Spinal Fractures Classification System
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1 Spinal Fractures Classification System an AOSpine Knowledge Forum initiative Cervical Spine Fractures Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures
2 AOSpine the leading global academic community for innovative education and research in spine care, inspiring lifelong learning and improving patients lives.
3 Spinal Fractures Classification System an AOSpine Knowledge Forum initiative CONTENT AOSpine Classification and Injury Severity System for Traumatic Fractures of the Cervical Spine AOSpine Classification and Injury Severity System for Traumatic Fractures of the Thoracolumbar Spine Spinal Fractures Classification System 3
4 AOSpine Knowledge Forum AOSpine Classification and Injury Severity System for Traumatic Fractures of the Cervical Spine This is the present form of the classification the AOSpine Knowledge Forum (KF) SCI & Trauma is working on. It is the aim of the KF to develop a system, which can in the future be used as a tool for scientific research and a guide for treatment. This system is being subjected to a rigorous scientific assessment. Project members (in alphabetic order) Disclaimer Aarabi B, Bellabarba C, Chapman J, Dvorak M, Fehlings M, Kandziora F, Kepler C, Oner C, Rajasekaran S, Reinhold M, Schnake K, Vialle L and Vaccaro A. 1. Vaccaro, A. R., J. D. Koerner, K. E. Radcliff, F. C. Oner, M. Reinhold, K. J. Schnake, F. Kandziora, M. G. Fehlings, M. F. Dvorak, B. Aarabi, S. Rajasekaran, G. D. Schroeder, C. K. Kepler and L. R. Vialle (2015). AOSpine subaxial cervical spine injury classification system. Eur Spine J. 2. International validation process to be completed in Submitted to AOSpine International Board for endorsement as the official AOSpine TL Fractures Classification
5 Compression injuries Type Description AO No bony injury or minor injury such as an isolated lamina fracture or spinous process fracture A1 A2 Compression fracture involving a single endplate without involvement of the posterior wall of the vertebral body Coronal split or pincer fracture involving both endplates without involvement of the posterior wall of the vertebral body A3 Burst fracture involving a single endplate with involvement of the posterior vertebral wall A4 Burst fracture or sagittal split involving both endplates Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System 5
6 Distraction injuries Type Subtype Description B1 Posterior Tension Band Injury (bony) Physical separation through fractured bony structures only B2 Posterior Tension Band Injury (bony Capsuloligamentous, ligamentous) Complete disruption of the posterior capsuloligamentous or bony capsuloligamentous structures together with a vertebral body, disk, and/or facet injury B3 Anterior Tension Band Injury Physical disruption or separation of the anterior structures (bone/disk) with tethering of the posterior elements 6 Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System
7 Translation injuries Type Description C Translational injury in any axis-displacement or translationof one vertebral body relative to another in any direction Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System 7
8 Facet injuries Type Description F1 Nondisplaced Facet Fracture with fragment <1cm in height, <40% of lateral mass F2 Facet fracture with fragment >1cm, > than 40% lateral mass, or displaced F3 Floating lateral mass F4 Pathologic subluxation or perched/dislocated facet BL Bilateral injury 8 Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System
9 Neurology Type Description NO Neurologically Intact N1 Transient neurologic deficit N2 Radiculopathy N3 Incomplete spinal cord injury N4 Complete spinal cord injury NX Neurological status unknown + Ongoing cord compression in setting of incomplete neurologic deficit or nerve injury Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System 9
10 Modifiers Type Description M1 Posterior Capsuloligamentous Complex injury without complete disruption M2 Critical disk herniation M3 Stiffening/metabolic bone disease (ie.: DISH, AS, OPLL, OLF) M4 Vertebral artery abnormality 10 Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System
11 Classification Injuries are first classified by their level and primary injury type, either C, B, or A. If there are multiple levels, the most severe level is classified first. The secondary injuries are parenthesized. For example, a C6-C7 translational injury (C) with a C7 compression fracture (A1) would be classified as: C6-C7:C (C7:A1) And a C5-C6 flexion distraction injury (B2) with a C6 compression fracture (A1) would be classified as: C5-C6:B2 (C6:A1) Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System 11
