McKinney ISD 10 th Grade PreAP English II and Humanities II Summer Reading

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1 McKinney ISD 10 th Grade PreAP English II and Humanities II Summer Reading May 2010 Dear Incoming 10th Grade PreAP English II or Humanities II Student and Parent or Guardian, Statistics prove continued reading improves test scores and increases student success. With this in mind, McKinney ISD district requires a summer reading assignment for all 9 th -12 th grade PreAP, AP English, and Humanities students. This assignment reflects the content and grade level while promoting skills critical to student success on the Advanced Placement exams. This year the 10 th grade PreAP teachers, and the Humanities II teacher, have selected Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes and Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer for our summer reading project. This novel deals with the personal struggles of life and overcoming those struggles. In addition to the reading, students will be required to complete one style analysis writing assignment over the summer relative to the novels. During the first week of school, the students will be required to complete an objective assessment in class over the novels. These novels will be used as anchor pieces of literature and referenced throughout the year. If you have any questions, please feel free to Meredith McAllister, the lead teacher for 10 th grade PreAP English II or Jennifer Bennett, the lead teacher for 10 th grade Humanities II. As a district, McKinney ISD embraces the life-long love of reading; it is our goal to instill this love in our students. Thank you for your continued support. Sincerely, The English Department of McKinney Boyd High School

2 Summer Reading Assignment for Pre-AP English II The summer reading assignment for Pre-AP English II this year consists of two books (a piece of fiction and a piece of non-fiction): Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes and Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer. Though both books were written centuries apart, both books present a similar type of character. As you read each book, annotate for comparisons and contrasts, themes, and characterization. You will complete a writing assignment (listed below) over both readings. Also, expect an objective exam over both books the first week of school. Readings: 1) Don Quixote by Cervantes (Signet Classics Edition; Retail Price: $ 7.95). Make sure you buy the Complete and Unabridged Version. You are only responsible for reading Part I of the book, not Part II. You are responsible for Part I, Prologue- Chapter LII. 2) Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer (Anchor Books; Retail Price: $ 13.95). You are responsible for reading the entire book. (Important Note: there is a film version of Into the Wild, but the adaptation is very different from the book. Do not think that watching the film will prepare you for the writing assignment or the objective exam; it will not). Summer Reading Writing Assignment: In the book Into the Wild, Jon Krakauer admits that Chris McCandless was rash, but he insists he wasn t a nutcase, he wasn t a sociopath, he wasn t an outcast. McCandless was something else although precisely what is hard to say. A pilgrim, perhaps (85). The same issue can be asked about Don Quixote. What was he exactly? Don Quixote and McCandless could be labeled as any of the following: pilgrim, visionary, blind fool, and/or hero. Your question: How would one describe Chris McCandless and Don Quixote? You may use one of Krakauer s terms or invent your own term. Choose your term carefully and note passages as you read. Your answer to the questions is your central claim (or thesis). Support your thesis with evidence from both texts and explain how the language of these pieces of textual evidence-the connotation of individual words in the quotes-proves your thesis to be valid. Be sure you have a strong thesis, sufficient text evidence, and a strong topic sentence for each paragraph. Your introduction should be three to four sentences and should lead the reader into your thesis. Your conclusion should return to the meaning of your paper (i.e. What are you trying to say?). Your body paragraphs should consist of a topic sentence, 2 chunks, and a conclusion. Your paper should be at least four paragraphs long (Intro, 2 body paragraphs, Conclusion) and focus on the novel. You do not have to use secondary sources. Use MLA format. Due: Paper is due the first day of class.

