3 Genetics. Chapter summary a reminder of the issues to be revised
|
|
- Kathryn Matthews
- 1 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 3 Genetics Chapter summary a reminder of the issues to be revised 1 Every living organism inherits a blueprint for life from its parents. Genetics is the study of inheritance. Many characteristics of organisms are controlled by the genes. A gene is a heritable factor that consists of a length of DNA and that influences a specific characteristic. A gene occupies a specific position on a chromosome. The various specific forms of a gene are alleles. Alleles differ from each other by one or only a few bases. The entire base sequence of human genes was sequenced in the Human Genome Project. 2 New alleles are formed by mutations. Mutations may result when the nucleotide sequence in DNA of a chromosome is changed, leading to an alteration in the amino acid sequence in proteins formed in the cell. The consequence may be a different phenotype. Radiation and mutagenic chemicals increase the mutation rate and can cause genetic diseases and cancer. 3 Prokaryotes have one chromosome consisting of a circular DNA molecule. Some prokaryotes also have plasmids but eukaryotes do not. Eukaryote chromosomes are linear DNA molecules associated with histone proteins. In eukaryote species there are different chromosomes that carry different genes. Homologous chromosomes carry the same sequence of genes but not necessarily the same alleles of those genes. 4 Diploid nuclei have pairs of homologous chromosomes. Haploid nuclei have one chromosome of each pair. The number of chromosomes is a characteristic feature of members of a species. A karyogram shows the chromosomes of an organism in homologous pairs in descending order of size. Sex is determined in humans by the sex chromosomes, XX in the female and XY in the male. Autosomes are chromosomes that do not determine sex. 5 A diploid nucleus divides by meiosis to produce four haploid nuclei. DNA is replicated before meiosis so that all chromosomes consist of two chromatids. The halving of the chromosome number in meiosis allows a sexual cycle with fusion of gametes. In sexual reproduction, gametes are formed containing one copy of each gene. Offspring formed from the zygote resulting from fertilization receive two copies of each gene, one from each parent. 6 The early stages of meiosis involve pairing of homologous chromosomes and crossing over followed by condensation. Orientation of pairs of homologous chromosomes prior to separation is random. Separation of pairs of homologous chromosomes in the first division of meiosis halves the chromosome number. Crossing over and random orientation promotes genetic variation. Fusion of gametes from different parents promotes genetic variation, too. Alleles segregate during meiosis to allow new combinations to be formed by fusion of gametes. Notes
2 Chapter summary 2 Notes 7 Mendel discovered the principles of inheritance with experiments in which large numbers of pea plants were crossed. Gametes are haploid, so contain only one allele of each gene. The two alleles of gene separate into different haploid daughter nuclei during meiosis. Fusion of gametes results in diploid zygotes with two alleles of each gene that may be the same allele or different alleles. 8 In a monohybrid cross the inheritance of a contrasting characteristic that is controlled by a gene (such as tall and dwarf height in garden pea plants) is investigated. When parents that are homozygous for a contrasting characteristic are crossed, the first generation (F 1 ) will be heterozygous. The characteristic they show, such as tall in the pea, will establish that the allele for tall is dominant over the allele for dwarf, which is recessive. When the F 1 generation selffertilize (sibling cross in animals), a recessive characteristic re-emerges in a minority of the offspring, in the ratio of 3:1 (provided many offspring are formed). This shows that only one allele of a gene is carried in a single gamete. 9 Exceptions to the monohybrid ratio arise from alleles which are codominant (rather than one dominant and one recessive). Alternatively, the existence of more than two alleles for genes, known as multiple alleles, complicates inheritance. The human ABO blood group is an example of the latter, controlled by two of three possible alleles giving four possible phenotypes: A, B, AB or O blood groupings. 10 The pattern of inheritance is different with sex-linked genes due to their location on sex chromosomes (XX in the female and XY in the male). The X chromosome is longer than the Y, and carries alleles for genes that are not present on the Y chromosome. In the male, recessive alleles on the single X chromosome cannot be masked (as they often are by dominant alleles in the female). Consequently, rare recessive conditions of this type occur more frequently in males, including red green colour blindness. 11 Genetic disorders are heritable conditions that are caused by a specific defect in a gene or genes. Many genetic diseases in humans are due to recessive alleles of autosomal chromosomes. Some genetic diseases are sex-linked and some are due to dominant or codominant alleles. Most arise from a mutation involving a single gene. Most genetic disorders are very rare afflicting about 1 2% of the human population, for example sickle cell disease and hemophilia. The Human Genome Project has made it possible to screen for the presence of mutated genes. Radiation and mutagenic chemicals increase the mutation rate and can cause genetic diseases and cancer.