12 Classification Facet Injuries Included in parenthesis are the remaining subgroups in the order of: facet injuries, neurological status, and any modifiers. For bilateral facet injuries, the BL modifier is added after the facet injury if the injuries are the same. For example, a C6-C7 flexion distraction injury (B2) with bilateral facet dislocation (F4) would be classified as: C6-C7:B2 (F4 BL) When there are different facet injuries to the same level, the right side is listed first, then the left. For example, a C6-C7 flexion distraction injury (B2) with right sided facet dislocation (F4) and a left sided displaced facet fracture (F2) would be classified as: C6-C7:B2 (F4, F2) If there are multiple injuries to the same facet (For example: small fracture (F1) and dislocation (F4), only the highest level facet injury is classified (F4). If only facet injuries are identified (No A, B, or C injury), they are listed first after the level of injury. 12 Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System
13 Type A: Compression injuries A0. No bony injury or minor injury such as an isolated lamina fracture or spinous process fracture Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System 13
14 Type A: Compression injuries A1. Compression fracture involving a single endplate without involvement of the posterior wall of the vertebral body 14 Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System
15 Type A: Compression injuries A1. Compression fracture involving a single endplate without involvement of the posterior wall of the vertebral body Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System 15
16 Type A: Compression injuries A2. Coronal split or pincer fracture involving both endplates without involvement of the posterior wall of the vertebral body 16 Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System
17 Type A: Compression injuries A3. Burst fracture involving a single endplate with involvement of the posterior vertebral wall Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System 17
18 Type A: Compression injuries A3. Burst fracture involving a single endplate with involvement of the posterior vertebral wall 18 Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System
19 Type A: Compression injuries A4. Burst fracture or sagittal split involving both endplates Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System 19
20 Type A: Compression injuries A4. Burst fracture or sagittal split involving both endplates 20 Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System
21 Type A: Compression injuries A4. Burst fracture or sagittal split involving both endplates Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System 21
22 Type B: Distraction injuries B1. Posterior tension band injury (bony) 22 Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System
23 Type B: Distraction injuries B2. Posterior tension band injury (bony capsuloligamentous, ligamentous) Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System 23
24 Type B: Distraction injuries B3. Anterior tension band injury 24 Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System
25 Type C: Translation injuries C. Translational injury Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System 25
26 Facet injuries F1. Nondisplaced facet fracture (Fragment <1cm, < 40% lateral mass) 26 Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System
27 Facet injuries F2. Facet fracture with fragment >1cm, > 40% lateral mass or displaced Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System 27
28 Facet injuries F3. Floating lateral mass 28 Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System
29 Facet injuries F4. Pathologic subluxation or perched/dislocated facet Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System 29
30 Facet injuries F4. Pathologic subluxation or perched/dislocated facet 30 Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System
31 Facet injuries F4. Pathologic subluxation or perched/dislocated facet Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System 31
32 Facet injuries BL. Bilateral injury 32 Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System
33 Case Example year old male involved in high speed MVA, complete SCI C7-T1: C (T1:A1; F4 BL; N4) (assume bilateral) Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System 33
34 Case Example year old male involved in high speed MVA, complete SCI C7-T1: C (T1:A1; F4 BL; N4) Translational injury (C), with compression fracture at T1 (A1), bilateral facet dislocations (F4 BL), complete SCI (N4) (assume bilateral) 34 Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System
35 Case Example year old male involved in high speed MVA, radiculopathy C5: F2, C6: F2 (N2; M1) Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System 35
