/,3 5 / :28, / 3Q Q7 Q ,7,-,, /, ,3,, ,99, 43:9,7,90 0 ; , /Q,3,7, 2,,7, 2, ,,32, sahip ,,,32,.,7,8,,,7 4 2,8 4,,7 -Q8-Q9Q3 3/03 2, ,,9, 7 41 $\DNODQPDODU NÕVD ELU V UH LoLQGH 1HZ <RUN YH SHULIHULVL EDúWD ROPDN ]HUH $%'QLQ WHNL NHQWOHULQH GH VÕoUDGÕ honhqlq ELUoRN QRNWDVÕQGD SURWHVWR J VWHULOHUL \DSÕOGÕ %LUNDo J Q VRQUD RUWDOÕN VDNLQOHúLS GXPDQ GD ÕOGÕ ÕQGD 5HDJDQ%XVK G QHPLQLQ VRQ ELODQoRVX EHOLUPLúWL 53 ölü, 2 bin 400 \DUDOÕ YH PLO\RQODUFD GRODUOÕN KDVDU ,,,32,,7 3/,3 8437, 2:,1,,,7,2:4 :3:3 /,9 9,2, , 30 /,, :2 :8: 79. Q -: :32: 9:, 9,.0% ;0 3 3 :. %,!4.0 5,7,8 4 2, Q 070 7,5 7:5, , 0 3/0 43: 9: : 5,7,, /,/,,3 9 4,7, ; / / /Q 2,3 #4/30 3 /,;,8 3/, ,8 3/,4,/,7/,, 8 4 2,/,7 3 /Q Q3/Q : 9:72,,2,., :,3 47/:,,7 8437,8 3/, ,; 7 9, 3,3,, : !4 8,9,/ 5,7,8 3/,3/4,.0% Q8 :5, 8, / 7,7, -4 /:;043:,89,4 2,,8:,/ % ,8 209, 7:-:4/ 4:39,- 7 90,59-75,7, / ;0 7:-:3 /0,3, -Q2Q3/0 07, 47/: $,38Q7 08,;, 2 43:8:3/, 03-7/030 28, - 4,3-0, 74.,2:4 : 5,7, 54 8 //09 30, , /,;:7:2: 4,7, 7Q 47.0%,,/ /:174207,38 ; 945 :2 7 Q // ,7:, , :, 5 / , 3/0, 3,2,,-,,/,7Q9Q3-:3,7, 3/, ,3,5745,,3/, 41 William Harper & Paulina Williams, VH1 s Behind The Music 92, VH1 Music Channel, (UGLU =DW µ <ÕOÕQ $UGÕQGDQ +LS +RS ±< NVHN*HULOLP+DWWÕ Roll 0D\ÕV V 27

29 2, /: 024 7,9,7 3 03,/, /:7:2: ,7, /024 7,9,7, 0 038, 4,7 0/0 020/03,9,92,3 390, 3,/Q 2Q 9Q 43 $ ,2 9, ,,,32,,7 ;0 8437,8 3/, 4 :, ,3 / 3/,3 -Q Q 4 /: : 479,, seçimleri Reagan-Bush / , Q703 9 /, : 4 /: #0,,3:8 / 302 3/0.0 Q , 2 848, -07, 2 0 9,2,2,2, ;,,9 0/ ,,,32,8 3 4 :,3,7, :, 3 3Q1:8:, Q 0/0,,,3 03,,-,, 3 7:-:3: 4 : 9:7,3 8,,7 3 4,7 3 03/ ,,7/ 44 Peter Hall, :2,7 03 0/ 47/: /$ D\DNODQPDODUÕ RODVÕOÕNOD &OLQWRQ YH 'HPRNUDWODUÕQ ND]DQPDVÕQD \DUGÕP HWWL d QN RUWD VÕQÕIÕQ NHQWOL \RNVXO KDONÕQ NÕ]JÕQOÕN YH G ú NÕUÕNOÕ ÕQD NDUúÕ KDOD GX\DUOÕ ROGX XQX NDQÕWODGÕ $UWÕ 5RGQH\.LQJ GDYDVÕ SROLVLQ \HWHUL VÕNOÕNWD FLQQHW JHoLUGL LQL YH PDKNHPHOHULQ DOHQHQ DGDOHWVL] RODELOHFH LQL J VWHUGL (YHW VLVWHP DGDOHWVL]GL GDKD GD N W V ELU or XPX]XQ O P QH \RO DoDELOLUGL /$ D\DNODQPDODUÕ 5HDJDQL]PH NDUúÕ ELU GDOJD\GÕ DPD ohwhohulq EDúND ÕUNWDQ LQVDQODUÕ DUDEDODUÕ\OD V U NOHGL LQL J UPHN NLPVH\L DUNDVÕQD DOPDGÕ ÕQD J UH SR]LWLI ELU GDOJD GH LOGL 5HJDQL]PH NDUúÕ olunlq ELU WHSNL\GL 45 : ,,32,8 3,,7/ : 9: Clinton Dönemi ;0-,,7,9 ; ,94, / 3/ ,,3, ,, 2,7 3 / , 8 479,8 3 3,58, //, ,7,1 3/,3,8,, 9 72,8 3 -,,7/ 9,3 8437, 207, /, -Q Q Q Q209 / , 07/ 3,30/07 46,7-4 :3., /0 /070,79,3 8, ,, ,7 3/, $4; /0 ;0 4 : ;7:5, /, 42Q :.:9.,7094,3,,7 -Q Q Q/0,79,7% , /, 03 ; Q7Q ,,,7 7 %0 0 42Q3,8 43 ;0-8,,7, 43 William Harper & Paulina Williams, A.g.e.. 44 William Harper & Paulina Williams, A.g.e.. 45 Erdir Zat, A.g.m., s Norman Lowe, A.g.e, s

30 , , 43:8:3/, /43,3 2;0, 203/Q ; /Q , 2, /0/0;7 2,7, ,-Q Q7; /0 -Q Q Q/0,79,7 Q Q 031,8 43 ;0 /Q Q 8 0-7,7,, Q Q 7,7 203 : ,8 3/, 5,9,2,,7, , 3/, sadece olan Dow Jones Endüstri Endeksi 1999 da e yükseldi ve böylece, / , ,79, /Q ,3 3/,8,8, 4,7, /,8, 3 Q3 07 3/0-0 / , 5507,90 / 0,/,3/ 7,380 88,3/, 4 :7 07/0 207,,7 9,7,1 3/,3-7 24/0 4,7, 7Q 03, : :3 8Q70-7 /,7, 2,, 707 ;0 -: 0 20 / /,, 0830 /,,, 5,3,32 ;0 /,, 70, ,3,, ;0 Q7080 Q/ ,2/, Q Q20 3 /,, ,90 4 : 9:7/: : 843:.:3,;,72,8 3, 4,,7 207,3 Q.Q/0,7/, /0/0 9 & :3;,/0-7, ,3 19 8, 8 3 3,, 2, Q7/Q 07 3 Q Q /Q897 /0, 2,8 3,,7 3 -Q Q / Q3/0 2,,, 90, 9,7 3/,32, 5,3,2,.,,/,7,,3 70; 07/0, 2,,-,,7@0 ;0,,,- Q ,303/Q , 9,3,7;0-: 03/Q Q7Q ,,,3-8,,7,7;09,8,7 2,743, Ekonomik büyüme nedeniyle vergi gelirleri yükseldikçe, 1992 de 290 milyar /4,7, 03 Q89 /Q ,3 10/07, -Q9 0 / Q Q Q7 Q Q209 / ,9,2, ,5,., ;,,/ 0/ 03 $48, Q;03 / Q Q3/03-Q Q , 9 3, 72 -: :32,, / Q9 01,,8 0 /00/07 -Q Q20 08Q70 /Q Q 031,8 43: Q7Q208,7 8 3/,, 7, ; / 7 0/ 3 03 / /,,3,7, 8,,3,3/,3 /,, Q Q ,5, : :3, , 54 /: :3:9,79 2,,-,,7,7 47 Norman Lowe, A.g.e., s

31 Sonunda Amerikan ekonomisi küresel ekonomiyle o güne kadar görülenden /,,, 3/,3-,, :2, / 3/ ,,3,7-3943/, 9., ,/,3, / 7 2,8 3-7,-, 8Q7/Q7Q7 7 : 0 207, $ %.,709 3, 2,8 % 2,,3 7 ; ; Q Q 9., ,,7 4,3,3,/, ;0 0 8,,7,8 3/, ,,7 /,, /, güçlendirilir. 48 C /0-Q Q - 7,-Q Q 038,/, ,2: 2,,7 8,,. 