1 dozen eggs = eggs 1 dozen donuts = donuts 1 dozen carbon atoms = carbon atoms
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1 Chapter 6 Page 1 Chapter 6: Chemical Composition We buy beans by the pound and eggs by the dozen. WHY? Because these are convenient ways of purchasing these items. Two ways of specifying quantity: 1) Mass 2) Number 1 dozen eggs = eggs 1 dozen donuts = donuts 1 dozen carbon atoms = carbon atoms Your coworker brought in 42 donuts. How many dozen donuts did she bring to share? The counting unitused in chemistry is the MOLE (mol) 1 Mole = x 1O 23 of Anything x = (Also called AVOGADRO'S Number) 1 mole of dollar bills = x dollar bills 1 mole of sand grains = sand grains 1 mole of copper atoms = copper atoms Two conversion factors can be derived: 1 mole or x10 23 objects x10 23 objects 1 mole How many copper atoms are in 2.45 moles of copper? How many moles of water are equivalent to 2.97 x molecules of water?
2 Chapter 6 Page 2 Molar Mass Molar Mass of an element or compound: the mass in gramsof 1 moleof that element or compound The mass standard is carbon carbon-12 atomhas a mass of exactly12 amu 1 MOLEof carbon-12 atoms (6.022 x carbon atoms) has a mass of exactly12 grams For an element, Molar Mass is numericallyequivalent to the atomic mass 11 Na Atomic number = Atomic mass = Molar mass = What is the molar mass of Aluminum? Of bromine? For a compound, Molar mass is numerically equivalent to the formula mass (Recall: Formula Mass = the mass of an individual molecule or formula unit)
3 Chapter 6 Page 3 Mass to Mole/Mole to Mass Conversions What is the formula mass and molar mass of water? Formula Mass of Molar Mass of 1 H 2 O molecule 1 mole of H 2 O molecules H 2 x amu = amu 2 x g = g O 1 x amu = amu 1 x g = g amu g amu g per molecule per mole of H 2 O of H 2 O Formula Mass of H 2 O = amu Molar Mass of H 2 O = g/mole Molar mass can be used as a conversion factor: mass moles moles mass How many grams of aluminum are in 1.68 moles of Al? What is the mass (in grams) of 2.45 moles of CO 2? How many moles of water are equivalent to 8.50 grams of water? How many moles of NaCl are in g NaCl?
4 Chapter 6 Page 4 Conversions between Mass, Moles and Number of Particles We have used Avogadro's number as a conversion factor to convert: # of particles # of moles # of moles # of particles where the particles are usually atoms, molecules or formula units 1 mole = x particles (Avogadro's number) We have used molar mass as a conversion factor to convert: mass (g) # of moles # of moles mass (g) We can use both Avogadro's numberand molar mass to do TWO STEP conversions: MASS (g) # of MOLES # of PARTICLES Use molar massas Conversion factor Use Avogadro's number as Conversion factor How many atoms of chromium (Cr) are in 8.65 g of Cr?
5 Chapter 6 Page 5 Conversions between Mass, Moles and Number of Particles MASS (g) # of MOLES # of PARTICLES If there are 7.58 X molecules of hexane present in a sample of hexane (molecular formula = C 6 H 14 ), how many gramsof hexane are there? How many molecules of nitrogen gas (N 2 ) are in 42.8 g of nitrogen gas? 1.45 x atoms of Fe is equivalent to how many grams of iron? Using Chemical Formulas in Conversions There is ANOTHER conversion we can do: Moles of a Compound Moles of an Element Within a Compound Use mole ratio determined from the formula as conversion factor To determine the MOLE RATIOS from a formula, look at the subscriptsof the elements that make up that compound.
6 Chapter 6 Page 6 Using Chemical Formulas in Conversions Example: 1 mole Li 3 PO 4 contains moles Li moles P moles O So the mole ratios are: Moles of a Compound Moles of an Element Within a Compound Use mole ratio determined from the formula as conversion factor How many moles of oxygen are in 2.65 moles of Li 3 PO 4? How many moles of Li are in this compound? Of Phosphorus? How many moles of C are in moles of glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )?
7 Chapter 6 Page 7 More Complex Conversions Putting it ALL together to solve more complex problems: MASS (g) # of MOLES # of PARTICLES of a Compound Use Molar massas conversion factor Use mole ratio as conversion factor Use Avogadro's number as conversion factor # of MOLES of an MASS (g) Element Within # of PARTICLES a Compound How many sodium cationsare in 1.50 moles of Na 2 SO 4? How many moles of hydrogenare in 1.68 g of H 2 O? How many hydrogen atomsare in this mass of water? 3.70 g Fe 2 (CO 3 ) 3 contains how many grams of Fe? How many molecules of sulfur dioxide(so 2 ) are present in 5.88 g of SO 2? How manyatoms of oxygenare in this mass of SO 2?
8 Chapter 6 Page 8 Mass Percent Composition Mass Percent Composition= Percentage (by mass) of each element in a compound What is the mass percent of calciumin CaBr 2? 1st step: Determine the molar mass of the compound: 2nd step: Determine the molar mass of Ca in the compound. 3rd step: Determine the mass percent of Ca in the compound. Mass of element in 1 mol cmpd Mass % = x 100% Mass of 1 mol compound What is the mass percent of brominein CaBr 2? Determine the percent composition of each elementin H 2 SO 4.
9 Chapter 6 Page 9 Using Mass Percent as a Conversion Factor Silver chloride (AgCl) contains 75.27% by mass of silver (Ag). What is the % by mass of Cl? If a sample contains 4.95 grams of silver chloride, how many grams of Ag are present in the sample? Use mass percent to determine a conversion factor % Ag = 75.27% % Cl = % In 100 gof AgCl there are: g of Ag g of Cl So, the conversion factors are: in AgCl How many grams of Ag are present in 4.95 grams of silver chloride? How many grams of chlorine are present in this sample?
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