11 1 C1 Exam Revision (Higher)

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1 C Exam Revision (Higher) C. The fundamental ideas in Chemistry Revision Questions Q. A substance made of only one type of atom is called an element. The chemical symbols and positions of six elements in the periodic table are shown. Draw a straight line from each description to its correct symbol. Description A metal with a low density that does not corrode easily It has properties similar to those of sodium, Na Symbol Al Fe He It is a transition metal Li It is a noble gas O (Total 4 marks) Q2. The diagram shows an atom. (a) On the diagram, write the names of structures A, B, C and D. Page (4)

2 To which Group of the periodic table does this atom belong? Give one reason for your answer. (c) Name the element which is made up of this type of atom. () Q3. There are millions of different substances that make up our world. All these substances are made from chemical elements. (a) What is an element? () Many substances are compounds. What is a compound? Q4. Atoms are made up of three main particles called protons, neutrons and electrons. Use the periodic table on the data sheet to help you to answer these questions. (a) Sodium is in Group of the periodic table. (i) Why are potassium and sodium in the same Group of the periodic table?... () How many protons are in an atom of sodium?... () (iii) The atomic number of sodium is. How many neutrons are in an atom of sodium with mass number 23?... () (iv) Each sodium atom has electrons. Complete the electronic structure of sodium. Page 2

3 The chemical equation for a reaction of sodium is shown below. 2Na + Cl 2 2NaCl Describe this reaction of sodium in terms of the names of the substances and the numbers of the atoms involved (3) Q5. This question is about oxygen atoms. The periodic table on the Data Sheet may help you to answer this question. (a) (i) Oxygen atoms have 8 electrons. Complete the diagram to represent the arrangement of electrons in an oxygen atom. Use crosses ( ) to represent the electrons. () Name the part of the oxygen atom that is labelled A on the diagram. () Two isotopes of oxygen are oxygen-6 and oxygen O 8 8 O oxygen-6 oxygen-8 Explain, in terms of particles, how the nucleus of an oxygen-8 atom is different from the nucleus of an oxygen-6 atom. Q6. The diagram shows the reaction of hydrogen molecules with oxygen molecules to form water molecules. Page 3

4 (i) (iii) In the empty box draw one oxygen molecule. Why are hydrogen and oxygen called elements? Why is water called a compound? () () Q7. The picture shows sodium reacting with chlorine. The reaction forms sodium chloride. (a) Use words from the box to answer the questions. compound element hydrocarbon mixture Which word best describes: (i) sodium... sodium chloride?... () () When sodium reacts with chlorine the sodium atoms change into sodium ions. The diagrams below represent a sodium atom and a sodium ion. Use the diagrams to help you explain how a sodium atom turns into a sodium ion Page 4

5 (c) (i) The diagram below represents a chlorine atom. When chlorine reacts with sodium the chlorine forms negative chloride ions. Complete the diagram below to show the outer electrons in a chloride ion (Cl ). () Chloride ions are strongly attracted to sodium ions in sodium chloride. Explain why.... () Q8. This barbecue burns propane gas. The diagram represents a propane molecule. (a) What is the formula of propane?... () (i) Draw a ring around the name of the particle represented by the symbols and in the diagram. electron neutron proton Page 5 ()

6 Draw a ring around the type of bonding that holds the atoms together in a propane molecule. covalent ionic metallic () (c) Under high pressure in the cylinder propane is a liquid. Liquid propane evaporates easily to form a gas when the tap on the cylinder is opened. Draw a ring around the correct answer in each box to explain why propane evaporates easily. Propane has a high low boiling point because it consists of large small molecules. () Q9. (a) Atoms are made of sub-atomic particles. Complete the six spaces in the table Name of sub-atomic particle Relative mass Relative charge Neutron (3) Complete the spaces in the sentences. (i) The atomic number of an atom is the number of... in its nucleus and is equal to the number of... () The mass number of an atom is the total number of... and (c)... in its nucleus. The table gives information about the atoms of three elements. () Number of electrons in: Name of element Chemical symbol st shell 2 nd shell 3 rd shell Fluorine F Neon Ne Sodium Na 2 8 Page 6

7 Two of these elements can react together to form a chemical compound. (i) What is the name and the formula of this compound? Name... Formula... What type of bonding holds this compound together? () (iii) Explain, in terms of electron transfer, how the bonding occurs in this compound. Page 7

8 C.2 Limestone and Building Materials Questions Higher Q. Limestone and the products of limestone have many uses. (a) Limestone is quarried. Photograph Lonny Kalfus / Getty Images Quarrying limestone has impacts that cause environmental problems. Tick ( ) two impacts that cause environmental problems. Impact of quarrying Tick ( ) Puts off tourists Causes dust pollution Increases jobs Increases traffic Limestone contains calcium carbonate, CaCO 3. When it is heated calcium carbonate produces calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. The word equation for this reaction is: calcium carbonate calcium oxide + carbon dioxide (i) Complete the sentence. The reaction when calcium carbonate is heated is called thermal... () 00 g of calcium carbonate was heated and produced 56 g of calcium oxide. Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide produced g () Page 8

9 (c) The flow chart shows the stages in the limestone cycle. Complete the names of the calcium compounds formed in the flow chart. Q2. Limestone has been called the Earth s most useful rock. (a) Limestone contains calcium carbonate, CaCO 3. (i) Complete the table to show the number of atoms of each element in the formula of calcium carbonate. Calcium has been done for you. Element Number of atoms in the formula CaCO 3 Calcium, Ca Carbon, C Oxygen, O The diagram below represents a carbon atom. Use words from the box to label the parts of this atom. bond electron molecule nucleus Page 9