8 ;0 207,3 7, 2,,7 3 /0-7 5,,7 4,7, ;7:5,,,9 7 Q3,,,, Q3,8 43,,7 8, 08 30/Q3,1 3,385,8,,7-7, ,/,7 /Q Q3Q Q/ ,,3 8, /, 207, Q Q2 : :8,7 3,7,7 4 /: :3, 3,32,, ,79,3,7 -, 2-79, 2,7,7, /, 4,, ; Q Q -,,7 0 / /Q /0,,3, /:7:2/, -: :32,,7 3,,7 030 /0 3 :.: 4 /: : 4 8, /,,-,3. Q ,-09,7 8 3/, ,,9 03/Q /0 Q ,, 2, ,,8437,,7,543, 3 3;0/ /Q Q ,7/, /:7,,2,, -,, 3., Q , /0 4 /,,,7 4 : :7 207, ,,5 2., :3: Q :,7 3Q3/0 -: :3/:72, 47:3/, 4 /:, ,7 3, ;,7 7,7 30 /0 207,,7, Q;03 /: :8: 3/ :3/, ,79 / Q70-7 -Q Q ;0 -: /, 9, : :3 8Q70 -,7 / : 9:7 8,8 2 /,,, 3 03 /Q Q /Q ;0 Q /0 4,7, /0 8,/0.0 Q / / 3/, 03 /Q Q 47,3 Q : :3,3 9Q 09. 1,9,7 80-7, /,,,79,7 2 /, Q / ,7,,., 9 7 1,,9 : :8 Q ; /0 09 7/ 4 -Q Q /0 07 8, - 7-2/0,9,92 -: :32, 9,/ 7 48 Peter Calvocoressi, A.g.e., s

32 Q /, / Q 3,, ,8 29,7 3/0,5 / :2 :7 09!,79 3 3,/, %0 8,8 ;, : ,9!,79 3 3,/, 80,,3,7/ / 9,7 3/0843:, , 3,, ,3 -: :.:,,7., ,/ $43:, , 470 :3 /,, Q 80 8, /, :3:, 2 4 2,8 3, 7, , 0990, :3 : 8,,2, 08,8 3, /,,3, /03/4, :8,,3,30/ / :8 :3 -,,3 / 302 3/0,,3, , Q / , / 7 8 / 7:4, 3847:2 :8:4,7, 7Q 03& :8,7,7,8 % &8,20 3,/ 3,,,,7,.,,,3/ 72, ;0%, -, ;/03 3/ 720,2,., :8 2 9,7 3/0 1,3 89,3,,8 07 3/ ,3 $03,948:3/,3, / 50 Ece Ertem burada Amerikan 54 9,8 3/, 7,/, /0 2 :.Q ³%XVK \ QHWLPL (\O OGHQ VRQUD $%' QLQ GÕú SROLWLNDVÕQGD UDGLNDO GH LúLNOLNOHUH JLWWL $%' QLQ 'HPRNUDW 3DUWLOL HVNL EDúNDQÕ %LOO &OLQWRQ ÕQ VHNL] \ÕOOÕN LNWLGDUÕ G QHPLQGH X\JXODQDQ EDUÕú YH X]ODúPDQÕQ \HULQL µg úpdq VDOGÕUÕODUD NDUúÕ VDOGÕUÕ SROLWLNDVÕ DOGÕ %H\D] 6DUD\ G Q\D\Õ DGHWD µel]ghq \DQD RODQODU YH ROPD\DQODU GL\H LNL\H D\ÕUÕ\RUGX 51,799,7 3/0/0 7, ,8,, / //,8 ;0&8,20 3,/ Q9Q30,9,, ,3 7/:8: 7,, gönderildi. 52 :8,;, 1 03, /0;, / 7,8 2 3/, -,, / :8 -: , , 1,7, ,,34 2,,,,,3/ $%' %DVNDQOÕN 6HoLPOHUL 0DGGHVL 50 George W. Bush Biografisi Ertem, Ece, $%' SROLWLNDVÕQGD (\O O 'H LúLPL, 11/09/ ønlqfl. UIH] 6DYDúÕ 0DGGHVL KWWSWUZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL,UDNB6DYDúÕB,,. UIH]B6DYDúÕ 53 George W. Bush Biografisi 31

