2. What does correct alignment provide for a vehicle? Automobile safety, sure handling, maximum fuel economy, and long tire life.

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1 80 Chapter Wheel Alignment Name Instructor Date Score Objective: After studying this chapter, you will be able to explain wheel alignment principles. 1. In reference to vehicles, what does the term alignment mean? Alignment means to position the four tires so they roll freely and evenly over the road surface. 2. What does correct alignment provide for a vehicle? Automobile safety, sure handling, maximum fuel economy, and long tire life. Wheel Alignment Principles 3. What is the main purpose of wheel alignment? To make the tires roll without scuffing, slipping, or dragging under all operating conditions. 4. Identify the six fundamental angles or specifications needed for proper wheel alignment. Any order: caster; camber; toe; steering axis inclination; toe-out on turns (turning radius); tracking (thrust line). Caster 5. Steering wheel pull caused by the hump in the center crown pull of the road is road. 539

2 540 Modern Automotive Technology Workbook 6. Define positive caster. Positive caster tilts the top of the steering knuckle toward the rear of the vehicle and helps keep the vehicle s wheels traveling in a straight line. When you turn the wheels, it lifts the vehicle. Since this takes extra turning force, the wheels resist turning and try to return to the straight-ahead position. 7. It is typical for positive caster to be recommended for power vehicles with steering. 8. Negative caster is recommended for vehicles with manual steering. 9. Explain how the directional control angle of caster is used to offset the effect of road crown. The right front wheel may be set with slightly more positive caster than the left. This counteracts the forces caused by the road crown, and the vehicle will travel straight ahead. Camber 10. Define camber. Camber is the inward or outward tilt of the wheel and tire assembly when viewed from the front of the vehicle. 11. What are the three reasons for camber? Any order: to prevent tire wear on the outer or inner tread; to load the larger inner wheel bearing; to aid steering by placing vehicle weight on the inner end of the spindle. 12. What is the difference between positive camber and negative camber? With positive camber, the tops of the wheels tilt outward when viewed from the front of the vehicle. With negative camber, the tops of the wheels tilt inward when viewed from the front.

3 Name Toe Chapter 80 Wheel Alignment Toe is determined by the difference in between distance the front and rear of the left- and right-hand wheels. 14. Explain the difference between toe-in and toe-out. Toe-in is produced when the wheels are closer at the front than at the rear. Toe-in causes the wheels to point inward at the front. Toe-out results when the wheels are farther apart at the front than at the rear. Toe-out causes the front of the wheels to point away from each other. Steering Axis Inclination 15. Steering axis inclination is always a(n) tilt, inward regardless of whether the wheel tilts inward or outward. 16. How does steering axis inclination aid directional stability? By helping the steering wheel return to the straight-ahead position. Setback 17. Describe the difference between positive setback and negative setback. When setback is positive, the right wheel is farther back than the left wheel. Negative setback is present when the left wheel is farther back than the right wheel. 18. Excessive will cause the vehicle to pull toward setback the side with the wheel that is the farthest back. Toe-Out on Turns (Turning Radius) 19. Explain how toe-out on turns works. As the vehicle goes around a turn, the inside tire must travel in a smaller radius circle than the outside tire. The steering system is designed to turn the inside wheel sharper than the outside wheel. 20. built into the steering system produce proper Angles toe-out on turns.

4 542 Modern Automotive Technology Workbook Tracking 21. With proper tracking, the rear tires follow in the tracks front of the tires, with the vehicle moving straight ahead. 22. What can improper tracking cause in a vehicle? Poor tracking will increase tire wear, lower fuel economy, and degrade handling. Prealignment Inspection (C) 23. All of the following should be checked before attempting wheel alignment, except: (A) worn tires. (B) incorrect cradle alignment. (C) dog tracking. (D) loose wheel bearings. 24. What are possible consequences of improper cradle location? Improper cradle location can reduce wheel alignment adjustment range. It can also cause premature tire wear, vehicle instability, and incorrect drive line angles. Adjusting Wheel Alignment (A) 25. All of the following are common adjustable wheel alignment angles, except: (A) tracking. (B) toe. (C) caster. (D) camber. 26. Explain how caster is adjusted. Caster is adjusted by moving the control arm so the ball joint moves toward the front or rear of the vehicle. 27. Camber is usually adjusted after setting. caster 28. How is toe usually adjusted? Toe is adjusted by lengthening or shortening the tie-rods. On most rack-and-pinion steering systems, the tie-rod is threaded into the outer ball socket.

5 Name Chapter 80 Wheel Alignment Changing one tie-rod more than the other will rotate the steering wheel spokes. 30. What could be the cause of rear wheels failing to track properly? Frame, unibody, or rear suspension damage may be the cause. The vehicle might have been in an accident that shifted the rear wheels out of place. Worn suspension system bushings can also upset tracking. Turning Radius Gauges 31. What do turning radius gauges measure? Turning radius gauges measure how many degrees the front wheels are turned right or left. 32. How do you check toe-out on turns? To check toe-out on turns, center the front tires of the vehicle on the turning radius gauges. Turn one of the front wheels until the gauge reads 20. Then, read the number of degrees showing on the other gauge. Check toe-out on turns on both the right and left sides. If toe-out is not within specs, check for bent or damaged parts. Caster-Camber Gauge 33. To measure caster with a bubble-type caster-camber 20 gauge, turn one of the front wheels inward until the radius gauge reads degrees. (C) 34. To measure camber with a bubble-type caster-camber gauge, turn the front wheels. (A) to the right (B) to the left (C) straight ahead (D) None of the above.

6 544 Modern Automotive Technology Workbook Tram Gauge 35. How does a tram gauge work? A tram gauge is a metal rod or shaft with two pointers. The pointers slide on the gauge so they can be set to measure the distance between the tires. The tram gauge will indicate toe-out or toe-in in either inches or millimeters. (A) 36. When measuring toe with a tram gauge, the difference between the lines on the front and rear of the tires is actual toe. (A) two times (B) three times (C) four times (D) five times Alignment Machines 37. What components does the alignment machine include? The rack, the console, and related parts. 38. What does alignment equipment software include? Alignment equipment software contains computer instructions, information for using the alignment equipment, alignment specifications for various makes and models of vehicles, and other helpful information. Most software will even give you step-by-step instructions. 39. What should you check for as you test-drive the vehicle after completing a wheel alignment? As you test-drive the car or truck on level pavement, check for a misaligned steering wheel, steering wheel pull, and similar troubles.

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