10 At a cement works, limestone is mixed with clay and heated in a kiln. Use the information in the diagram to answer these questions. (i) Name the fuel that is used to heat the limestone and clay. () Limestone contains calcium carbonate, CaCO 3 Draw a ring around the correct gas in the box to complete the sentence. argon. The gas formed when calcium carbonate decomposes is carbon dioxide. nitrogen. () (c) The cement works starts to burn a different fuel. Local residents are concerned because more children are suffering asthma attacks. Residents have also noticed that parked cars are becoming dirty because of smoke particles from the chimney. The table shows the possible medical risk from smoke particles. Particle size in mm Larger than 0.4 Medical effect No medical risks known 0.3 and smaller Causes asthma attacks 0.2 and smaller May cause cancer (i) Give two reasons why local residents are concerned about the cement works burning a different fuel Page 0

11 The company operating the cement works stated that smoke particles from the chimney had not changed since it started burning the different fuel. If you were a local resident, what evidence would you like to see to help you decide if the company s statement is true or not? Q3. A limestone quarry is in an area of natural beauty and near several villages. The company operating the quarry wants planning permission to build a new cement works in the quarry. The diagram shows some of the substances used and produced at a cement works. (a) Limestone is mainly calcium carbonate, CaCO 3. Write the correct number in the box to complete each sentence. (i) The formula shows that calcium carbonate, CaCO 3, contains different elements. () Calcium carbonate, CaCO 3, contains a total number of atoms. () The company wants the new cement works because the nearest cement works is 00 km from the quarry. The company argues that a new cement works sited inside the quarry would reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Suggest why the new cement works might reduce carbon dioxide emissions. () Page

12 (c) Residents from the villages near the quarry are concerned that there will be atmospheric pollution from the new cement works. (i) Name and explain how one of the emissions from the chimney causes atmospheric pollution. Name of emission:... Explanation:... Suggest what the company could do to reduce this atmospheric pollution. () Q4. Sea water contains magnesium ions. Magnesium oxide can be obtained from sea water using the following process. (a) State the chemical name for limestone.... () Write a word equation for the action of heat on limestone.... (c) State the chemical name for slaked lime.... () (d) Write a balanced chemical equation for the addition of water to quicklime.... (e) How can magnesium hydroxide be separated from sea water?... () (f) Suggest and explain how magnesium could be obtained from magnesium oxide Page 2

13 Q5. Portland cement was invented by Joseph Aspdin, a builder from Leeds. The flow diagram shows how cement is made. (a) What are the two raw materials used to make cement? () Cement is mixed with three substances to make concrete. Choose from the list the three substances used. crushed rock iron ore quicklime sand slag soda water (3) Q6. (a) Limestone is a hard rock that is used as a building material. Limestone was used by the Egyptians to make plaster. Reaction calcium carbonate, CaCO 3, was decomposed by heating limestone CaCO 3 CaO + CO 2 Reaction 2 water was added to the solid produced to make slaked lime CaO + H 2O Ca(OH) 2 Reaction 3 a mixture of slaked lime and water was used as plaster. After the plaster had set it became even harder with age Ca(OH) 2 + CO 2 CaCO 3 + H 2O (i) Name the solid formed when calcium carbonate decomposed. () Use the reactions to explain how the plaster became even harder with age. Page 3 (3)

14 A gardener wanted to make a step up to his greenhouse door. He decided to use a mixture of cement and sand to make mortar. He experimented using mixtures with different cement to sand ratios. The mortar mixtures were put in the same sized mould. Each mortar mixture was allowed to set hard. He then dropped a metal ball from increasing heights until the set mortar cracked. He recorded his results in a table. Volume of sand in cm 3 Volume of cement in cm 3 Height the metal ball dropped to crack the set mortar in cm (i) What is the relationship between the volume of sand and the strength of the mortar? () The gardener was not sure about some of his results. Use the results to explain why. Q7. Portland cement was invented by Joseph Aspdin, a builder from Leeds. The flow diagram shows how cement is made. (a) (i) Name the raw material X used to make cement. () Page 4

15 In the kiln the raw materials are heated to about 500 C. The limestone (calcium carbonate) is broken down at this temperature. Complete the word equation for this reaction. calcium carbonate... + carbon dioxide () (iii) Suggest one major cost of this process other than the cost of the raw materials. () Cement can be used to make concrete. Name two substances that must be mixed with cement to make concrete (Total 5 marks) Q8. Limestone is an important raw material. The diagram shows a lime kiln. The limestone is heated by the burning coal. (i) Suggest why hot air is blown into the lime kiln. () Give two reasons why carbon dioxide is produced in the lime kiln. Reason... Reason 2... Page 5

16 C.3 Metals and their uses Revision Questions Higher Q. Iron is the main structural metal used in the world. (a) The diagram represents the particles in iron, Fe. Draw a ring around the correct word in the box to complete the sentence. atoms Iron is described as an element because all the compounds metals are the same. () Stainless steel is mostly iron. The diagram represents the particles in stainless steel. Use the correct words from the box to complete the sentences about alloys. metal mixture molecule polymer smart structure Stainless steel is an alloy because it is a... of iron, chromium and nickel. An alloy is made up of more than one type of.... Stainless steel alloys are harder than iron because the different sized atoms added change the.... An alloy that can return to its original shape after being deformed is called a... alloy. (4) (c) In the UK, we use about.8 billion steel cans every year but only 25% are recycled. Used steel cans are worth about 00 per tonne. Recycling saves raw materials and reduces waste that would end up in landfill. Producing steel by recycling used cans saves 75% of the energy that would be needed to produce steel from iron ore. This also reduces carbon dioxide emissions. Page 6

