Delayed farrowings. Wean required number per week (100) Litter sizes Number stillborn. Good FCE Good ADG

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1 Delayed farrowings Wean required number per week (100) Number of sows farrowing Litter sizes Number stillborn Pre-weaning mortality Grow pigs well Good FCE Good ADG Low mortality

2 Delayed farrowings Efficient/proficient mating Good dry sow management 25 pigs/br. sow/yr 208 breeding sows Wean required number per week (100) Required number of sows farrow Good litter sizes Low stillborns Low pre-weaning mortality Grow pigs well Good FCE Good ADG Low mortality

3 Delayed farrowings Inefficient/sub-optimal mating Poor dry sow management 17 pigs/br. sow/yr 305 breeding sows Wean required number per week (100) Required number of sows farrow Poor litter sizes High stillborns High pre-weaning mortality Grow pigs well Good FCE Good ADG Low mortality

4 Delayed farrowings Good effective mating and dry sow management Good practices, facilities and management in the farrowing rooms Well fed, well housed, healthy growers

5 Stillborns Delayed farrowings Fewer born alive per litter Fewer pigs weaned per litter Fewer pigs sold per year Uterine discharges Longer weaning to service interval Decreased fertility (more repeats) Decreased subsequent litter size (gilts) Increased replacement costs Fewer litters per sow per year Fewer litters weaned per week Fewer pigs sold per year

6 What are stillborns? Time taken between detachment of the placenta and delivery of the piglet is too long for the particular piglet concerned (dead when it hits the ground) Depends on: Where piglet is in uterus The rate at which the sow pushes the piglet out The number of obstacles in its path Viability of the piglet Size and presentation of piglet As many as 70% of stillborns are thought to be dying (not dead) when delivered = some could be saved?

7 Some stillborns are inevitable! Some foetuses are at the anterior tips of the uterine horns The delivery of some piglets will be slowed may have to be pushed past other piglets Some piglets are less viable than others Sows vary in the rate at which they deliver piglets strong association with age Impossible to have no stillborns However, it is also possible to have far too many if farrowings are unduly delayed Big increase in stillborns where farrowing takes over 4 hr >80% of stillborns are delivered in the last third of the litter

8 Causes of delayed farrowing Old sows Season/room temperature ( C) Nutrient deficiencies and excesses Ca, Vit E, Se, Zn Poor feeding in late, late gestation Stress/welfare/housing/nest building/exercise/ Dystocia Constipation Fat sows Large piglet, two piglets at once etc Uterine inertia (primary and secondary) Mismanagement of farrowings e.g. inappropriate use of induction and oxytocin Uterine inertia (primary and secondary)

9 Some delays are normal Some sows are old Some piglets will get stuck Question is - What is normal? Normally 10-15% of farrowings are delayed (>5 hours all up) Normally about 5-7% of piglets are expected to be stillborn Normally only about 5% should require assistance (some studies report an incidence less than 1%) But what if 30+% of farrowings are delayed 14% of piglets are stillborn 80% are due to dystocia? Need to address causes Are sows constipated? fat? lazy? How is farrowing managed?

10 Causes of dystocia normal?! Other Large piglet Kink in uterus Uterine inertia Two piglets Obstruction Breach piglets

11 But what if there is more 1 0 inertia? Kink in uterus Large piglet Other Two piglets Obstruction Breach piglets Uterine inertia

12 Or lots of piglets are getting stuck? Other Large piglet Kink in uterus Uterine inertia Two piglets Breach piglets Obstruction

13 If piglets are getting stuck, need to ask Are sows constipated? Are sows too fat? Are piglets too big? Yes No Yes No Yes No Feed more bran Feed less during pregnancy Increase supervision

14 If sows are not pushing, need to ask Are piglets getting stuck? Secondary inertia sow exhausted Yes Is supervision adequate and manual intervention timely enough What are the causes? Are sows lazy? Yes Are sows getting too hot? Primary inertia Are sows ill? Is nutrition adequate e.g. Ca? Is the problem man-made? panic in the farrowing room Hormonal, nutritional, environmental?

