Name Class Date WHAT I KNOW. life by observing many different kinds of life forms. sunlight for their energy. Other animals eat food to get energy.

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1 The Biosphere Matter of Energy, Interdependence in Nature Q: How do Earth s living and nonliving parts interact and affect the survival of organisms? 3.1 How do we study life? WHAT I KNOW SAMPLE ANSWER: Biologists study life by observing many different kinds of life forms. WHAT I LEARNED SAMPLE ANSWER: Modern ecologists use three methods to study life: observation, experimentation, and modeling. 3.2 How do different organisms get the energy they need to survive? SAMPLE ANSWER: Plants use sunlight for their energy. Other animals eat food to get energy. SAMPLE ANSWER: Autotrophs can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and convert it into forms that living cells can use. Heterotrophs must acquire energy from other organisms. 3.3 How does energy move through an ecosystem? SAMPLE ANSWER: Energy moves through ecosystems when one organism ingests another organism. SAMPLE ANSWER: Energy flows through an ecosystem in a one-way stream, from primary producers to various consumers. 3.4 Why is the cycling of matter important to life on Earth? SAMPLE ANSWER: Organisms need certain kinds of matter in order to grow and perform life processes. SAMPLE ANSWER: Living organisms are composed mostly of four elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. The availability of these elements depends on how quickly they are cycled through the environment. Chapter 3 Workbook A Copyright by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 29

2 3.1 What Is Ecology? Lesson Objectives Describe the study of ecology. Explain how biotic and abiotic factors influence an ecosystem. Describe the methods used to study ecology. Lesson Summary Studying Our Living Planet Ecology is the scientific study of interac tions among organisms and between organisms and their environment. Earth s organisms live in the biosphere. The biosphere consists of the parts of the planet in which all life exists. Ecologists may study different levels of ecological organization: Individual organism An assemblage of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area is called a population. An assemblage of different populations that live together in an area is referred to as a community. An ecosystem includes all the organisms that live in a par ticular place, together with their physical environment. A group of ecosystems that have similar climates and organisms is called a biome. Biotic and Abiotic Factors Ecosystems include biotic and abiotic factors. A biotic factor is any living part of an environment. An abiotic factor is any nonliving part of an environment. Ecological Methods Ecologists use three basic methods of research: observation, experimentation, and modeling: Observation often leads to questions and hypotheses. Experiments can be used to test hypotheses. Modeling helps ecologists understand complex processes. Studying Our Living Planet 1. What is ecology? It is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment. 2. What does the biosphere contain? It contains all the organisms and physical environments of Earth. Lesson 3.1 Workbook A Copyright by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 30

3 3. How are human economics and ecology linked? Economics has to do with human houses and interactions based on money and trade. Ecological interactions have to do with nature s houses and are based on energy and nutrients. Humans depend on ecological processes to provide nutrients that can be bought or traded. Use the diagram to answer Questions 4 5. biosphere biome ecosystem individual population community 4. Label each level of organization on the diagram. 5. Explain the relationship between ecosystems and biomes. An ecosystem describes all of the organisms that live in a place, together with their physical environment. A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and organisms is considered a biome. Lesson 3.1 Workbook A Copyright by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 31

4 Biotic and Abiotic Factors 6. Use the terms in the box to fill in the Venn diagram. List parts of the environment that consist of biotic factors, abiotic factors, and some components that are a mixture of both. air animals bacteria heat mushrooms plants precipitation soil sunlight Both Biotic Factors animals, plants, mushrooms, bacteria soil sunlight, heat, precipitation, air Abiotic Factors Ecological Methods 7. Why might an ecologist set up an artificial environment in a laboratory? An ecologist might do that to imitate and manipulate conditions that organisms would encounter in the natural world. 8. Why are many ecological phenomena difficult to study? They occur over long periods of time or over large areas. 9. Why do ecologists make models? They make models to gain insights into complex phenomena. 10. What makes a planet living? Explain your answer by comparing Earth with Mars. Earth is a living planet because it contains organisms. Life exists on Earth on the land, in the water, and in the atmosphere. Earth s environments can be described based on biotic and abiotic factors. In contrast, Mars is a planet void of life. Mars can be described based only on abiotic factors such as sunlight, heat, wind, soil type, and so on. Lesson 3.1 Workbook A Copyright by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 32

5 3.2 Energy, Producers, and Consumers Lesson Objectives Define primary producers. Describe how consumers obtain energy and nutrients. Lesson Summary Primary Producers Sunlight is the main energy source for life on Earth. Organisms that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use that energy to produce food are called autotrophs, or primary producers. The process in which autotrophs capture light energy and use it to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugars is called photosynthesis. The process in which autotrophs use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates is called chemosynthesis. Consumers Organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food are called heterotrophs. Heterotrophs are also referred to as consumers. There are many different types of heterotrophs: Herbivores, such as cows, obtain energy by eating only plants. Carnivores, such as snakes, eat only animals. Omnivores, such as humans, eat both plants and animals. Detritivores, such as earthworms, feed on dead matter. Decomposers, such as fungi, break down organic matter. Scavengers, such as vultures, consume the carcasses of other animals. Primary Producers 1. What do autotrophs do during photosynthesis? They use light energy to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starch. 2. Can some organisms survive without energy from the sun? Explain your answer. Yes, some deep-sea ecosystems do not depend on the sun for their energy source. Primary producers can harness chemical energy from inorganic molecules such as hydrogen sulfide to produce carbohydrates through chemosynthesis. 3. Can organisms create their own energy? Explain your answer. No, primary producers harness energy from the sun or chemicals to produce carbohydrates. They do not produce their own energy. Other organisms obtain their energy from primary producers. Lesson 3.2 Workbook A Copyright by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 33