17 (i) Give two reasons, from the information above, to explain why recycling used steel cans is a good idea Suggest how the local council could increase the percentage of used steel cans that are recycled. () Q2. Iron ore is the main source of iron. (a) This was the headline in a newspaper. Village protests against quarry The dotted line ( ---- ) on the map is drawn around the area from which a company wants to quarry iron ore. (i) Give one reason that the company could give for the need to quarry the iron ore. () The people who live in the village do not want the quarry because it would decrease the value of their homes. Suggest two other reasons why the villagers do not want the quarry Iron ore contains the compound iron oxide, Fe 2O 3. (i) Iron is extracted from its oxide in the blast furnace. Complete the word equation for the extraction of iron. iron oxide +... iron + carbon dioxide Page 7 ()

18 This diagram represents pure iron. Use the diagram to explain why pure iron is described as an element. (iii) Pure iron is relatively soft. The iron from the blast furnace is hard and brittle. The diagram below represents iron from the blast furnace. Use the diagram to explain why iron from the blast furnace is hard and brittle. Q3. Copper metal is used for electric wires. An alloy of copper, called brass, is used for pins and terminals of electric plugs. (a) Copper metal is relatively soft and flexible. Give another reason why copper is used for electric wires.... () Brass is an alloy. What is an alloy?... () Page 8

19 (c) Open-cast mining of copper ore makes a very large hole. (i) Suggest one environmental problem that is caused by open-cast mining of copper ore. () Some copper ores contain copper sulfide, CuS. Copper sulfide is heated in air to produce copper and sulfur dioxide. CuS + O 2 Cu + SO 2 Suggest one environmental problem caused by heating copper sulfide in air. () (d) The amount of copper-rich ores is estimated to last only a few more years. New houses need several kilometres of copper wire. (i) Explain why the need to use so much copper will cause a problem in the future. () Suggest two ways in which society could overcome this problem Q4. Metals and their alloys have many uses. (a) Dentists use a smart alloy to make braces that gently push teeth into the right position. What is meant by a smart alloy?... () Pure copper is made up of layers of copper atoms. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Page 9

20 Why are the physical properties of brass different from the physical properties of pure copper? (c) Nearly all zinc is obtained from ores that also contain lead. The metals zinc and lead can be extracted by reducing their oxides using carbon. (i) Choose one element from the box below to complete the sentence about the reduction of zinc oxide. lead nitrogen oxygen Zinc oxide is reduced by carbon, which takes away... to leave zinc metal. () The melting points and boiling points of lead and zinc are given in the table. Metal Lead Zinc Melting point in C Boiling point in C The furnace operates at a temperature of 200 C. Suggest how the lead metal and zinc metal are separated in the furnace. Page 20

21 Q5. The table gives information about some metals. Name of the metal Cost of one tonne of the metal in December 2003 ( ) Percentage of the metal in the crust of the earth (%) Aluminium Platinum Iron Gold (a) Use information in the table to suggest why gold and platinum are very expensive metals. () Aluminium and iron are made by reduction of their ores. (i) Name the element that is removed from the ores when they are reduced. () Use the reactivity series on the Data Sheet to suggest a metal that would reduce aluminium ore. () (c) Aluminium is made by the reduction of molten aluminium ore, using a very large amount of electricity. (i) How is iron ore reduced in a blast furnace to make iron? Suggest why aluminium is more expensive than iron. () Q6. A student was trying to extract the metals from lead oxide and aluminium oxide. She heated each oxide with carbon in a fume cupboard as shown below. Page 2

22 She was able to extract lead from lead oxide but not aluminium from aluminium oxide. (i) Explain the results of these experiments. Complete this word equation for the reaction between lead oxide and carbon. lead oxide + carbon (Total 5 marks) Q7. (a) Aluminium is more expensive than iron. Why is aluminium and not iron used for the central core in power cables? Many industrial processes involve the removal of minerals by quarrying. All quarrying has some effect on the environment and on people s lives. Make comments about the social, economic, health, safety and environmental effects of quarrying (5) Page 22

23 Q8. Use the Reactivity Series of Metals on the Data Sheet to help you to answer this question. The table gives information about the extraction of some metals. Metal Date of discovery Main source Main extraction method Gold Known to ancient civilisations In the Earth as the metal itself Physically separating it from the rocks it is mixed with Zinc 500 Zinc carbonate Reduction by carbon Sodium 807 Sodium chloride Electrolysis (a) Explain why gold is found mainly as the metal itself in the Earth. () One of the reactions involved in producing zinc is represented by this equation. ZnO + C Zn + CO Explain why carbon can be used to extract zinc. () (c) Sodium is one of the most abundant metals on Earth. Explain, as fully as you can, why sodium was not extracted until 807. Page 23