36 Case Example year old male involved in high speed MVA, radiculopathy C5: F2, C6: F2 (N2; M1) C5 and C6 displaced facet fractures (F2), radiculopathy (N2), posterior capsuloligamentous complex injury without complete disruption (M1) 36 Cervical Spine Fractures Classification System
37 AOSpine Knowledge Forum AOSpine Classification and Injury Severity System for Traumatic Fractures of the Thoracolumbar Spine This is the present form of the classification and injury severity system the AOSpine Knowledge Forum (KF) SCI & Trauma is working on. It is the aim of the KF to develop a system, which can in the future be used as a tool for scientific research and a guide for treatment. This system is being subjected to a rigorous scientific assessment. Project members (in alphabetic order) Disclaimer Aarabi B, Bellabarba C, Chapman J, Dvorak M, Fehlings M, Kandziora F, Kepler C, Oner C, Rajasekaran S, Reinhold M, Schnake K, Vialle L and Vaccaro A. 1. Vaccaro, A. R., C. Oner, C. K. Kepler, M. Dvorak, K. Schnake, C. Bellabarba, M. Reinhold, B. Aarabi, F. Kandziora, J. Chapman, R. Shanmuganathan, M. Fehlings, L. Vialle, A. O. S. C. Injury and F. Trauma Knowledge (2013). AOSpine thoracolumbar spine injury classification system: fracture description, neurological status, and key modifiers. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 38(23): Kepler, C. K., A. R. Vaccaro, J. D. Koerner, M. Dvorak, F. Kandziora, S. Rajasekaran, L. Vialle, M. Fehlings, G. D. Schroeder, M. Reinhold, K. Schnake, C. Bellabarba and C. Oner (2015). Reliability Analysis of the AOSpine thoracolumbar Spine Injury Classification System by a Worldwide Group of Naïve Spinal Surgeouns. European Spine Journal. (in press) 3. Submitted to AOSpine International Board for endorsement as the official AOSpine TL Fractures Classification
38 Thoracolumbar Fractures Overview This classification and injury severity system is based on the evaluation of three basic parameters: 1. Morphologic classification of the fracture 2. Neurologic injury 3. Clinical modifiers 38 Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System
39 1. Morphologic classification This is based on the Magerl classification modified by the AOSpine Classification Group. For this evaluation radiograms and CT scans with multiplanar reconstructions are essential. In some cases additional MR images might be necessary. Three basic types are identified on the basis of the mode of failure of the spinal column: Type A: Compression injuries. Failure of anterior structures under compression. Type B: Failure of the posterior or anterior tension band. Type C: Failure of all elements leading to dislocation or displacement. A. B. C. Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System 39
40 Type A Describe injury to the vertebral body without tension band (PLC) involvement. There are five subtypes and no further sub-classification. These subtypes are also used as description of vertebral body fracture in B and C Types. Type A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 Minor, nonstructural fractures Wedge-compression Split Incomplete burst Complete burst Description Fractures, which do not compromise the structural integrity of the spinal column such as transverse process or spinous process fractures. Fracture of a single endplate without involvement of the posterior wall of the vertebral body. Fracture of both endplates without involvement of the posterior wall of the vertebral body. Fracture with any involvement of the posterior wall; only a single endplate fractured. Vertical fracture of the lamina is usually present and does not constitute a tension band failure. Fracture with any involvement of the posterior wall and both endplates. Vertical fracture of the lamina is usually present and does not constitute a tension band failure. 40 Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System
41 Type B Describe the failure of posterior or anterior constraints (in case of TL this is the tension band or PLC / Posterior Ligamentary Complex or the anterior longitudinal ligament). Is to be combined with subtypes A when appropriate. There are three subtypes: Type Description B1 Transosseous tension band disruption / Chance fracture Monosegmental pure osseous failure of the posterior tension band. The classical Chance fracture. B2 Posterior tension band disruption Bony and/or ligamentary failure of the posterior tension band together with a Type A fracture. Type A fracture should be classified separately. B3 Hyperextension Injury through the disk or vertebral body leading to a hyperextended position of the spinal column. Commonly seen in ankylotic disorders. Anterior structures, especially the ALL are ruptured but there is a posterior hinge preventing further displacement. Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System 41