15 What to do if piglets are getting stuck Address the causes Manually assist sow 1. Must be clean 2. Must cause as little damage as possible However Manual intervention will always introduce bacteria into the vagina/uterus only question is how many Manual intervention often causes damage to vagina/cervix which may result in oedema and difficulty delivering rest of litter or scarring that causes dystocia next time round E.g. 35% of gilts and 13% of mature sows that were assisted were injured, 3% so severely they had to be destroyed. 16% got so freaked out they either were destroyed or died before farrowing was complete Adequate supervision allows you to Assess the sow - has she been pushing? To intervene in time

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17 What to do with primary inertia Must decide if its primary or secondary inertia (lazy sow or sow exhausted from pushing) Adequate supervision history known Manual intervention Enables you to remove piglets if they are there (twisted horn an exception) Often sparks the lazy sow back into action Increases the risk of infection State of sow bloodshot eyes, agitated, discomfort Normal lazy sows (<5% of farrowings) Chemical intervention e.g. oxytocin is appropriate Make the sow stand, walk quietly around room Abnormal lazy sows (>5% of farrowings) Again chemical intervention e.g. oxytocin is appropriate HOWEVER, must also address the causes which may include HOWEVER, must also address the causes which may include inappropriate use of oxytocin

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19 Comes in two strengths 1 Oxytocin = 10 IU/ml 2 Butocin = 20 IU/ml Oxytocin is a hormone that is naturally produced in the sow and has important functions in the healthy animal Hormones are usually released in very small amounts and so to stimulate normal functional responses, we should only give a little bit Important functions include 1 uterine contractions 2 milk let-down

20 1. To further compact the period over which induced sows farrow 2. To induce uterine contractions when the uterus fails to contract during farrowing 3. To ensure that sows clean after a manual delivery 4. To initiate milk let down for the treatment of lactational insufficiency (MMA) 5. To stimulate let down in healthy sows to assist with milking to collect colostrum 6. To stimulate uterine contractions at the time of insemination to assist in moving semen up toward ovaries In all instances are augmenting natural oxytocin release.

21 For some uses if a large dose is given, it disrupts normal function and is counterproductive e.g. to induce uterine contractions when the uterus fails to contract during farrowing If a large dose is given (>10IU) 1. numb the uterus (make it refractory) to the effects of further oxytocin, including sows own oxytocin for several hours 2. cause strong asynchronous uterine contractions which can be both painful and unproductive 3. cause the uterus to spasm for up to 15 minutes 4. inhibit the let down of milk once farrowing is complete An appropriate dose for this use is ml of oxytocin ml of Butocin

22 First must decide if giving oxytocin is appropriate Not appropriate if sow is pushing without success or has stopped because she is exhausted from trying In either case, it is likely that something is wrong e.g a piglet is stuck. You should check the sow Has the sow been pushing? (check Check her theeyes, sows eyes? history) NO Administer ½-1 ml oxytocin Wait 30 minutes Give more oxytocin (½-1 ml) Farrowing progresses Wait 30 minutes Yes Do a manual examination Deliver piglets Something else must be wrong check sow, give calcium etc

23 1. Compacting induction = 1 ml Oxytocin, 0.5 ml Butocin NB higher doses reduce time but increase dystocia 2. Stimulating contractions during farrowing = ml Oxytocin, 0.5 ml Butocin 3. To clean sows at the end of farrowing = 1 ml Oxytocin, 0.5 ml Butocin 4. As part of treatment for MMA = 2-3 ml Oxytocin, ml Butocin 5. To assist with hand milking = 2-3 ml Oxytocin, ml Butocin 6. When adding to semen = 1 ml Oxytocin, 0.5 ml Butocin

24 Uterine discharge Discharges from the vulva can originate from The vagina The uterus The bladder Can distinguish between these by Volume of discharge Character of discharge Timing of discharge Association with urination Association with oestrous cycle

25 Uterine discharge The uterus is usually a sterile environment although bacteria are usually (always) present in the vagina The cervix separates the uterus from the vagina and is a long effective structure in the sow Bacteria can move from the vagina to the uterus when the cervix is open Similarly, pus (discharge) can easily drain from the uterus when the cervix is open The cervix is open when The sow is in heat The sow farrows Bugs, therefore, (always) enter at these times The only question is which and how many!