24 C.4 Crude oil and fuels Revision Questions Higher Q. Crude oil is a mixture of many saturated hydrocarbons. They can be separated into fractions by the process of fractional distillation. State what is meant by: (i) hydrocarbon saturated.... (iii) fraction.... () () Q2. Crude oil contains many different hydrocarbons. (i) Which formula in the list represents a hydrocarbon? Draw a ring around the correct formula. CO 2 C 6 H 2 O 6 C 8 H 8 H 2 O () Which word from the list below best describes crude oil? Draw a ring around the correct word. alloy compound element mixture () (iii) Choose, from the list below, words to complete the passage about the separation of the hydrocarbons in crude oil by fractional distillation. atoms burned condensed evaporated filtered fractions ions molecules neutralised During fractional distillation the many hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated into... each of which contains... with a similar number of carbon.... To do this the oil is first... and then... at a number of different temperatures. (5) Q3. The structural formulae of two saturated hydrocarbons are shown below. Describe two ways in which they will differ in their physical properties (Total 2 marks) Page 24

25 Q4. Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, mainly alkanes. The number of carbon atoms in the molecules ranges from to over 00. (a) How does the boiling point change as the number of carbon atoms in the molecules increases? () Name the method used to separate petroleum into fractions. () (c) The simplest hydrocarbon is methane, CH 4. Its structure can be represented: Draw the structure of ethane, C 2 H 6. () Q5. Useful fuels can be produced from crude oil. Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons. (a) The table shows the boiling points of four of these hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon Boiling point in C methane, CH 4 62 butane, C 4 H 0 0 pentane, C 5 H decane, C 0 H Tick ( ) two statements that are correct about these hydrocarbons. Statement Tick ( ) decane has the largest molecules pentane is a liquid at 40 C methane and butane are gases at 20 C methane has the highest boiling point butane does not boil Page 25

26 Natural gas supplied to homes and schools is mainly methane. The diagram shows an apparatus to investigate the two substances produced when natural gas burns completely in air. (i) Name the liquid that collects in the U-tube.... Name the gas that turns the limewater cloudy... () () (c) Some crude oil contains sulfur. Petrol and diesel fuels are produced from crude oil. The sulfur must be removed from these fuels before they are burned. Explain why.... Q6. (a) Some hydrocarbons are used as fuels in power stations. The table gives the boiling points of four hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon Boiling point in C W 65 X 60 Y 40 Z 80 (i) Which of these hydrocarbons are gases at room temperature (20 C)? () Which of these hydrocarbons has the largest molecules? () (iii) Which of these hydrocarbons ignites most easily? () Some hydrocarbons are used to produce polymers. Which type of hydrocarbons can be converted into polymers? () Page 26

27 Q7. The table shows how much carbon dioxide is produced when you transfer the same amount of energy by burning coal, gas and oil. (a) Use the information from the table to complete the bar-chart. The second bar-chart shows how much sulphur dioxide is produced by burning the same three fuels. (3) Compare the amount of sulphur produced by burning gas with the amount produced by burning coal. (c) (i) Coal and oil produce carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide when they burn. What elements must they contain? Burning fuels also produce nitrogen oxides, even though the fuels contain no nitrogen. Explain why this happens. (Total 9 marks) Page 27

28 Q8. Crude oil is a mixture of long-chain hydrocarbons. It is cracked to produce a mixture of smaller alkanes and alkenes. Among the gases formed are ethane and ethene. (a) Write the structural formula for: (i) ethane () ethene () (iii) Give an example of one chemical reaction which both ethane and ethene undergo. () (iv) Describe how to distinguish between ethane and ethene. Include a description of the practical method you would use and what you would expect to observe. (3) Ethene may be polymerised to form a polymer. Give the name of the polymer and a use for it. Name... Use... () Q9. Since 2000 there has been a lot more research into alternative, environmentally-friendly fuels for road transport. Several pollutants are found in the exhaust emissions produced when fossil fuels are used for road transport. Carbon monoxide (CO) interferes with the way that red blood cells carry oxygen. Carbon dioxide (CO 2) increases the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and causes global warming. Oxides of nitrogen (NO x) are produced at high temperatures when nitrogen and oxygen from the atmosphere combine. Sulfur dioxide (SO 2) is produced when sulfur impurities in the fuel combine with oxygen in the atmosphere.tiny particles of solids are produced when the fuel does not burn completely. This increases the level of particulates (PM0) in the atmosphere. (a) Name the environmental effect caused by: (i) oxides of nitrogen (NO x) and sulfur dioxide (SO 2) () the increased level of particulates (PM0). () Page 28

29 Diesel obtained from crude oil is often called fossil diesel. Biodiesel can be made from many vegetable oils. One research project compared the exhaust emissions when fossil diesel or biodiesel were used as fuels. Some of the relative amounts of these exhaust emissions are shown in the bar chart. (i) Use your knowledge and the information above to explain the environmental benefits of using biodiesel as a sustainable, low pollution fuel. (3) Biodiesel is called a green fuel. This is because the life-cycle emission of carbon dioxide from biodiesel is less than that from fossil diesel. Use your knowledge and the information above to explain why biodiesel s contribution to global warming is considered to be much less than that of fossil diesel. (3) Page 29

30 C.5 Useful products from crude oil Revision Higher Q. Crude oil is a resource from which fuels can be separated. (a) The name of the main fuel fractions and one of the hydrocarbons in each fraction are shown in the table. (i) How does the number of carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon affect its boiling point? () Suggest the lowest temperature to which crude oil needs to be heated to vaporize all the hydrocarbons in the table. Temperature =... C () (iii) Dodecane boils at 26 C. At what temperature will dodecane gas condense to liquid? Temperature =... C () The bar chart shows the relative supply and demand for the petrol and diesel fractions. Page 30