6 Consumers 4. Complete the table about types of heterotrophs. Types of Heterotrophs Type Definition Examples Herbivore Heterotroph that obtains energy by eating only plants cows, rabbits Carnivore Heterotroph that eats animals snakes, dogs, owls Omnivore Heterotroph that eats both plants and animals humans, bears, pigs Detritivore Heterotroph that feeds on detritus mites, earthworms, snails, crabs Decomposer Heterotroph that breaks down organic matter bacteria, fungi Scavenger Heterotroph that consumes the carcasses of dead animals but does not typically kill them itself vulture, hyena 5. What is a consumer? A consumer is any organism that relies on other organisms for energy and nutrients. 6. How would you categorize a consumer that usually catches and eats prey, but also eats dead animal carcasses? a carnivore 7. What role do producers play in establishing Earth as a living planet? Energy enters the biotic portion of Earth s ecosystems through primary producers. Primary producers convert nonliving, abiotic factors, such as sunlight or chemicals, into carbohydrates. In this way, producers make the energy accessible to other organisms on the planet. Photosynthetic producers also give off oxygen, a gas that is required by most other organisms, during photosynthesis. Lesson 3.2 Workbook A Copyright by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 34

7 3.3 Energy Flow in Ecosystems Lesson Objectives Trace the flow of energy through living systems. Identify the three types of ecological pyramids. Lesson Summary Food Chains and Food Webs Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction from primary producers to various consumers. A food chain is a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten. Producers, such as floating algae called phytoplankton, are at the base of every food chain. A food web is a network of all the food chains in an ecosystem. Food webs are very complex. Small disturbances to one population can affect all populations in a food web. Changes in populations of zooplankton, small marine animals that feed on algae, can affect all of the animals in the marine food web. Trophic Levels and Ecological Pyramids Each step in a food chain or food web is called a trophic level. Producers make up the first trophic level. Consumers make up higher trophic levels. Each consumer depends on the trophic level below it for energy. An ecological pyramid is a diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food chain or food web. Types of ecological pyramids are pyramids of energy, pyramids of biomass, and pyramids of numbers: Pyramids of energy show relative amounts of energy available at different trophic levels. Pyramids of biomass show the total amount of living tissue at each trophic level. A pyramid of numbers shows the relative numbers of organisms at different trophic levels. Food Chains and Food Webs 1. Complete the table about feeding relationships. Feeding Relationships Relationship Food Chain Food Web Description A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten A network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem Lesson 3.3 Workbook A Copyright by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 35

8 Use the food chain to answer Questions Draw arrows between the organisms to show how energy moves through this food chain. Write producer, herbivore, or carnivore under each organism. carnivore carnivore carnivore herbivore producer 3. Explain how energy flows through this food chain. Phytoplankton are photosynthetic organisms. They use energy from the sun to create carbohydrates. The zooplankton eats the phytoplankton to obtain energy. The small fish eat the zooplankton. The squid eats the small fish. The shark eats the squid. 4. What would happen to this food chain if a disturbance caused a serious decline in the shark population? If the shark numbers declined, there would be no natural predator to control the number of squids. Therefore the squid population might increase. The larger population of squid would then eat more fish than the typical population would have. Eventually the squid would run out of fish to eat and start to die out. 5. What role does energy play in the diagram, and how is it represented? Energy is both taken in and recycled by the decomposers and the primary producers. The recycling machines represent the mechanisms by which those organisms convert energy from the forms they use (the house and building blocks) to the forms into which they recycle it (building blocks, ship and bridge). Lesson 3.3 Workbook A Copyright by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 36

9 Trophic Levels and Ecological Pyramids Write True or False on the line provided. False 6. Primary consumers always make up the first trophic level in a food web. True 7. Ecological pyramids show the relative amount of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a given food web. False 8. On average, about 50 percent of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to the next trophic level. False 9. The more levels that exist between a producer and a given consumer, the larger the percentage of the original energy from producers is available to that consumer. Use the diagram to answer Questions Marsh hawk Shrew Grasshopper Ribbed mussel Zooplankton Detritus Marsh grass Algae Match the organism with its trophic level. A trophic level may be used more than once. Organism A 10. algae B 11. grasshopper A 12. marsh grass D 13. marsh hawk C 14. plankton-eating fish B 15. ribbed mussel C 16. shrew B 17. zooplankton Trophic Level A. primary producer B. first-level consumer C. second-level consumer D. third-level consumer Lesson 3.3 Workbook A Copyright by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 37

10 18. Complete the energy pyramid by writing the source of the energy for the food web and how much energy is available to first-, second-, and third-level consumers. Heat Heat Heat 0.1% 1% Third-level consumers Second-level consumers Heat 10% First-level consumers 100% Producers Light or chemical energy For Questions 19 21, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words. 19. A pyramid of biomass illustrates the relative amount of living organic matter available at each trophic level in an ecosystem. 20. A pyramid of numbers shows the relative numbers of individual organisms at the trophic levels in an ecosystem. 21. A pyramid of energy shows the relative amounts of energy available at the trophic levels of a food chain or food web. 22. Identify which type of ecological pyramid best traces the flow of matter through an ecosystem. Explain your answer. Biomass pyramids show the amount of organic material at each trophic level; thus, they are the best type of ecological pyramid to use in order to model the flow of matter through an ecosystem. A numbers pyramid would not as accurately display this kind of information because a larger producer, such as a tree, which contains a great deal of matter, would be able to feed hundreds or thousands of small first-level consumers, such as wood-eating insects. Lesson 3.3 Workbook A Copyright by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 38

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