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1 * SNR Cooke 2006 Bradlow & Alexander 2007 Culter et al 2008 Shi 2009 Weiss & Dempsey 2008 Garcia Lecumberri et al 2010 * 10YJCZH

2 Binns & Culling 2007 Patel et al 2010 Carroll et al 2011 Patel 2010 pitch-flattened cooledit 44. 1kHz 16bit cooledit 203Hz 70dB 20 Zhang et al Hz 65dB 75dB 393

3 cooledit 70dB 65dB 75dB SNR + 5dB -5dB Calandruccio et al 2010 Song et al Eprime dB - 5dB F 2 45 = p < F 2 90 = p < F 4 90 = p < p > p < F 2 45 = p < F 2 90 = p < F 4 90 = p < dB - 5dB p <

4 /nákū / /kèmào / / nàkū / /kèmáo / d d = Z - Z Z Z PZO F 1 30 = p < % % dB - 5dB 1 395

5 p < dB 2 2 SNR = - 5dB Cooke 2006 Bradlow & Alexander 2007 Garcia Lecumberri et al 2010 energetic marking Brungart et al 2001 Van Engen & Bradlow

6 Patel et al 2010 Li & Jeng Binns Christine & John F. Culling 2007 The role of fundamental frequency contours in the perception of speech against interfering speech. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Bradlow Ann & Jennifer A. Alexander 2007 Semantic and phonetic enhancements for speech-in-noise recognition by native and non-native listeners. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Brungart Douglas Brian D. Simpson Mark A. Ericson & Kimberly R. Scott 2001 Informational and energetic masking effects in the perception of multiple simultaneous talkers. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 397

7 Calandruccio Lauren Kristin Van Engen Sumitrajit Dhar & Ann Bradlow 2010 The effectiveness of clear speech as a masker. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research Carroll Jeff Stephanie Tiaden & Fan-Gang Zeng 2011 Fundamental frequency is critical to speech perception in noise in combined acoustic and electric hearing. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Cooke Martin 2006 A glimpsing model of speech perception in noise. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Cutler Anne Maria Luisa Garcia Lecumberri & Martin Cooke 2008 Consonant identification in noise by native and nonnative listeners Effects of local context. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Garcia Lecumberri Maria Luisa Martin Cooke & Anne Cutler 2010 Non-native speech perception in adverse conditions A review. Speech Communication Li Ximing & Fuh-Cherng Jeng 2011 Noise tolerance in human frequency-following responses to voice pitch. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 129 EL Patel Aniruddh Yi Xu & Bei Wang 2010 The role of F0 variation in the intelligibility of Mandarin sentences. Proceedings of Speech Prosody May Chicago IL USA. Shi Lu-Feng 2009 Normal-hearing English-as-a-second-language listeners recognition of English words in competing signals. International Journal of Audiology Song Hudy Erika Skoe Karen Banai & Nina Kraus 2012 Training to improve hearing speech in noise Biological mechanisms. Cerebral Cortex Van Engen Kristin & Ann Bradlow 2007 Sentence recognition in native-and foreign-language multi-talker background noise. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Weiss Deborah & James J. Dempsey 2008 Performance of bilingual speakers on the English and Spanish versions of the Hearing in Noise Test HINT. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology Zhang Linjun Hua Shu Fengying Zhou Xiaoyi Wang & Ping Li 2010 Common and distinct neural substrates for the perception of speech rhythm and intonation. Hum Brain Mappping

8 Word Recognition and Sentence Comprehension in Background Noise by Students Learning Chinese as a Second Language Zhang Linjun Abstract This study examines the effects that background noise may have on the comprehension of Chinese speech by students learning Chinese as a second / foreign language. The results show that while word recognition and sentence comprehension are affected by both proficiency in Chinese and signal-to-noise ratios learners performances differ to some extent in the two tasks. Furthermore both word recognition and sentence comprehension correlate positively with lexical tone recognition no matter whether in quiet or in background noise conditions. On the basis of such findings we propose that more classroom activities should be designed to simulate real communication situations and improve learners ability of tone recognition so that they can better comprehend Chinese speech in background noise. Keywords background noise word recognition sentence comprehension students learning Chinese as a second / foreign language zhanglinjunb@sina. com. cn XX / iscal@uiowa. edu Cedar Rapids Iowa City 4 399

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