31 (i) How does the relative supply and demand for petrol and diesel fractions cause problems for an oil company? Suggest one way an oil company could solve these problems. () (Total 6 marks) Q2. The diagram shows an apparatus that can be used to carry out cracking reactions in a laboratory. (a) Why is aluminium oxide or broken porcelain used? () Paraffin contains decane. The cracking of decane can be represented by the equation below. A decane molecule is split into two smaller molecules. Complete the equation by adding the formula of the other product. C 0 H 22 (l)... (l) + C 2 H 4 (g) decane () (c) Would you expect C 2H 4 molecules to collect at position A or B shown on the diagram? Position... Explain your answer. () Page 3

32 (d) Cracking reactions involve thermal decomposition. What is meant by thermal decomposition? (e) Explain, as fully as you can, why cracking is used in the oil industry. To gain full marks in this question you should write your ideas in good English. Put them into a sensible order and use the correct scientific words. (3) (f) The cracking reaction produces a mixture of products. The mixture contains hydrocarbons with different boiling points. Suggest a method of separating this mixture. () (Total 9 marks) Q3. Crude oil is a mixture of many compounds. The diagram below shows some of the processes that take place in a petrochemical plant. Page 32

33 (a) Name the process which takes place in the COLUMN. () Name the type of reactions which take place in: (i) REACTOR... REACTOR 2... (c) The petroleum gases contain ethane, C2H6 and propane, C3H8. The structure of a molecule of ethane can be represented as: ethane Draw the structure of a molecule of propane in the space below. propane () (d) Ethane and propane are said to be saturated hydrocarbons. What does saturated mean when used to describe hydrocarbons? () (e) Many molecules of ethene join together to form poly(ethene) in REACTOR 2. Complete the diagram below to show the formation of poly(ethene). (Total 7 marks) Page 33

34 Q4. Most plastic bags are made from poly(ethene). Poly(ethene) is a polymer made from ethene. Ethene is made by cracking saturated hydrocarbons from crude oil. (a) Use words from the box to complete the sentences about cracking. alkanes alkenes catalyst fuel gas Cracking involves heating the... to make a vapour. The vapour is either passed over a hot... or mixed with steam and heated to a very high temperature so that thermal decomposition reactions happen. Poly(ethene) molecules are made from ethene molecules by a polymerisation reaction. Describe what happens in a polymerisation reaction (c) There are millions of plastic bags in use. After use most of these plastic bags are buried in landfill sites. The amount sent to landfill could be reduced if the plastic bags: could be reused could be recycled by melting and making into new plastic products could be burned to release energy Use the information above and your knowledge and understanding to give the positive and negative environmental impacts of using these methods to reduce the amount of plastic bags sent to landfill (6) (Total 0 marks) Page 34

35 Q5. The label has been taken from a tube of Humbrol Polystyrene Cement, a glue used in model making. (a) The solvent used is,,-trichloroethane. The structural formula of this molecule is: (i) What do the lines between the atoms represent? () State whether,,-trichloroethane is saturated or unsaturated. Give one reason for your answer. () (iii),,-trichloroethane is being replaced in favour of a better solvent. Use information on the label to help you to suggest why. () Polystyrene is a plastic. Plastics are polymers which are made by the process of polymerisation. (i) What is meant by polymerisation? Page 35

36 The table gives information about monomers and the polymers made from them. Complete the table. (3) (Total 8 marks) Q6. Known crude oil reserves are being used up rapidly. Crude oil is used to produce many useful fuels, such as petrol. One way to conserve crude oil reserves would be to increase the production of bio-fuels. (a) Ethanol can be produced for use as a bio-fuel. Cars can be powered by ethanol or ethanol petrol mixtures. Sugar cane can be fermented to give a mixture of water (boiling point 00 C) and ethanol (boiling point 78 C). (i) How can ethanol be separated from water? () Ethanol, C 2H 5OH, burns to release heat energy. Complete the balanced symbol equation by writing in the formulae of the two products. C 2H 5OH + 3O Page 36

37 The cost of producing a bio-fuel, such as ethanol, by fermentation, is at least three times higher than the production cost of petrol. It costs less to produce ethanol from alkanes. In the production, the vapour of an alkane is passed over a hot catalyst. Ethene is then converted into ethanol. (i) What has happened to the hexane to produce ethene? () Complete the structural formula for ethene, C 2H 4. C C () (iii) Name the compound that is added to ethene to produce ethanol, C 2H 5OH. () (c) As explained in parts (a) and, ethanol can be made using either sugar or alkanes as the starting material. Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using these two starting materials to produce ethanol (4) (Total 0 marks) Page 37

38 C.6 Plant oils and their uses Revision Higher Q. An advert for crisps claims that they now contain only 30% saturated fat because they are cooked in sunflower oil. (a) The oil is extracted from sunflower seeds. The diagram shows how this can be done. Draw a ring around the correct word in each box to complete the sentences. (i) evaporating. The oil is obtained from crushed sunflower seeds by filtering. pressing. () burn The oil does not dissolve in water. melt () Draw a ring around the correct word in the box to complete the sentence. Carbon carbon double bonds in sunflower oil can be detected bromine. by reacting with iron. oxygen. () Page 38