42 Type C Describe displacement or dislocation. There are no subtypes as because of the dissociation between cranial and caudal segments various configurations are possible in different images. Is combined with subtypes of A if necessary. 42 Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System
43 Type A A0. Minor, nonstructural fractures Fractures, which do not compromise the structural integrity of the spinal column such as transverse process or spinous process fractures. Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System 43
44 Type A A1. Wedge-compression Fracture of a single endplate without involvement of the posterior wall of the vertebral body. 44 Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System
45 Type A A2. Split Fracture of both endplates without involvement of the posterior wall of the vertebral body. Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System 45
46 Type A A3. Incomplete burst Fracture with any involvement of the posterior wall; only a single endplate fractured. Vertical fracture of the lamina is usually present and does not constitute a tension band failure. 46 Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System
47 Type A A4. Complete burst Fracture with any involvement of the posterior wall and both endplates. Vertical fracture of the lamina is usually present and does not constitute a tension band failure. Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System 47
48 Type B B1. Transosseous tension band disruption / Chance fracture Monosegmental pure osseous failure of the posterior tension band. The classical Chance fracture. 48 Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System
49 Type B B2. Posterior tension band disruption Bony and/or ligamentary failure of the posterior tension band together with a Type A fracture. Type A fracture should be classified separately. Example: This should be classified as: T12-L1 Type B2 with T12 A4 according to the combination rules. Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System 49
50 Type B B3. Hyperextension Injury through the disk or vertebral body leading to a hyperextended position of the spinal column. Commonly seen in ankylotic disorders. Anterior structures, especially the ALL are ruptured but there is a posterior hinge preventing further displacement. 50 Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System
51 Type C C. Displacement or dislocation There are no subtypes as because of the dissociation between cranial and caudal segments various configurations are possible in different images. Is combined with subtypes of A if necessary. Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System 51
52 Algorithm for morphologic classification START Displacement/Dislocation Yes C Translation No Anterior Yes B3 Hyperextension Tension band injury Yes Posterior Osseoligamentous disruption Mono-segmental osseous disruption Yes Yes B2 B1 Osseoligamentous disruption Pure transosseous disruption No Vertebral body fracture No Yes Posterior wall involvement No Both endplates involved Yes Both endplates involved Yes No Yes No A4 A3 A2 A1 Complete burst Incomplete burst Split/Pincer Wedge/Impaction Vertebral process fracture Yes A0 Insignificant injury No No injury 52 Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System
53 2. Neurologic injury Neurologic status at the moment of admission should be scored according to the following scheme: Type Description N0 Neurologically intact N1 Transient neurologic deficit, which is no longer present N2 Radicular symptoms N3 Incomplete spinal cord injury or any degree of cauda equina injury N4 Complete spinal cord injury NX Neurologic status is unknown due to sedation or head injury Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System 53
54 3. Modifiers There are two modifiers, which can be used in addition to ad 1 and 2: Type Description M1 This modifier is used to designate fractures with an indeterminate injury to the tension band based on spinal imaging with or without MRI. This modifier is important for designating those injuries with stable injuries from a bony standpoint for which ligamentous insufficiency may help determine whether operative stabilization is a consideration. M2 Is used to designate a patient-specific comorbidity, which might argue either for or against surgery for patients with relative surgical indications. Examples of an M2 modifier include ankylosing spondylitis or burns affecting the skin overlying the injured spine. 54 Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System
55 Advancing spine care worldwide AOSpine Latin America Avenida Silva Jardim, 2042 Cj Curitiba, Brasil T +55 (41) F +55 (41) aosla@aospine.org AOSpine Latin
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