VII. INFECTION CONTROL. Breaking the Chain of Transmission to Prevent Hospital Acquired Infections
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1 VII. INFECTION CONTROL Breaking the Chain of Transmission to Prevent Hospital Acquired Infections
2 What is Infection Control? Infection control is doing everything possible to prevent the spread of germs which lead to hospital acquired infection.
3 Hospital Acquired Infection Sometimes, patients come to the hospital with infections. These are community-acquired infections. More often patients do not have infections when they come to the hospital. Sometimes, these patients develop infections after being treated or admitted. An infection that develops in the hospital or after treatment is a Hospital Acquired Infection (HAI).
4 Hospital Acquired Infection Chain of Infection How to prevent Hospital Acquired Infection involves breaking the Chain of Infection. Elements of the Chain of Infection are: An infectious agent (organisms) A source (reservoir) A portal of exit A mode of transmission A portal of entry A susceptible host
5 Chain of Infection: Infectious Agents Bacteria and viruses are the most common causes of HAI. Fungi also can cause HAI but this is less common. Examples of bacteria that cause infection are: Staph aureus E.coli Enterococcus Group A strep Clostridium difficile (C. Diff) Tuberculosis
6 Chain of Infection: Infectious Agents, cont. Examples of viruses are: Influenza Hepatitis B and C HIV Varicella (Chicken Pox) RSV Rotavirus Norovirus
7 Chain of Infection: Sources Sources are where the germs live or come from: Infected person the most common source* Food Water Animals Dirt/Dust
8 Chain of Infection: Portal of Exit The way the germ leaves its source. The mouth through coughing or speaking. The nose through sneezing. Cuts, scratches, punctures that allow blood to leave the body. Other openings in the body that allow body fluids to escape.
9 Chain of Infection: Mode of Transmission From person to person a germ can travel by: Contact (direct contact or indirect contact) Droplet Airborne Body fluids
10 Chain of Infection: Portal of Entry How the germ enters the susceptible person. Broken skin Mucous membranes Catheter access sites Surgical wounds
11 Chain of Infection: Susceptible Host The germ must find a susceptible person to cause infection. Hospital patients that are susceptible to infection include: Surgical patients. Patients with weakened immunity due to illness. Patients with weakened immunity due to medications or treatments.
12 Preventing Hospital Acquired Infections (HAI s) To stop the spread of infection, we must break a link in the chain of infection. The weakest link is the mode of transmission. This is where infection control focuses to prevent hospital acquired infections. Before looking at preventing the infection through transmission what are some of the risk factors for the patient?
13 Risk Factors for HAI s Side effects of treatment: Invasive procedures and antibiotics Invasive procedures that increase risk are: Urinary catheterization Intubation Placement of vascular lines Surgery Antibiotics Increase the patients susceptibility to fungal infection and C.difficile Promote bacterial resistance
14 Risk Factors for HAI s: Side Effects of Treatment Urinary Catheterization Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the most common type of HAI!!!! When a urinary catheter is placed, it is passed through the urethra to reach the bladder. When a catheter is placed it may carry germs into the bladder. The catheter may carry germs from the healthcare workers hands if proper hand hygiene was not completed. Inserting a urinary catheter the correct way is very important in preventing infection. Inserting the catheter for only certain designated criteria. Discontinue the urinary catheter as soon as possible!
15 Risk Factors for HAI s: Side Effects of Treatment, cont. Insertion of Central Lines Use of hand hygiene. Maximum barrier precautions. Use of chlorhexidine antisepsis. Optimal site selection. Review of line necessity. Blood drawn for blood cultures should not be drawn through central lines unless absolutely necessary. If one set is drawn through the line a second draw should be from a peripheral site.
16 Risk Factors for HAI s: Side Effects of Treatment, cont. Ventilator Care Head of bed at degrees. Sedation vacation to evaluate extubation readiness. Evaluation for PUD prophylaxis. Use of DVT prophylaxis. Oral care use of chllorhexidine mouthwash
17 Risk Factors for HAI s: Organizational Factors Environment HAI's are more likely to occur if the hospital environment increases the patients risk of exposure to infectious agents such as: Contaminated equipment Insufficient room cleaning Contaminated food, water, or medicine Construction Activity Improper Air handling/ventilation
18 Risk Factors for HAI s: Organizational Factors, cont. Staff Transmission of infectious germs through contact with staff hands is a major contributor to HAI s. Therefore proper infection control measures to break the mode of transmission is critical to prevent the spread of infection!
19 Breaking the Chain of Infection Through the Mode of Transmission To be transmitted, germs must enter an individuals body. Entrance may be gained by: nose, mouth, eyes, other body openings, skin breaks (cuts, scrapes) and contaminated needles and sharps. The germs are present in blood and other body fluids and secretions (saliva, sputum, nasal and vaginal discharge and wound drainage). They are also present in urine and stool and are most often on the surface of skin.
