Demand Control Ventilation
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1 Demand Control Ventilation What is it? Why use it? How to implement it? Jason Beu, EI Controls Engineer The RMH Group 2016 ROCKY MOUNTAIN ASHRAE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 1
2 What Is Demand Control Ventilation? 2016 ROCKY MOUNTAIN ASHRAE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 2
3 What Is Demand Control Ventilation? ASHRAE 62.1 (2016) Definition Any means by which the breathing zone outdoor airflow (V BZ ) can be varied to the occupied space or spaces based on the actual or estimated number of occupants, ventilation requirements of the occupied zone, or both ROCKY MOUNTAIN ASHRAE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 3
4 Why Use Demand Control Ventilation? 2016 ROCKY MOUNTAIN ASHRAE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 4
5 Why Use Demand Control Ventilation? Reduce Overventilation Reduce unnecessary overventilation when spaces are ventilated for maximum occupancy 2016 ROCKY MOUNTAIN ASHRAE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 5
6 Why Use Demand Control Ventilation? Save Energy 2016 ROCKY MOUNTAIN ASHRAE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 6
7 Why Use Demand Control Ventilation? Codes & ASHRAE Standards ASHRAE Standard 90.1 & Energy/High Performance/Green Both standards point to ASHRAE 62.1 in regards to DCV ASHRAE Standard 62.1 Ventilation 3 procedures to choose from Ventilation rate (Prescriptive) IAQ (Performance) Natural ventilation (Prescriptive) 2016 ROCKY MOUNTAIN ASHRAE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 7
8 How Does ASHRAE 62.1 (2016) Relate to Demand Control Ventilation? 2016 ROCKY MOUNTAIN ASHRAE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 8
9 How Does ASHRAE 62.1 (2016) Relate to Demand Control Ventilation? Ventilation Rate Procedure (6.2) 2016 ROCKY MOUNTAIN ASHRAE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 9
10 How Does ASHRAE 62.1 (2016) Relate to Demand Control Ventilation? Ventilation rate procedure (section 6.2) Documentation requirements: Written Description of: Equipment, Methods, Sequences, & Setpoints For each AHU system provide a table of: Lower Minimum Outdoor Air flow rate. Upper Minimum Outdoor Air flow rate ROCKY MOUNTAIN ASHRAE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 10
11 How Does ASHRAE 62.1 (2016) Relate to Demand Control Ventilation? Ventilation Calculations Single Zone is straightforward. Multiple Zone: Ventilation Rate (breathing zone) V BZ = (R p x P z ) + (R a x A z ) 2016 ROCKY MOUNTAIN ASHRAE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 11
12 How Does ASHRAE 62.1 (2016) Relate to Demand Control Ventilation? Ventilation Calculations Table Excerpt: People Airflow Rate (R p ) Area Airflow Rate (R a ) Occupancy Category R p (cfm/person) R a (cfm/ft 2 ) Default Occupancy Density (#/1000 ft 2 ) Daycare Break Room Main Entry lobby Health Club/Aerobics Room Supermarket ROCKY MOUNTAIN ASHRAE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 12
13 How Does ASHRAE 62.1 (2016) Relate to Demand Control Ventilation? Ventilation Calculations Zone Air Distribution Effectiveness (E z ) Ceiling supply cool air 1.0 Ceiling supply warm 15 F > space temperature and ceiling return 0.8 Ceiling supply warm air and floor return 1.0 Floor supply of warm air and ceiling return ROCKY MOUNTAIN ASHRAE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 13
14 How Does ASHRAE 62.1 (2016) Relate to Demand Control Ventilation? Ventilation Rate Reset People; Breathing Zone outdoor airflow (V BZ ) reset based on current population. (Section ) Building; Breathing Zone outside airflow (V BZ ) the building component (R z x A z ). (Section ) 2016 ROCKY MOUNTAIN ASHRAE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 14
15 How Does ASHRAE 62.1 (2016) Relate to Demand Control Ventilation? Ventilation Rate Reset Basically you arrive at 2 different Minimum outside air values using the above equations. Upper Minimum Outside Air Setpoint, which is based on the area of the space and the design population. (this is the minimum outside air value we are used to seeing on schedules) Lower Minimum Outside air setpoint, which is based on the area component only ROCKY MOUNTAIN ASHRAE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 15
