Department of Computer Science Institute for System Architecture, Chair for Computer Networks. extensible Stylesheet Language
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1 Department of Computer Science Institute for System Architecture, Chair for Computer Networks extensible Stylesheet Language
2 Scenario of document generation Data representation Data extraction Transfer Interpretation id name first name title room 1 Hawking Stephen Professor 42 2 Newton Isaac Sir 43 3 Kepler Johannes Professor 71 Transformation PDF Web server XHTML Content + Style / Layout = Presentation 2
3 Layer Model The progression can be viewed as layer model Data inside Storage Layer is extracted and forwarded to the user after transformation to presentation format through processing layer Presentation Layer Browser Printer PDF Reader Mobile Application... (X)HTML RTF PDF PostScript WML... Processing Layer Logic Style sheets extensible Markup Language Storage Layer RDBMS XML Repository File System... 3
4 Extensible Stylesheet Language The extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) is a set of W3C recommendations for XML transformation and presentation that is widely used to generate arbitrary documents It consists out of: 1. XML Path Language (XPath) an expression language for addressing parts of an XML document 2. XSL Transformations (XSLT) a language for transforming one XML representation to another 3. XSL Formatting Objects (XSL-FO) an XML vocabulary for specifying formatting semantics Processing Layer XSLT-, XSL-FO-Processors, XPATH, XSL stylesheets Used as integrative data representation extensible Markup Language 4
5 XML Path Language The XML Path Language (XPath) is a non-xml syntax for addressing parts of an XML document To navigate in XML trees and select nodes or sets of nodes it uses path expressions A location step consists out of three parts: Step = AxisName '::' NodeTest '[' Expression ']' specifies the tree relationship between the nodes selected by the location step and the context node (e.g. child, parent, attribute, self ) specifies the node type zero or more predicates, which use arbitrary expressions to further refine the set of nodes selected by the location step Examples: child::person[child::name] all children of type person which have a child of type name /descendant::person[position()=23] selects the twenty third person in the document (absolute location path) 5
6 XML Path Language Beside the expanded syntax there exists an abbreviated form Some important abbreviated location path expressions are: nodename Selects all child nodes of the node of type nodename title selects all child elements title nodename1/nodename2 Selects children of nodename1 which have type nodename2 document/title selects all title child nodes of document elements../nodename Selects children of the parent of the current node Selects the attribute attr of the children of type nodename../title moves to the parent of the current node and selects its child element title selects the attribute id of the element document. Selects the current node ---.//nodename Selects all element nodes of type nodename that are successors of the current node (located in an arbitrary depth of the XML tree).//title selects all elements title that are successors of the current node (e.g. document ) * Selects all children of the current node --- /path / introduces an absolute path (root-node) --- 6
7 XML Path Language XPath is the conceptual basis of further W3C specifications: XQuery Language for querying for information in XML documents Example: fn:count(//book) XML Pointer Language (XPointer) XQuery Counts all elements book in an XML file Language for pointing to specific parts of an XML document XPointer XPath XSLT XLink Example: xlink:href="list.xml#element(/1/2)" Selects the second child element of the root element (= the first element) in the file list.xml XML Linking Language (XLink) Language for creating hyperlinks in an XML document Example: <anchor xmlns:xlink=" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href=" text</anchor> Defines a simple link that points via XPointer to the fifth item in a list with a unique id of msc in the file list.xml located at 7
8 XSL Transformation XSLT is an XML based language used for transforming one XML tree to another XML tree (or e.g. another text based representation) It is based on a separation of content and style of the resulting tree: Content is available as XML data Style is available as an XSLT stylesheet file (valid XML) An XSLT processor takes the XML data as input and generates the output file whose structure is described in the XSLT stylesheet XML Input file XSLT declarations (stylesheet) XSLT Processor XML Output file 8