20 Breaking the Mode of Transmission: Hand Hygiene Proper hand hygiene is the single best way to stop the spread of infection!!! Always wash your hands: o Before and after touching a patient or their environment. (Even if gloves are worn!). o o o o o After touching blood or body fluids. Immediately after removing gloves. Before eating, drinking, smoking, applying makeup, handling contact lenses, or using the restroom. Before and after you eat or smoke, and after you cough or sneeze. When working with C.difficile patients
21 Breaking the Mode of Transmission: Hand Hygiene, cont. Proper Hand-washing technique: Turn on the water (warm water). Wet your hands. Dispense soap into your hands (no bar soap for healthcare workers). Work up lather and use friction to clean surface of hands (between fingers, back and front of hands and under nails). Rinse well, keeping hands directed down. Dry hands thoroughly starting with fingertips, progressing to wrists. Use paper towel to turn off faucet. No artificial nails. Reduce jewelry to just a wedding band.
22 Breaking the Mode of Transmission: Hand Hygiene, cont. Alcohol Based Hand Hygiene Alcohol based hand gels may be substituted for hand-washing with soap and water when hands are not visibly soiled or contaminated with blood or body fluids.
23 Breaking the Mode of Transmission: Standard Precautions Standard precautions should be used in the care of all patients regardless of their diagnosis. Use standard precautions every time you anticipate contact with blood, body fluids, secretions/excretions, broken skin and mucous membranes. Standard precautions include hand hygiene, Respiratory Hygiene/Cough Etiquette, and use of appropriate PPE. Standard precautions protect us from blood borne pathogens such as HIV, Hepatitis B and C. Use safety procedures for needles and sharps to avoid blood borne pathogen exposures and always dispose of them in a sharps container. Vaccination against blood borne pathogens such as Hepatitis B helps protect healthcare workers from becoming infected.
24 Breaking the Mode of Transmission: Standard Precautions, cont. Ways to Prevent the Spread of Blood Borne Pathogens Include: Use of safe injection practices: Use of one needle and syringe for each patient injection. Use of one dose out of single dose medication vials. Use of a clean needle and syringe for each entry into a multi-dose vial. Use of appropriate cleaning agents such as bleach or an antiseptic wipe that has a kill claim for HIV, Hep B and Hep C when cleaning equipment between each patient (i.e. glucometers). Proper disposal of materials containing > 20cc into a biohazard container. Proper use of PPE when handling linen containing body fluids.
25 Breaking Transmission: Transmission Based Precautions A second level of precautions are used in addition to standard precautions to prevent the spread of other infectious or drug resistant organisms. These Transmission Based Precautions include: Contact Precautions Droplet Precautions Airborne Precautions
26 Breaking Transmission: Transmission Based Precautions, cont. Contact Precautions: For infections/colonization spread by contact both direct and indirect (MRSA, VRE, C. difficile, RSV): Patients should be placed in private rooms, if co-horting is necessary place two colonized patients or two actively infected patients with the same pathogen together. Wear clean gloves and gown when you enter the room. Patients should be transported only when necessary, and should be dressed appropriately with PPE for transport Use dedicated patient care equipment. If equipment needs to be shared clean and disinfect between patients. Consult the Infection Control policy IC-14 located on RHINO regarding questions about contact precautions.
27 Breaking Transmission: Transmission Based Precautions, cont. Droplet Precautions: For infections spread by respiratory droplets containing infectious pathogens (Influenza, B. pertussis, N. meningitidis): Patients should be placed in private rooms if possible or co-horting like infections. Use respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette. A mask should be worn when working within 3-6 feet of the patient. Patients should be transported only when necessary. They should wear a mask when leaving their room. Consult the Infection Control policy IC-14 regarding any questions about droplet precautions. Healthcare workers should protect themselves by receiving appropriate vaccinations such as in the case of influenza.
28 Breaking Transmission: Transmission Based Precautions, cont. Airborne Precautions: Infections spread via tiny particles carried on air currents (TB, Measles, Varicella, SARS). For patients suspected to have symptoms for these infections use respiratory/hygiene etiquette: Triage patients to an Airborne Infection Isolation (AII) room (negative pressure). Door to the anteroom and to the patient room should be kept closed. N95 respiratory masks worn when entering the room. Staff should be fit tested for the respiratory mask. Healthcare workers can protect themselves by having appropriate vaccinations and annual TB risk assessment.
29 Patient Education Always remember to educate your patient and their family members on Infection Control. Be sure to document this education in Meditech.
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