39 (c) Water has a boiling point of 00 C. Sunflower oil has a boiling point above 232 C. Suggest why sunflower oil and not water is used to make crisps from thin slices of potato. Q2. Many plants produce useful oils. (Total 5 marks) (a) The diagram shows some apparatus used to obtain oil from plant material. Four parts of the apparatus are labelled, A, B, C and D. Use the information in the diagram to complete the sentences. Steam is made in part. Oil from the plant material is vaporised in part. Steam and oil vapour are condensed in part. (3) A student investigated a mixture of a plant oil and water. (i) A mixture of the plant oil and water was shaken and left to stand for 0 minutes. Page 39

40 Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence. dissolves. The plant oil separates from the water because it floats. sinks. () A mixture of the plant oil, water and egg yolk was shaken and left to stand for 0 minutes. The mixture did not separate. Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence. a compound. The plant oil, water and egg yolk make an emulsion. a fat. () (Total 5 marks) Q3. Use the correct words from the box to complete the sentences. higher hydrogen lower oxygen saturated unsaturated (i) Animal and vegetable oils that contain... fats can be hardened. () When oils are hardened with... gas, a chemical change takes place, producing margarine which has a... melting point than the original oil. Page 40 (Total 3 marks)

41 Q4. This information was taken from a label on a packet of crisps. Main ingredients: Potatoes, vegetable oil, Worcester sauce flavour, colourings, flavourings, salt. Nutritional information (per 00 g): Energy Protein Carbohydrate of which sugars Fat of which saturates 2040 kj 6.5 g 55 g 3 g 27 g 9 g unsaturates 8 g Fibre Sodium 4.5 g.2 g Saturated fats are linked to heart problems. In order to claim that their crisps are healthy, the manufacturer keeps the proportion of saturated fats low. (i) What type of fat contains double carbon carbon bonds? () The colour of bromine water is orange. What is seen when bromine water is shaken with: an unsaturated fat... a saturated fat?... (iii) Unsaturated vegetable oils can be hardened to make them useful as spreads. Describe how unsaturated vegetable oils are hardened. Page 4

42 Q5. (a) The diagrams show the results of shaking a vegetable oil with the substances indicated. (i) Give a reason for the result in Flask. () Explain the result in Flask 2. Saturated fats are linked to heart problems. Oils that are unsaturated help to prevent heart disease. A company wants to make a healthy soft margarine. The company tested the same volume of different vegetable oils by shaking each with three drops of iodine solution. The results are shown in the table. Vegetable oil Time in minutes for the colour of iodine to disappear Olive oil 3.5 Peanut oil 3.0 Soya oil.5 Sunflower oil.0 Page 42

43 (i) Why does iodine react with the molecules in these oils? () Use the company results to evaluate which one appears to be the most healthy vegetable oil to use in the soft margarine. (c) The ingredients of soft margarine include hydrogenated vegetable oil. (i) Why is hydrogenated vegetable oil used in soft margarine? () Describe how vegetable oils are hydrogenated. (Total 9 marks) Q6. An advert for crisps claimed that they are healthier because they are cooked in sunflower oil. (a) A student found the following information about four oils that are used to make crisps. Rapeseed oil Sunflower oil Olive oil Corn oil Saturated fat (%) Polyunsaturated fat (%) Melting point ( C) One hypothesis is that oils are thought to be healthier if they are: low in saturated fat high in polyunsaturated fat. Page 43

44 (i) Use the table to decide which oil should be healthiest. Explain your decision by comparing this oil with other oils from the table that you think are less healthy. Healthiest oil is... Explanation These oils can be hardened by reacting them with hydrogen. A student said that hardening would make sunflower oil healthier. Is this student s claim correct? Explain your answer A mixture of the olive oil, water and egg yolk was shaken and left to stand. The olive oil and water do not separate. The diagram shows a simple model of how a stable mixture of olive oil and water is produced by the addition of egg yolk. Use this simple model to explain how the molecules in the egg yolk are able to produce a stable mixture of olive oil and water Page 44 (3) (Total 7 marks)

45 Q7. An advert for some crisps claims that they now contain only 30% saturated fat because they are cooked in sunflower oil. The crisp company used bromine water to compare percentage unsaturation of sunflower oil with four other vegetable oils, A, B, C and D. Oil Volume of bromine water added until the bromine colour just remains (cm 3 ) Test Test 2 Test 3 Average Percentage unsaturation (%) Sunflower A B C D (i) What is the range of percentage unsaturation for oils A, B, C and D? Range =... % () Describe and explain what happens to the first drops of bromine water that are added to these oils. (iii) The average for oil B is given as 23.6 cm 3. Explain how this average has been calculated. () (iv) The results did not show that sunflower oil contains 30% saturated fat. Explain why. (You will need to calculate the percentage unsaturation of sunflower oil.) Page 45 (Total 6 marks)

46 C.7 Changes in the Earth and it s atmosphere Revision Higher Q. The diagram represents a section through the Earth showing the layers which are labelled A, B, C and D. (a) Give the name of: (i) layer A... layer B... Give one difference between layer C and layer D () (Total 3 marks) Q2. A map of the world shows that the outline of South America looks as if it would fit into the west coast of Africa. Alfred Wegener in 920 suggested his idea that the continents had been joined together but then slowly drifted apart. Page 46

