Phonics. Basic building blocks of words i.e. the sounds we learn to make up words. b d eeighoughetc. A phoneme makes one sound.

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1 Phonics Phoneme: (fo-neem) Basic building blocks of words i.e. the sounds we learn to make up words. b d eeighoughetc. A phoneme makes one sound. Allophone: (AL-eh-fon) The different ways you can pronounce a phoneme. It is a set of multiple possible spoken sounds (or phones) used to pronounce a single phoneme. Wikipedia. /a/ as in mat /a/ as in mad Both allophones of the phoneme a Digraph: (die-graph) Two letters making one sound sh th ng etc Trigraph: Three letters making one sound igh (f-r-igh-t) Quadgraph: Four letters making one sound ough (th-ough)

2 Vowel Digraph Two vowels that make up one sound oa ee ea Adjacent Consonants Two consonants next to each other that make two different sounds stop grab bend Three adjacent consonants are called a consonant string scrap Spilt digraph When a vowel digraph is spilt by a constant, but pronounced as if they are together. bake (ae) w r o t e (oe) th e s e (ee) Magic e When a magic e is added to a word it reaches back and makes that vowel a long sound: Grip --- Gripe Rag --- Rage It is not really taught this anymore as that e is not magic- it has a job to do. It used to be called a silent e however this is also confusing. You need to notice the e is there to do its job, as opposed to ignoring it.you can ignore

3 the k in knight. That k is silent as it serves no purpose the magic e does. Therefore telling children to ignore it would be very confusing. However of course some words buck this silent rule, like house. H-OU-S-e It is now sometimes called the bossy e as it tells other letters to change themselves. Grapheme: (gra-f-eem) A letter or letters that represent a sound. Essentially how we write. f and ph = /f/ igh = /ie/ (like eye) Some phonemes can be spelled with many different graphemes: /ee/: ee, ea, ie, ei, e, e-e, y, Some can represent different sounds (these words are mostly red words- one which cannot be sounded out phonetically, as they do not follow the regular phonetic pattern i.e. the ) /o/: want /ar/: fast (depending on your accent) /ae/: table Mnemonic: (n-mom-ic) A device for recalling and memorising something. i.e.: The snake shaped letter s ay- may I play? Segment: Splitting a word into its individual phonemes in order to spell it.

4 Blend: To draw individual sounds together to pronounce a word. Grapheme-Phoneme Correspondence (GPC): Being able to match a grapheme to a phoneme and vice versa. CVC words: Words that are spelt with a constant, vowel, constant. cat dog rat bag Onset and Rime: Only found in CVC words. Onset is the initial first letter in a word for example /c/ in cat. Rime is the vowel constant that come after it; /at/ in cat. Systematic Synthetic Phonics: A system of teaching to read in which children are taught phonic sounds and use these to synthesise (blend) unfamiliar words Literacy Metaphor:A sentence that describes a subject as another thing. Her eyes are blueoceans

5 Simile:A sentence that describes a subject as like or as Her eyes are like blue oceans Personification:When an object or animal can be described like a person. The statues waited patiently Onomatopoeia:Words that sound like their meaning Whoosh, bang, thump, crash Homonym: When two or more words are pronounced the same but have different meanings (ho-mo-nim) Can sometimes also be spelt the same i.e. ring The tap has sprung a leek/leak Idioms:An expression that s meaning is not predictable from the usual meaning of its words. Kick the bucket, means to die. Can also mean how a group of people speak, for example Scottish people using the word wee for small. Hyperbole:An expression that is over the top. His feet where as big as dustbins lids

6 Cliché:A simile that has been used so often it becomes boring and predictable. As deep as an ocean First Person:When a text is written in the pronoun I I went to the shops Second Person: When a text is written in the pronoun you You went to the shops Third Person: When a text is written with the pronouns he, she, they or it He/She/It/They went to the shops Assonance: Repeating vowel sounds. Mad bad rag on a sad mag tag Alliteration: Repetition of the first letter of a word. Perfect Peter pets pale pandas.

7 Noun: A name for a person place or thing. Alan/ nurse/ teacher Dog/ cat/ mouse London/ house/ street Table/ chair/ bottle Water/ gas/ liquid Beauty/ thoughtfulness/ cunning Cooking/ dancing/ swimming Month/ year/ inch Nouns for persons Nouns for animals Nouns for places Nouns for objects Nouns for substances Nouns for qualities Nouns for actions* Nouns for a measurements *As opposed to to cook, to dance, to swim which are verbs: I will cook dinner Verb I love cooking Noun Pronoun: Used in place of a noun that has already been mentioned, often to avoid repeated noun use. She went to the shops. That is mine.

8 Verb: Doing words. They can express a physical or mental action, or a state of being. Physical action: to swim, to write, to climb Mental action: to think, to guess, to consider State of Being*: to be, to exist, to appear. * These are the most common: Subject To be in past tense To be in present tense To be in future tense I Was Am Will be You Were Are Will be He/She/It Was Is Will be We Were Are Will be You Were Are Will be They Were Are Will be She sells seashells on the seashore. Sells expresses the physical action to sell If you can put a to in front of it, it is a verb. Adverb: Added to a verb to modify it s meaning. Will answer the question HOW They usually end in ly. Beautifully, quickly stupidly.

9 She sang beautifully. She ran quickly. He said stupidly. Some however do not. For example fast modifies the sentence; He runs fast. Adjective: A describing word. Adjectives are added to nouns to state what kind, colour, or how many etc. They are necessary to make meanings more clear. The yellow cab. The friendly elephant. Differences between adverbs and adjectives: An adjective modifies nouns: I ate a meal. Meal is a noun. We do not know what kind of meal it is, all we know is someone ate one. I ate an enormous meal. Enormous is an adjective. It tells what kind of meal that has been eaten. Adjectives usually answer the questions: Which What kind of How many

10 Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs: They usually answer the question: Subject verb adverb HOW She drew precisely Precisely is an adverb because it tells us how she drew. Subject verb adverb The service was slow Slow is an adverb because it tells us how the service was. Conjunction: A word that connects words, phrases clauses or sentences. and but however Compound Words: When two words are put together. Watchdog grandmother elsewhere. Before Where Preposition: A word that comes before a noun or pronoun to show its relationship to another word in the sentence. above across beneath beside down

11 Think of a preposition is anywhere a mouse could go. The mouse crawled under the table The mouse climbed on top of the cupboard A Noun phrase:a phrase that plays the role of a noun. The headword in a noun phrase will be a noun or pronoun. I like singing in the bath or I like it The ability to replace the noun phrases with a pronoun proves that the shaded texts are functioning nouns making them noun phrases. And noun with any sort of modifier is a noun phrase. Clause: A group of words that includes a subject and a verb tenses. "The girl sits on a chair." A simple sentence: A sentence with only one clause. A compound sentence: A sentence with two clauses joined by: A conjunction with comma/semicolon A semicolon A colon A dash A complex sentence: one with an independent clause on one dependent clause. Independent clauseor main clause one that can stand alone as a sentence. Has a subject and verb.

12 Dependent clause or subordinate clause one standalone as a complete sentence as it does not complete the thought. All clauses have a subject and verb. I am not tidying the dishes, unless Peter helps. Independent Clause Subordinate clause Active voice: When the subject performs the verb. I wrote a letter. Passive voice: the opposite. A letter was written. If you can add by zombies to the sentence it is passive. I wrote a letter [by zombies]. --- Active Voice A letter was written [by zombies]. --- Passive voice