16 How Do I Implement Demand Control Ventilation? 2016 ROCKY MOUNTAIN ASHRAE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 16
17 How Do I Implement Demand Control Ventilation? Different Control Inputs for Demand Control Ventilation CO 2 based Traditional Method 2016 ROCKY MOUNTAIN ASHRAE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 17
18 How Do I Implement Demand Control Ventilation? Different Control Inputs for Demand Control Ventilation Current Population based input. (previously a guess, with more modern equipment this method is more exact.) 2016 ROCKY MOUNTAIN ASHRAE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 18
19 How Do I Implement Demand Control Ventilation? Why use CO 2 as input? Is CO 2 the problem we are trying to solve with ventilation? What is the outside air CO 2 concentration (CO 2 )? Measure it? Assume it? Mauna Loa, Hawaii is the climate standard for base outside CO2 concentration baseline. Last year s (2015) average value was 401 ppm ROCKY MOUNTAIN ASHRAE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 19
20 How Do I Implement Demand Control Ventilation? How do I arrive at a CO 2 Setpoint for a zone? C R = C OA + (8400 * E Z * MET)/(R p +(R a *A z /P z )) MET = Metabolic rate for activity level of population Activity MET (Typical) Seated 1.0 Filing, Seated 1.2 Walking 2.0 Exercise ROCKY MOUNTAIN ASHRAE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 20
21 How Do I Implement Demand Control Ventilation? What do I need for CO 2 based DCV? Outside Air Flow station. Modulating Outside Air Damper. CO2 Sensor(s) Where do I place the sensor? How accurate are the sensors? Calibration? 2016 ROCKY MOUNTAIN ASHRAE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 21
22 How Do I Implement Demand Control Ventilation? How do I utilize the CO 2 input value to implement DCV? Direct Reset of Outside air setpoint to CO 2 measurement ROCKY MOUNTAIN ASHRAE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 22
23 How Do I Implement Demand Control Ventilation? How do I utilize the CO 2 input value to implement DCV? Zone Reset, followed by Outdoor air reset ROCKY MOUNTAIN ASHRAE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 23
24 How Do I Implement Demand Control Ventilation? CO 2 DCV Comparison Direct Reset of OA Setpoint Simple to Implement, reduced complexity to specify, program, start up and commission. Lower Cost to Implement Direct Reset of OA Setpoint Zone Reset followed by OA Setpoint Reset Allows the worst case VAV to use a greater fraction of the outside air currently available before resetting the entire system outside air setpoint. Maximize savings from DCV. Allows the worst case VAV to use a greater fraction of the outside air currently available before resetting the entire system outside air setpoint ROCKY MOUNTAIN ASHRAE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 24
25 How Do I Implement Demand Control Ventilation? Why use zone population as input? The ventilation rate procedure in ASHRAE 62.1 specifies ventilation rate NOT CO 2 levels for acceptable indoor air quality. Previous versions of ASHRAE 62.1 allowed you to assume population based on a schedule Direct Count of people in the zone is an improvement ROCKY MOUNTAIN ASHRAE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 25
26 How Do I Implement Demand Control Ventilation? How to use zone population as input? Directly calculate the outside airflow required to a zone dynamically once zone population (P Z from previous equations) is known. Population is used as a direct input to arrive at the outdoor airflow setpoint, using the equations found in ASHRAE 62.1 section Zone population technology is foolproof right? 2016 ROCKY MOUNTAIN ASHRAE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 26
27 Summary Ventilation Rate Procedure using DCV Choose CO 2 or population Calculate and Provide the upper and lower values for minimum outside air. What can happen if I don t specify this value? 2016 ROCKY MOUNTAIN ASHRAE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 27
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