47 Other scientists in 920 said that the continents were fixed on solid Earth and had been joined by a land bridge. Modern South American animals are different from modern African animals. Most fossils of animals found in South America and Africa are exactly the same. (a) Consider the information above. (i) What evidence gave Wegener the idea that the continents of South America and Africa had been joined? () Suggest two reasons why the other scientists in 920 thought that Wegener was wrong Complete the sentences by writing in the correct words. Recent evidence has supported Wegener s idea. The Earth s... and the upper part of the mantle are now thought to be composed of tectonic plates. Heat released by radioactive processes causes convection currents within the Earth s... These convection currents cause the plates to move a few centimetres per... (3) (Total 6 marks) Page 47

48 Q3. (a) The diagram shows the layered structure of the Earth. (i) Write in the boxes the name of layer X and the name of layer Y. The overall density of the Earth is about 5500 kg/m 3. The average density of the rocks in the Earth s crust is about 2800 kg/m 3. What does this suggest about the material that makes up the lower layers of the Earth? In 95, the scientist Alfred Wegener suggested that Africa and South America had once been joined but had since drifted apart. Evidence for his theory came from the animal fossils found in the two continents. The fossils are almost the same, although animals now living in Africa and South America are different. Other scientists did not agree with Wegener and suggested that a land bridge had once joined the two continents. Page 48

49 How could scientists use the idea of a land bridge to explain the evidence put forward by Wegener? (c) Scientists now think that the outer layer of the Earth is cracked into a number of large pieces called tectonic plates. The tectonic plates are moving very slowly. The lines on the diagram show the boundaries between the major tectonic plates. (i) Explain why there are no major earthquakes in Britain. What is causing the tectonic plates to move? () (Total 9 marks) Page 49

50 Q4. The diagram shows a view of the inside of the Earth. Adapted from Physics for You (996) by Keith Johnson, Nelson Thornes (a) The curved lines marked X show two of the slow currents in the mantle. (i) What sort of currents are these? () How do these currents occur and what is their energy source? (3) Movements of the plates of the Earth s crust can result in earthquakes. Give two other geological results of these movements (Total 6 marks) Page 50

51 Q5. Billions of years ago, the Earth s early atmosphere was probably like the atmosphere of Venus today. The table shows a comparison of the atmospheres of the Earth and Venus today. Percentage composition of atmosphere Name of gas Earth today Venus today Nitrogen Oxygen 2 a trace Argon 0.97 a trace Carbon dioxide Average surface temperature 20 ºC 460 ºC (a) Use the names of gases from the table to complete the sentences. (i) In the Earth s atmosphere today, the main gas is.... () In the Earth s atmosphere billions of years ago, the main gas was.... () (i) Scientists do not know the accurate composition of the Earth s early atmosphere. Suggest why. () Use information from the table to answer this question. Water vapour is present in the atmospheres of the Earth and Venus today. The Earth s surface is mainly covered by water. Suggest why there is no water on the surface of Venus. () Page 5

52 (c) The diagram shows how carbon dioxide is removed from the Earth s atmosphere. Describe what happened to the carbon dioxide in the Earth s early atmosphere. Use the diagram to help you. (3) (Total 7 marks) Q6. (a) During the first billion years of the Earth s existence, there were many active volcanoes. The volcanoes released the gases that formed the early atmosphere. Describe how volcanoes caused the oceans to be formed. Page 52

53 The atmosphere on Earth today is very different from the early atmosphere. The pie chart shows the amounts of different gases in the air today. Choose gases from the box to label the pie chart. argon carbon dioxide hydrogen nitrogen oxygen (Total 4 marks) Q7. For 200 million years the proportions of the different gases in the atmosphere have been much the same as today. Over the past 50 years the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased from 0.03% to 0.04%. (a) Describe how carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere: (i) by human and industrial activity; from carbonate rocks by geological activity. Page 53

54 Explain how the seas and oceans can decrease the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. (3) (c) (i) Give one reason why the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing gradually. () Give one effect that increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere may have on the environment. () (Total 9 marks) Q8. Air is a mixture of gases and contains various pollutants. The gases are useful and can be separated by fractional distillation of liquid air. The table gives information about some of the gases in air. Name of gas Formula Melting point in C Boiling point in C Helium He Oxygen O Nitrogen N Argon Ar Carbon dioxide CO Water vapour H 2O To separate these gases: the air is filtered water is removed first carbon dioxide is then removed by absorption the gases remaining are compressed and cooled to 200 C. Page 54

55 (a) The air is filtered before the gases are separated. Suggest why () Water vapour and carbon dioxide are removed before the gases are compressed and cooled. Use the information in the table to suggest why (c) After the water and carbon dioxide have been removed, which gas stays liquid over the greatest temperature range?... () (d) After the water and carbon dioxide have been removed, the four gases that are left are compressed and cooled to 200 C. (i) Which gas does not liquefy?... () The three liquefied gases are then allowed to warm up. Give the order in which the three liquefied gases would vaporise. st... 2 nd... 3 rd... () (Total 6 marks) Page 55

56 C. Answers M. [4] M2. (a) A electron B nucleus C proton D neutron Group / alkali metals has one electron in outer shell accept 3 protons / 3 electrons / atomic number 3 therefore lithium (so Group / alkali metals) (c) lithium accept Li [7] M3. (a) a substance which contains one type of atom or a substance that cannot be broken down into anything simpler for mark more than one element/more than one type of atom combined/join together/bonded for mark each [3] Page 56 2

