Molecular Biology Basic Concepts
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1 Molecular Biology Basic Concepts Prof. Dr. Antônio Augusto Fröhlich Charles Ivan Wust LISHA - UFSC {guto charles}@lisha.ufsc.br charles} September 2003 September
2 Life Living things Active participation; Array of chemical reactions that never cease. Started about 3.5 million years ago. Composed of similar molecular chemestry (biochemestry) Proteins Nucleic acids We are our proteins. (Russel Doolittle) September
3 Proteins Several functions Structural: tissues building blocks Enzymes: catalyst of chemical reactions Other: oxygen transport, antibody defense,... Chain of aminoacids September
4 Amino Acid Examples α α September
5 Peptide Bonds α α September
6 The 20 amino acids 1-letter code 3-letter code Name 1-letter code 3-letter code Name 1 A Ala Alanine 11 M Met Methionine 2 C Cys Cysteine 12 N Asn Asparagine 3 D Asp Aspartic Acid 13 P Pro Proline 4 E Glu Glutamic Acid 14 Q Gln Glutamine 5 F Phe Phenylalanine 15 R Arg Arginine 6 G Gly Glycine 16 S Ser Serine 7 H His Histidine 17 T Thr Threonine 8 I Ile Isoleucine 18 V Val Valine 9 K Lys Lysine 19 W Trp Tryptophan 10 L Leu Leucine 20 Y Tyr Tyrosine September
7 Protein Structure Fold in 3 dimensions Primary structure: Sequence of residues; Secondary structure: Local structures (i.e. helices) Tertiary structure: secondary structure on a global level, the overral 3-D structure of single proteins. Quartiary structure: Product of the in interaction between different proteins. September
8 Protein 3-D Structure September
9 Nucleic Acids Two kinds Ribonucleic acid (RNA) Desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) September
10 DNA Double chain of simpler molecules Free-floating in lower organisms (prokariotes) Inside the nucleus in higher organisms (euchariotes), and in mitochondria and chloroplasts (plants only) Single chain = strand Repetition of nucleotides (sugar+phosphate+base) Has an orientation (5' -> 3' is default) 4 types of bases (A)denin, (G)uanin, (C)ytosine and (T)imine September
11 DNA Double strands Duble helix structure discovered by Watson and Crick in 1953 Each base in one strand is paired with a base in the other strand Complementary bases (A + T, G + C) DNA lenth measured in base pairs (bp) Strands have reverse orientation (antiparallel) Each strand is the reverse complement of the oposite September
12 DNA September
13 RNA Very similar to DNA Differences Sugar is ribose, instead of 2'-deoxyribose (U)racil instead of (T)hymine Single stranded Several different functions, instead of information encoding September
14 Central Dogma of Molecular Biology September
15 Transcription Certain stretches of DNA encode information for building proteins, but not all of it. Each kind of protein usually correspond to one and only one stretch in the DNA: a gene Sequence of amino acids in a protein are specified by triplets of nucleotides (codons), according to the genetic code. September
16 The genetic code First pos. G A C T Second Pos. Third Pos. G A C T G Gly Gly Gly Gly A Glu Glu Asp Asp C Ala Ala Ala Ala T Val Val Val Val G Arg Arg Ser Ser A Lys Lys Asn Asn C Thr Thr Thr Thr T Met Ile Ile Ile G Arg Arg Arg Arg A Gln Gln His His C Pro Pro Pro Pro T Leu Leu Leu Leu G Trp STOP Cys Cys A STOP STOP Tyr Tyr C Ser Ser Ser Ser T Leu Leu Phe Phe September
17 Transcription The codon ATG signals the start of a gene DNA double strand is separated September
18 Transcription The gene that is located in one of the strands is used as a tamplate to create an messanger RNA (mrna) molecule, similar to DNA September
19 Transcription In more evolved organisms, there is the splicing phenomenom: some parts of the gene is not copied to mrna. The parts that are not used in the mrna are called introns, and what is used is called exons. DNA corresponding to non-spliced mrna is called genomic DNA. DNA corresponding to spliced mrna is called complementary DNA, or simply cdna The cdna can be obtained by reverse transcription September
20 Translation Translation is the process of creating proteins from RNA. This happens with the aid of a molecule called trna, in the cell ribossomes September
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