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1 INTRODUCTION. Since the first civilizations, it has been common that people use plants to cure illnesses. Those plants are known as medicinal plants and nowadays are usually related to spiritual events or religious sects. However, medicinal plants used in the traditional way need to be separated from the real investigation; in modern investigations plants are modified to produce substances that can be used as medicines. This separation does not mean modern investigations are better than traditional medicinal plants. In fact, many of the investigations take knowledge from the traditional use of plants. The modern investigations, that modifies plants to produce medicines is a type of biotechnology. Biotechnology combines biology and technology to produce something useful for humans. In this case, biotechnology tries to modify plants using technology to produce medicines to cure different types of illnesses. Some examples of this investigations are modified plants to try to cure malaria (transmitted by a mosquito bite) or HIV (a virus). Frequently, using plants to produce medicines is cheaper than making pills or injections without plants. This can help patients in developing countries to get cured rapidly. 1

2 PLANTS USED TO CURE MALARIA - Lecture 1. Malaria is one of the first causes of death every year. In 2015 malaria was active in 96 countries around the world. Malaria is produced by the mosquito bite that transmits the parasite (called Plasmodium). The parasite is what kills humans. However, most of the cases are concentrated in Africa. People living in some African countries like Zimbabwe, live with a high probability of suffering malaria. For that reason, African people use medicinal plants trying to avoid dying from malaria. An investigation discovered that people living in Zimbabwe use a total of 28 different plants against malaria. These plants have to grow normally in Africa as people can not buy them. One example of a plant used in Zimbabwe to cure malaria is called Cassia abreviata. In the majority of cases the roots are the part of the plant used to produce the medicine against malaria. The knowledge about curing malaria with plants is taught by the oldest members in the family. The use of medicinal plants in Africa to cure malaria needs to be known in other parts of the world. Consequently, these medicinal plants could be used to start producing medicines and vaccines against malaria. 2

3 PLANTS USED TO CURE MALARIA - Lecture 2 Scientists are nowadays able to produce medicines from plants. They can also produce vaccines from plants. Plant produced medicines and vaccines are easy to take because the patient has to eat the specific part of the plant where the vaccine/medicine is concentrated. Malaria is a very important illness and killed people in Malaria is transmitted by the bite of a mosquito (called Anopheles mosquito); the mosquito bite has the parasite (called Plasmodium) that produces Malaria. Many of the medicines produced to cure malaria are ineffective; for that reason, plants offer an alternative to produce vaccines or medicines and cure malaria. The first malaria medicine that was produced using plants is called Artemisina and comes from the sweet wormwood (scientific name: Artemisia annua). It was produced in Europe in 1982 for the first time, but it was difficult to produce big quantities of medicine at the beginning. The objective of scientists now is to produce vaccines from the same plant that can cure faster malaria. 3

4 PLANTS USED TO CURE HIV/AIDS - Lecture 1 Plants have a traditional use in some cultures as medicinal plants. Nowadays, this knowledge is being used in laboratories to produce medicines to cure illnesses. This is the case of a plant called Sutherlandia frutescens. This plant grows naturally in Africa. It has been used for many years as medicinal plant in South Africa. However, scientists have recently discovered that it can be used to cure HIV. HIV is the one of the most common virus around the world nowadays. It is spread around the world but the continent with more HIV cases is Africa. There is no cure but there are different treatments to slow the progression of HIV in patients. Nearly 2 million people in the world started a new treatment against HIV in In addition, the treatment to cure HIV using the African plant mentioned (Sutherlandia frutescens) needs to be investigated before giving it to patients. However, the first studies prove it works correctly. The use of this African plant could be an alternative way to treat HIV in the future. 4

5 PLANTS USED TO CURE VIH/AIDS - Lecture 2 Human Immunodefiency Virus or HIV is a very common illness nowadays around the world. HIV is a virus that is transmitted through body fluids (blood, saliva, reproductive fluids ). The virus can be inside a patient but that person can show the symptoms many years later, because HIV is inactive. For that reason, more than half of the patients of HIV know they are infected with the virus. The main effect of HIV in the patient is that the immune system stops working. As a consequence, the person can not respond to any other illness. In addition, HIV does not have a cure. Usually, people living in developed countries can buy specific medicines to slow the symptoms. But people living in some parts of the world (Africa, India and South America) can not pay the prices for these medicines. New investigations are done to use plants for the cure of HIV. One example is the use of the maligned tobacco plant and modify it to produce a medicine to combat HIV. The function of the medicine produced by tobacco plants is to stop the virus of HIV to pass from person to person. Using the medicines produced by tobacco plants would be a cheaper solution to stop HIV in developing countries. The use of tobacco plants to combat HIV is still being tested. The use of modified plants, as tobacco plants to produce medicines against HIV shows that plants can be also used to cure illnesses. 5

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