3 Summer literary terms 10 th grade terms plus the all-9th terms below Syntax- a means of gaining coherence, creating emphasis and indicating shades of difference Metonymy- a figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated; for example, the use of the word Washington to mean the U. S. government Synecdoche- a figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole, the whole of something is used to represent a part; the specific is used for the general; the general is used for the specific; or the material of an object is used in place of the object; for example, hired hands Alliteration- the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words or within them, especially in accented syllables Assonance- the repetition of similar vowel sounds in stressed syllables or words; like alliteration, assonance may occur either initially or internally Consonance- the repetition of consonant sounds that are preceded by a different vowel Meter- a regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in poetry Onomatopoeia- a word or words that imitate the sound of the thing spoken of; for example zoom, whiz, and crash Rhyme- the exact repetition of sounds in at least the last accented syllable of two or more words Rhythm- the recurrence of stresses and pauses in the language of a literary work or a speech; when rhythm falls into regular, identifiable pattern, we refer to it as meter

4 Emotional appeals (pathos)- the arousal of emotions that may be painful/disturbing or pleasant to the audience; based upon the three needs all persons have; physical (life and health), psychological (persons inner life), and social (person s relationship with a group). Appeals to emotion are intended to convince the audience that the position will satisfy one or more of these basic needs. Ethical appeals (ethos)- the matter of our own credibility, of our identification with the problem and the audience Logical appeals (logos)- objective reasons that directly support the position plus evidence or analysis to support the argument which directly explains how the evidence applies to the issue Dramatic irony- occurs when a character or speaker says or does something that has a different meaning from what he thinks it means, though the audience and other characters understand the full implications of the speech or action Situational irony- occurs when a situation turns out differently from what one would normally expect- though often the twist is oddly appropriate Verbal irony- occurs when a speaker or narrator says one thing while meaning the opposite Motif-describes a patter or strand of imagery or symbolism in a work of literature Catharsis- the release of emotion (pity and fear) from the audience s perspective Dramatic unities- Time- the play has to take place within a 24 hour period Place- the action of the play is set in one place Action- the play contains one hero and one plot Hamartia- the tragic flaw that leads to the tragic hero s downfall

5 Hubris- arrogance before the gods Recognition- occurs as the hero meets his catastrophe, at which point he recognizes his flaw and the reason he must die Reversal- occurs when the opposite of what the hero intends is what happens Absolute phrases Juxtaposition- the act or an instance of placing two or more things side by side Asyndeton- deliberate omission of conjunctions in a series of related causes Ellipsis- deliberate omission of a word or words that are readily implied by the context Parallelism- refers to a grammatical or structural similarity between sentences or parts of a sentence, involves an arrangement or words, phrases, sentences, and paragraphs so that elements of equal importance are equally developed and similarly phrased Polysyndeton- deliberate use of many conjunctions for special emphasis to highlight quantity or mass of details or to create a flowing, continuous sentence pattern Repetition- a device in which words, sounds, and ideas are used more than once to enhance rhythm and to create emphasis Anadiplosis- repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause; it ties the sentence to its surroundings Anaphora- the repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses; it helps to establish a strong rhythm and produces a powerful emotional effect

6 Epanalepsis- the repetition at the end of a clause of the word that occurred at the beginning of the clause; it tends to make the sentence or clause in which it occurs stand apart from its surroundings Epistrophe- the repetition of the same word or a group of words at the ends of successive clauses; it sets up a pronounced rhythm and gains a special emphasis both by repeating the word and by putting the word in the final position Antimetabole- a sentence strategy in which the arrangement of ideas in the second clause is a reversal of the first; it adds power through its inverse repetition Rhetorical fragment- sentence fragment used deliberately for a persuasive purpose or to create a desired effect Rhetorical question- to ask a question of an audience to engage them without having a response from the audience 9 th grade terms Annotation the act or process of adding critical commentary or explanatory notes in a text. An active reading strategy. Archetype - a detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is though to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response. Archetypal character- characters who embody a certain kind of universal human experience. Archetypal journey of the hero The typical journey experienced by recognizable human types that often reoccurs throughout literature.