9 XSL Transformation There exist two main areas of application for XSLT: 1. Communication Oriented Transformation XML output file is a format for machine communication Often used in the context of Message Oriented Middleware or Service Oriented Architectures One common target format is the SOAP protocol: Service Requestor Service Provider XML data XSLT SOAP envelope Network Service SOAP style 2. Presentation Oriented Publishing (POP) Output format is generated for purpose of presentation (e.g. as PDF or Website) Content of this lecture 9
10 XSL Transformation The XSLT stylesheet is a collection of templates Each template defines which actions (e.g. generating XML tags) are performed if a particular node is examined The XML source tree is processed recursively beginning with the root node If the processing order is not changed explicitly the children of the current node are traversed from left to right XSLT uses XPath to specify nodes (e.g. by match or select ) root node transformation document title chapter chapter head text title titleparagraph paragraph title paragraph text text text text text text root node html body h1 p p h1 p text text text text text source tree result (XHTML) tree 10
11 XSL Transformation Particular template is processed by apply-templates -instruction that results in a new set of selected nodes: <xsl:apply-templates select="chapter"/>... <xsl:template match="chapter"> <html:h1> <xsl:value-of select="title"/> </html:h1> <xsl:value-of select="paragraph"/> </template>... root node transformation document title chapter chapter head text title titleparagraph paragraph title paragraph text text text text text text root node html body h1 p p h1 p text text text text text source tree result (XHTML) tree 11
12 XSL Transformation example <?xml version="1.0"?> <staff> <staffmember> <name>hawking</name> <firstname>stephen</firstname> <title>professor</title> <room>42</room> </staffmember> <staffmember> <name>newton</name> <firstname>isaac</firstname> <title>sir</title> <room>43</room> </staffmember> </staff> + <xsl:template match="staff"> <table><xsl:apply-templates/></table> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="staffmember"> <tr><xsl:apply-templates/></tr> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="name"> <td><xsl:value-of select=". "/></td> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="firstname"> <td><xsl:value-of select="."/></td> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="title">... <table> <tr> <td>hawking</td><td>stephen</td> <td>professor</td><td>42</td> </tr> <tr> <td>newton</td><td>isaac</td> <td>sir</td><td>43</td> </tr> </table> 12
13 XSLT language constructs Beside the simple template mechanism XSLT features many powerful language constructs making it an expressive programming language Some of these constructs are: <xsl:for-each select= XPATH expression > Selects every XML element of a specified node-set <xsl:if test= XPATH expression > Puts a conditional test against the content of the XML file <xsl:sort select= XPATH expression /> Selected nodes can be sorted in alphabetical or numeric order <xsl:variable name= somename select= XPATH expression /> Declares a variable which is initialised with the value specified by the XPATH expression and can be accessed by $somename 13
14 XHTML generation An often used application of XSLT is the generation of XHTML documents By this a website can be generated dynamically out of XML content and thus be adapted to the characteristics of a requesting client In contrast to the XSLT stylesheet, which describes the resulting XHTML tree, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) are used to describe the layout of the XHTML document in the web browser XML document XSLT + XHTML document XSL Stylesheet + CSS document Presentation layout 14
15 XHTML generation There exist three different possibilities for the XHTML generation process: 1. Document has been generated before a client request occurs XHTML data web server XHTML data web browser XHTML Documents 2. Transformation done by server XML data web server XHTML data web browser XSLT stylesheet 3. Transformation done by client generates XHTML XML data web server XML data XSLT Stylesheet web browser 15
16 XHTML generation on server 1 Script code 2 Web browser Web server Application server XML 4 XSL 6 XHTML file 5 XSLT processor Request for a dynamically generated document Web accessible logic (e.g. Script code in form of Java Server Pages or Active Server Pages) is executed on application server Load XML and XSL data into memory Pass the XML and XSL data to a XSLT processor 5 Generate the XHTML file Send the XHTML file to the web browser 16