57 M4. (a) (i) both have one / electron in the outer energy level / shell allow both react in a similar way eleven / (iii) twelve / 2 (iv) (2x) max if candidate changes the number of electrons in the first energy level / shell 8x (in second energy level / shell) x (in outer energy level / shell) two sodium atoms (react) two (bonded) chlorine atoms (react) allow one chlorine molecule (reacts) M5. (a) (i) two sodium ions and two chloride ions (are produced) allow two molecules of sodium chloride (are produced) or two sodium chloride particles (are produced) [8] or allow any arrangement of electrons on the shells accept o, x, - or e as representing electrons nucleus accept nucleus (protons plus neutrons) do not accept protons plus neutrons on its own allow nuclei / nucles / neucleus / phonetic spelling do not accept neutron it has 2 more neutrons or converse accept it has more neutrons or different number of neutrons for mark 2 more protons / electrons + correct number of neutrons = Page 57

58 max mark or O-6 has 8 neutrons ( mark)(*) O-8 has 0 neutrons ( mark)(*) (*)if incorrectly calculated but shows more neutrons in 0-8 allow for mark accept it has more particles or it has 2 more particles for mark M6. (i) two circles together and shaded i.e. one molecule 2 [4] (iii) made up of one type of atom accept made up of atoms which contain the same number of protons accept a substance that cannot be split up into simpler substances by chemical means do not accept they are in the Periodic Table no marks can be awarded if there is any reference to mixture or mix made up of two or more types of atoms accept made up of two or more elements (chemically) bonded accept joined or combined for bonded do not accept fused M7. (a) (i) element [4] compound an / one electron from the sodium atom is lost / transferred to form a sodium ion (c) (i) 8 electrons drawn on outer energy level / shell because oppositely charged ions attract each other or because chloride ions are negative and sodium ions are positive [6] Page 58

59 M8. (a) C 3H 8 capital letters for symbols numbers must be halfway or lower down the element symbol allow H 8C 3 do not allow 3:8 or C 3 and H 8 (i) electron covalent (c) low and small both for mark [4] M9. (a) both correct in each row electron... () allow negative... 0 allow neutral or none proton...+ () allow positive (i) protons...electrons both correct in correct order protons...neutrons both correct in either order (c) (i) sodium fluoride do not credit sodium fluorine NaF must be correct in every detail do not credit NAF and the like ionic accept ion (bonding) do not credit ironic or iron (bonding) (iii) electron transferred from sodium Page 59 to fluorine

60 accept electron transferred from metal to non-metal either positive sodium ion and negative fluoride ion or correctly identified by the symbols Na+ and F- accept positive sodium ion and negative fluorine ion or attracted because have opposite charge(s) or (atoms/ions) form an (ionic) lattice or (atoms/ions) form a crystal e.g. or both marks may be gained by a suitable dot and cross diagram [0] Page 60

61 C.2 Answers M. (a) causes dust pollution increases traffic (i) decomposition 44(g) (c) (calcium) hydroxide (calcium) carbonate substances must be in the order shown M2. (a) (i) 3 [6] nucleus electron (i) methane / CH 4 accept natural gas ignore air do not allow other gases carbon dioxide (c) (i) any two from: medical risks asthma cancer dirt causes global warming / global dimming / greenhouse effect / acid rain ignore death accept effect on health accept difficulty breathing/ lung disease allow smoke particles allow harmful for the environment Page 6 2

62 any two from: M3. (a) (i) 3 / three have a test done / scientific evidence independent (evidence) comparison of smoke particles / when different fuels used medical evidence or more / less asthma attacks or cancer or dirt on cars 2 [0] 5 / five any one from: less / no transport accept less / no distance less / no (fossil) fuel used ignore references to carbon dioxide / carbon emissions (c) (i) carbon dioxide / CO 2 for a correct emission (causes) global warming / climate change / greenhouse gas explanation must be correct for named emission ignore ozone layer or (cement) particles / smoke () (causes) asthma / dust / (global) dimming () accept breathing problems or sulfur dioxide / SO 2 / nitrogen oxides / NO x () (causes) acid rain () do not accept nitrogen or water vapour for emissions do not accept no named emission absorb / trap / capture / filter / pass through water / scrub / electrostatic attraction ignore condense / off setting / different fuel [6] Page 62

63 M4. (a) calcium carbonate not formula calcium carbonate calcium oxide not common names allow correct formulae + carbon dioxide (c) calcium hydroxide not formula (d) CaO + H 2O Ca(OH) 2 allow if doubled all formulae correct, no extra ones balanced (e) filtration allow centrifugation not decanting not evaporation, crystallisation (f) electrolysis stated or implied molten MgO / magnesium oxide is ionic / Mg 2+ goes to cathode not just heated or add sodium / K / Ca / Li / a more reactive metal displaces Mg / reduces Mg give no marks if reference made to reduction by C or H [9] Page 63

64 M5. (a) limestone clay both for mark water sand crushed rock for mark each [4] M6. (a) (i) calcium oxide / quicklime allow calcium monoxide do not accept calcium dioxide ignore chemical formulae any three from: carbon dioxide / CO 2 (carbon dioxide) reacts (with the calcium hydroxide / slaked lime / plaster) allow reaction 3 identified do not allow incorrect reaction ignore mixes, unless they state the correct product limestone / calcium carbonate / CaCO 3 forms allow marble / chalk water is lost / evaporates it = plaster allow moisture ignore dries 3 (i) as the amount / volume of sand decreases the strength of the mortar increases accept as sand decreases the mortar is stronger / harder to crack allow as sand decreases the mortar increases allow converse ignore references to height of metal ball any two from: Page 64

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