33 # $ TÜR KAVRAMI VE SANSÜR KURULU 2.1. Sessiz Dönem :2 070,7/ , 9,7 3/0!,7 8 90,5,3,,, /03-,,,7, ,3 2Q 0 3/ / 3 -, 3/,3 9 -,703 2Q 31 2, ,7,92,,,9 /,-: :3/: :; /: :8, 5:,7 ;07/,-: 0/ : /03 /4, -, / ,8 3/,/,.,3 2Q :,3 7/ Q Q,8,-,,7/,; : 8 302, 8, 43,7 3/, -:,2,, - 7 5,3 89 -: :3:7/: /0 -Q Q 8 302,8, 43, :,/,-Q9Q , -Q3 08 3/0-,7 3/ 72, 0 2 3/0 / D3 Q 9 : Q Q Q , 8, 43,7-79, , ,5, 4,7, 8,,,- 47/: 54 $088 / 302 3,7 3/,-: , 3,35, ,7 3 4 : /4,,2, / 3., : :3 2097, ,82,, 5, 2,, -,, 3., 2Q 5, : , 01, /, -, Q/ 48: 9,7,1 3/,3 1 2/0, 2, 2Q 07/03! 4945, 2:8. / ,,/ ,,-Q Q yenilik getiren epik filmi : : (The Birth Of A Nation, 1915) için 4805,7 70 9,7,1 3/, Q Q Q/0 Q Q 3/03 -,,,7, ,5,., 8 302, 8, 43,7 3, Q3 ; ,7, , ,7, , 3-7: :,2,, 30 0 / 55 $ , 9 3 / 302 3/0 /0 2Q /,2 0/ / 03 -Q Q,,38 302,,7/ ;0 Q Q :3, 2 3 -,,3.,, 3 9,7 07,89,, ,, ,7, de çekilen ilk sesli film,,7. 8 (The Jazz Singer, 1927) filminin 9.,7 -,,7 3,7, 203 ;0,7 3/, Q Q 4 :3 : :3: : 9:72: 9:7 $ ,3., 3/,3 9 -,703, 2 54 David Cook, A History of Narrative Film, W.W. Norton, (2 nd edition), New York, 1990, s Scott Eyman, The Speed of Sound: Hollywood and the Talkie Revolution, , Simon & Schuster, New York,1997, s

34 /:7:2, $08 / 3/, -: / 302/ /0,, $ 302,/,% Bu dönemden sonra Hollywood sesli film çekerek seyirciyi salonlara çekmeye, 9 C 0 0,7,! /038437, Q3 Q,, ,7 3/,3, 2, , /0, : 9:7 4 44/ :3-:/ 302 3/0 0 0Q3 Q0/0-,9 9,5,7 3 3:,7,2,,7 3 3,5 / ,, 3.08,/0.04 :/:,7 ;0, 8088 / 302/ /03 1, / , 43,7 /4 /:7: 47/: 57 $ Q39Q Q , ,2, : , #Q 7 ;0,, , 5,9 Q , ,3, Q39Q : ,9,91,,, : / 302/ /03-7 /0 Newsreel denilen; filmler -,,2,/,3 3.0 ;0 /Q3,/, 0 03, /0 8:3: /: :,-07 :, / , /0,7/, /:,2 4 3/, 74,/, /0-7 9,974 : 8,9 3, / 9,3 8437, 8,/0.0, ,,/ %0 0; / 302/0 38,3,7,4 /:,8,38, : 4, 8,8Q70/04 37, ,7,1 3/,3/,9, 90/ C Q3, $,;,, /0 38,3,7 8 71, ,,7 /4 /:7: 47, , /03 8, 43, / 47/: : 3. Q3, $,;, 3 3, 9,;,3,59 $ 302, 8, 43, Q3-4 : 207,3 7/:8:3:3 8,5745,,3/,1 2 07,7,8 3/, , 43,7, döndü. 58 $,;, 8437,8 3/,,,39 Q3 07,,,38 302,, - 7/,7-0/0%0 0; 43:3.,/ 0;:7: 2: 9:78 3/, 90 0; 43 7Q39Q8Q3Q /, 8 4 2Q 03/ Giovanni Scognomillo, Dünya Sinema Sanayi 7LPDú <D\ÕQODUÕ øvwdqexo V 57 Nijat Özön, 6ø1(0$ 8\JXOD\ÕPÕ6DQDWÕ7DULKL +LO <D\ÕQODUÕ øvwdqexo V 58 Ernest D Rose, The Newsreel On American Screen, The American Cinema Forum Series Edited by Donald E. Staples, VOA Forum Series, 1983, ss