17 XHTML generation on client Alternative 1: the browser requests an XML document that contains XSL stylesheet reference: <?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="pathtofile.xsl"?> Web browser 2 XHTML 4 1 Request for an XML document and delivery of this document XML document 1 XSLT processor 4 4 Web server XSL document Web browser determines reference to XSL file that is included in the XML document Request for XSL-document and delivery of this document 4 Out of the XML and XSL data the browser s XSLT processor generates the XHTML document 17
18 XHTML generation on client Alternative 2: the requested document contains JavaScript code, that organises the request for the XML and XSL files This method works in non XSLT aware browsers <html> JavaScript- Code </html> 1 Web browser 2 6 JavaScript-Engine XML 3 Web server XHTML tags 5 XSL Request for a document and delivery of this document Web browser executes JavaScript code 3 JavaScript code loads XML data 4 JavaScript code loads XSL data 5 The transformation of XML data to XHTML tags is done inside the JavaScript-Engine 6 Generated XHTML-tags are included into the document that finally can be displayed 18
19 Transformation on client The following code fragment shows a possibility for a JavaScript based transformation on client In real applications it is necessary to detect the client s web browser and depending on this information instantiate the right XML parser <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var xml = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLDOM") xml.async = false xml.load("data.xml") var xsl = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLDOM") xsl.async = false xsl.load("style.xsl") document.write(xml.transformnode(xsl)) </script> </body> </html> Instantiating the Microsoft XML parser Load the XML data without delay Load XSL data Start the transformation 19
20 Client-dependent transformation XHTML Scheme WML Scheme chooses Categorizer request Regular web browser Mobile Client Web server XSLT workflow Adapted document reply Depending on the requesting client a categorizer chooses the necessary stylesheet and forwards it to the XSLT procedure that generates the client adapted document 20
21 XSL Formatting Objects XSLT can only transform one XML tree to another or alternatively to text based formats and thus is inapplicable for generating arbitrary result documents such as especially page oriented representations To specify complex page layout for a document the W3C has released the XSL Formatting Object (XSL-FO) standard XSL-FO is an XML based mark-up language describing the formatting of XML data for output to screen, printer or other media An XSL-FO file describes what the pages look like and where the content has to be placed in a very detailed way Further developments of the CSS specification (CSS Level 3) show an increasing convergence between CSS and XSL-FO though XSL- FO still offers a more powerful expressiveness regarding pageoriented layout Alternative for generating PDF files: itext ( XSL-FO file PDF External resources (images etc.) XSL-FO processor RTF Bitmap... 21
22 XSL Formatting Objects Different page layouts can be defined inside the layoutmaster-set region-start region-before region-body region-after region-end <fo:layout-master-set> <fo:simple-page-master master-name="example" page-width="210mm" page-height="297mm" margin-top="" margin-bottom="" margin-left="" margin-right=""> <fo:region-body margin="2cm"/> <fo:region-before extent="2cm"/> <fo:region-after extent="2cm"/> <fo:region-start extent="1cm"/> <fo:region-end extent="1cm"/> </fo:simple-page-master> </fo:layout-master-set> 22
23 XSL Formatting Objects The content is embedded into text-blocks inside the page flow The more you sweat in training, the less you'll bleed in battle. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso "?> <fo:root xmlns:fo=" <fo:layout-master-set> <! definition of layout-master --> </fo:layout-master-set> <fo:page-sequence master-reference="example"> <fo:flow flow-name="xsl-region-body"> <fo:block font-family="arial" font-size="12pt"> The more you sweat in training, </fo:block> <fo:block font-family="verdana" font-size="18pt"> the less you'll bleed in battle. </fo:block> </fo:flow> </fo:page-sequence> </fo:root> 23
24 Generating XSL-FO In practise an XSL-FO file is generated dynamically out of an XML document by XSLT The input file s markup has to be replaced entirely by XSL- FO-Markup except a few allowed objects that can be embedded into the XSL-FO data (e.g. vector graphics) External resources (images etc.) XML Input file PDF XSLT declarations (style sheet) XSLT processor XSL-FO data XSL-FO processor RTF Bitmap... 24