7 Archetypal setting A common type of archetype (occurring over and over again in literature). For example: The desert, which is associated with spiritual sterility and barrenness. Character - people or animals who take part in the action of a literary work. Antagonist - a character in a story or play that opposes the protagonist Protagonist - the central character or hero in a literary work Dynamic character - a character that changes in some way- usually for the better- during the course of a story Static character - a character that does not change during the course of a narrative Epiphany - a moment of enlightenment in which the underlying truth or essential nature of something is suddenly revealed or made clear to a character Flat character - a character that has a single distinguishing trait and is not developed into a whole personality Round character - complex, fully rounded, three-dimensional personality Foil - a person or thing that highlights the traits of a character by contrast Character s motivation a character s inspiration or drive for experiencing his / her quest. Stock character - a character that is of little consequence to the dramatic situation and its ultimate resolution, but who nonetheless may serve to advance the plot, provide humor, or provide contrast with the main character Detail - facts revealed by the author or speaker, support the attitude or tone in a piece of poetry or prose

8 Diction - the author s choice of words and phrases; diction involves both connotation and denotation Connotation - the emotional associations that surround a word as opposed to its denotation Denotation - the literal meaning of a word- its dictionary definition that does not take into account any other emotions or ideas the reader may associate with it Dialect - variety of language spoken by a social group or spoken in a certain locality that differs from the standard speech in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammatical form Euphemism - the use of a work or phrase that is less direct, but that is also less distasteful or less offensive than another (e.g. He is at rest is a euphemism for He is dead. ) Idiom - an expression in a given language that cannot be understood from the literal meaning of the words in the expression; or, a regional speech or dialect Imagery - the details in a work of literature that appeal to the senses of a reader; lend the work vividness, and tend to arouse an emotional response in the reader Mood - the overall atmosphere or prevailing emotional aura of a literary work Rhetorical shift -a change or movement in a piece resulting from an epiphany, realization, or insight gained by the speaker, a character, or the reader Theme - the underlying meaning of a literary work Tone - the author s attitude, whether stated or implied, about his or her subject matter and toward the audience

9 Apostrophe - a figure of speech in which a character or narrator directly addresses an abstract concept, an inanimate object, or a person who is not present Oxymoron - a phrase that combines two seemingly contradictory elements; for example, living death, dear enemy, and wise fool Paradox - a statement that appears to be self contradictory but nonetheless has valid meaning Pun - a play on words with similar sounds or on a single word with different meanings Allusion - an indirect reference to a person, place, or thing- fictitious, historical, or actual Specifically: historical allusion, literary allusion, mythological allusion Antithesis - opposition or contrast emphasized by parallel structure (e.g. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a desert state sweltering the heat of injustice and oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. ) Dialogue - a conversation carried on between two or more people in a literary work; dialogue can serve many purposes, including characterization, advancement of the plot, development of the theme(s), and creation of mood Hyperbole - a figure of speech in which exaggeration or overstatement is used for special effect Irony - the contrast between what appears to be and reality; see dramatic irony, situational irony, and verbal irony Symbolism - an object, person, place, or action that has a meaning in itself but also stands for something larger than itself, such as a quality, an attitude, a belief, or a value

10 Appositive phrase Renames, or identifies, a noun or pronoun. When it adds information that is nonessential, it is set off by commas. (e.g. My teacher, a woman with curly hair, is very fat.) Gerund phrase A gerund is an -ing verb form functioning as a noun. The phrase is the gerund plus its complements and modifiers. (Walking in the moonlight is a romantic way to end a date.) Infinitive phrase The word to plus a verb. Infinitive phrases can function as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns. (e.g. To dance gracefully is my ambition.) Participial phrase A participial is a verb form (past or present) functioning like an adjective. The phrase is he participle plus its modifiers. (e.g. Swimming for his life, John crossed the English Channel.) Prepositional phrase A preposition plus its object and modifiers. (Prepositions: to, around, under, over, like, as, behind, with, outside, etc.)