26 Bacteria involved Any bacteria that are present in the envirnment around the sow may enter the vagina and be transferred into the uterus e.g. all of those in pig faeces The most common of these is E. coli, and thus unsurprisingly it is the bacteria most commonly associated with both bladder and uterus infections However, many infections are mixed, reflecting the non- specific mode of entry of bacteria into the uterus Staphyloccus Proteus Klebsiella Erysipelas

27 Risks for infection The number of bacteria entering the uterus will depend on 1. The integrity of the cervix Age 2. How many bacteria are contaminating the vagina Environmental hygiene, faecal build up behind sows 3. How long the cervix is open for and how open it is Age Delayed farrowings! 4. Specific factors that can transfer bugs from the vagina to the uterus or from the external environment to the uterus The boar The AI pipette Assistance at farrowing

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29 Uterine infection Uterine infection discharging Uterine infection discharging pus when cervix opens as next heat approaches

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32 Some discharges are normal Discharge in the last couple of weeks of pregnancy Arises from cellular changes in the vagina leading up to farrowing First few days after farrowing Some bugs always enter the uterus at farrowing. There is a period during which these bugs and any remaining bits of placenta are removed Small amounts of discharge are also normal at the time of heat However where the discharge Continues for more than 4-6 days and Is copious (e.g. more than 50ml per day) and Smells bad Comes back 10+ days after mating THIS IS NOT NORMAL

33 What can you do Must address delayed farrowing problem if have one Cervix widely dilated for >5 hours Excessive amount of manual intervention required Keep area behind sows as clean as possible until farrowed Increase supervision to minimise need to enter sows unnecessarily Induction Be as sterile as possible when entering sow Clean away crap from behind sow Wash fanny with water containing disinfectant Keep glove clean until enter sow Use a new glove every time enter sow Use loads of lube and minimise traumaoften a large amount of discharge > 100ml Treat sows???

34 One discharging, next to useless, dubious at very best although common e.g. topdressing with TM200 NB very widespread resistance to this drug amongst E. coli on pig farms in NZ Should treat all sows (e.g. penicllin and oxytocin) that require manual assistance (pessaries?) Increase lactation length Best to chop affected sows especially if affecting fertility Otherwise, leave to go through another cycle Do not mate discharging sow with a communal boar Avoid mix-mating Good AI techniques Flushing sows is generally considered impractical due to the length of their cervix

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36 40% of sows have 100% of the stillborns So, always check sows records from previous litters and beware the sow that produces stillborns

37 Used on farms for Drinking water Effluent/Hosing out Flushing Drinking water is used for normal ingestion and digestion of food maintenance of cell and blood volume removal of body wastes (urine/faeces) temperature regulation

38 When pigs either don t or are unable to drink enough, something gives Growth Milk production Health How serious are these effects? IT DEPENDS - death to small decrease in ADG

39 Should have water available to them from birth Why? May not be on a good teat Sow may be milking poorly Piglets may have scours Piglets need to learn to drink Water sources Nipples - little guys must learn to use these Dishes Bowls } best for little guys

40 Water is absolutely essential Most fed on dry feed (<15% water) Without it they die Determines how much food they eat Determines how much they grow Most go short of water at weaning They are often not used to drinking a lot They have to find the drinkers They may even have to learn how to use them Must do everything you can to encourage drinking at this time Put out extra bowls with open water surface Allow nipple drinkers to flow continuously Make sure there are enough drinkers = 1:10 Flow rate adequate = >500 ml/min Drinkers are the right height = cm Despite these efforts, most pigs become partially dehydrated at weaning

41 Water intake affects voluntary feed intake Water intake affects urine production Water intake affects milk production Sow producing 10 L of milk a day requires minimum of 10 L for the milk water for metabolism/digestion of food water for clearing wastes water to keep cool Average consumption = 17 L for lactating sows 11 L for dry sows

42 Not all drinkers deliver the same amount of water Drinkers may become blocked e.g. while some drinkers may deliver 2L/min, adjacent ones may deliver 0.2L/min MUST CHECK DRINKERS REGULARLY Recommended that every drinker on farm is checked/serviced every 3 months Fixing drinkers should be part of all staff s training Check drinkers when Locking up sows? Setting up weaner decks? Cleaning grower pens? Sow is off-feed? Piglets hungry? Growers off-feed? Growth rates dropped?

43 Average daily water consumption and recommended flow rates Stock class Litres Minimum flow rate from nipple drinker Lactating sows 17 1 L/min Dry sows 11 1 L/min Finishers ml/min Growers ml/min Weaners ~12 kg ml/min

44 Temperature Amount of salt in the diet Presentation The amount and composition of the diet eaten Housing Quality of the water Total dissolved solids Calcium Sulphates Magnesium Coliforms PH Hardness 7 Health 3,000 ppm 1,000 ppm 1,000 ppm 400 ppm 10,000/litre ppm

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