25 Generating XML In general the content that should be presented is not stored in XML and thus must be transferred to XML at first The conversion of data from a relational database to XML is done in three steps: 1. Query for data by SQL 2. Storage of data in a temporary data structure (e.g. an Java object) 3. Transformation of this data structure to XML by using a language specific Application Programming Interface (e.g. the Simple API for XML SAX) 1. SQL Logic 2. Java Object 3. API XML data 25
26 XSL-FO based document generation A (Java) Servlet can function as central point to deliver a document to a client The following image shows an reference infrastructure for XSL-FO based document generation (e.g. PDF files) in the World Wide Web 3 SQL Program Logic Server 2 Servlet 1 HTTP request HTTP response Client web browser 4 XSL-FO processor 6 XSLT processor 5 XML representation of data 7 8 XSLT stylesheet 9 External viewer 26
27 XSL-FO based document generation Web browser sends an HTTP request to the Servlet Servlet invokes program logic for accessing the database and for generating the document Data is extracted via SQL from a relational database 4 Data is transferred to an XML representation 5 With the use of an XSLT processor the pure XSL-FO data is generated out of the XML data and the XSLT stylesheet 6 XSL-FO data is forwarded to an XSL-FO processor; document is generated 7 Document is passed as byte-stream to the Servlet 8 Servlet sets the http-response content type ( MIME-type ) to specific value (e.g. application/pdf or image/png) and sends the document to the client 9 If the document can not be directly presented in the web browser, an external application is invoked for this purpose 27
28 Useful target formats Beside the already described document types some further useful target formats for an XSL transformation are: DocBook Open document standard that is used to generate Unix Manpages and computer documentation in general but also HTML and PDF files WorldML / SpreadsheetML XML based Markup Languages that can be used by current office products as e.g. Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel Java2D / Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) XSL-FO description can be transformed to a window that displays the single pages Really Simple Syndication (RSS)/Atom Famous formats for web feeds used in web blogs etc. 28
29 XSLT / XSL-FO processors Demands on XSLT / XSL-FO processors: Implementation of at least large parts of the XSL specification (because of the complexity of the spec. a full implementation is rare) Availability for desired programming language Adequate documentation Adequate set of example applications Support for additional features Modular structure which enables simple integration in own software Acceptable output generation speed Support for the wanted XSLT version Special demand on XSLT processors: Validating input and output XML trees input XSLT processor Schema definition XML Validator Special demand on XSL-FO processors: Support for a variety of output formats output valid / not valid 29
30 XSLT processors In addition to the mentioned web browser embedded XSLT processors, there exist many free or commercial implementations of the XSLT specifications Examples of XSLT processors are: XALAN Java and C++ open source software library that is part of the Apache project SAXON Open Source basic processor and commercial schema-aware solution and thus supporting input/output validation Includes XQuery processor.net Class System.Xml.Xsl.XslCompiledTransform XSLT processor that is integrated in the Microsoft.NET Framework 30
31 XSL-FO processors XSL-FO processors differ highly in the degree of XSL-FO spec. implementation and supported output types Examples for XSL-FO processors are: XSL Formatter Commercial processor with full XSL-FO spec. support and many additional features Offers interfaces for various programming languages (Java, C++, ) Apache Formatting Objects Processor (FOP) Open source Java application that supports different output formats and the redirection of the output directly to a printer 31
32 Conclusion Presentation Layer Browser Printer PDF Reader Mobile Application... XHTML XML Text... PostScript PDF PNG Processing Layer XSLT processor XSL-FO style XSL-FO processor resources (images, ) XSLT stylesheet XML data XML API Temporary data structure Storage Layer RDBMS XML Repository File System... 32
33 References Links at W3C: XSL homepage XSL spec. XSLT 1.0 spec. XSLT 2.0 spec. XPath 1.0 spec. XPath 2.0 spec Further Links FOP SAX SAXON XALAN XSL Formatter
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