3 Chapter summary 3 Notes 12 Gene technology has applications in biotechnology, pharmaceuticals industries, gene therapy, and in agriculture and forensic science. Gel electrophoresis is used to separate proteins or fragments of DNA according to size. PCR can be used to amplify small amounts of DNA. Genetic profiling involves analysis of DNA to identify the individual from which the DNA was taken. It is used to establish identity and the genetic relatedness of individuals, for example in forensic science. Genetic engineering involves the transfer of genes from one species to another, possibly unrelated, organism. Genes are transferred by some DNA a vector, typically a plasmid (a tiny ring of double-stranded DNA obtained from a bacterium), is used. Gene and vector are cut by means of the same restriction enzyme, forming compatible sticky ends at the cuts. Gene and plasmid are then brought together and joined (annealed), using ligase enzyme. An alternative vector may be the nucleic acid of a virus. 13 Gene technologies generate many benefits for humans, but there are potential hazards, too. So, gene technologies raise ethical issues. 14 A group of genetically identical organisms are clones, and occur naturally. For example, clones are formed by asexual reproduction in plants. Cloning has been used widely in commercial plant propagation for many years. In recent years, animal clones have been produced by nuclear transfer techniques. Dolly the sheep was the first mammal to be cloned from non-embryonic cells.
4 Data handling questions 4 The answers for factual recall questions are available online. Other questions are designed to be tackled alone or in groups, where the outcomes can be discussed with peers or tutors, for example, or done as a homework activity. Data handling questions Displaying data on continuous variation in a histogram A study of fruit length in a commercial crop was undertaken on a sample size of 350 fruits. Each fruit had a different length, so the classes of size were artificially defined. This type of data is best plotted as a histogram. Class sizes Frequency of fruits of each length/mm Construct a histogram of these data, using an Excel spreadsheet. n To do this, the frequency classes are entered in column 1 and the numbers at each class are placed in column 2. n Highlight the two columns, and then in the insert menu click chart. Choose the column option. nn Your histogram requires a title, and each axis needs labelling. n The spaces between the bars must be removed because the data is continuous. To do this, click on one of the 12 bars and hold down until the bars are highlighted. Using the format menu pick selected data point. Now use the options tab and set the gap width to zero. Data obtained from biological experiments like this frequently show a normal distribution (i.e. a symmetrical bell-shaped curve is obtained when the frequency of particular classes of measurements are plotted against the classes of measurements). We must now examine the data. 1 Calculate how clustered (closely spaced) the readings are. This can be expressed as: n the average or arithmetic mean (the sum of the individual values divided by the number of values) n the mode, the most frequent value in a set of values n the median, the middle value in a set of values arranged in ascending order. 2 Deduce how widely distributed (spread out) the readings are. This can be expressed as the standard deviation (s) of the mean (Appendix 2). This is a measure of the variation from the mean of a set of values. A low s indicates that the values differ very little from the mean.
5 Data handling questions 5 The ABO blood group The inheritance of ABO blood groups is controlled by three alleles of a gene (I A, I B and I O ). The alleles I A and I B are codominant to the allele I O. 1 Explain what is meant by the terms a allele and b codominant. Give examples of each. 2 Copy and complete the table below with the missing genotypes. Blood group phenotype A B AB O Possible genotypes I A I A I B I B 3 Offspring of blood group A and O were born to parents of blood groups A and B. Construct a genetic diagram to show the possible ABO blood group phenotypes of these children.
6 Do and understand activities Complete the text Inheritance of a single pair of contrasting characteristics Do and understand activities 6 Review the following passage then make a list of the missing words. A breeding experiment in which the inheritance of the 1 of a single gene is investigated is called a 2 cross. The example chosen here is one that was used when the mechanism of inheritance was first successfully investigated. Experiments were conducted into the inheritance of 3 characteristics of the garden pea plant, Pisum sativum. In this case it was the height of stem in the garden pea plant, which may be either tall (say about 48 cm), or dwarf (about 12 cm) which was investigated. This characteristic is controlled by a 4 gene with two alleles. The plants used as 5 in this cross were one tall and one dwarf plant, and they were pure breeding plant. Pure breeding plants are ones which, when crossed among themselves always give rise to offspring like the parents. The geneticist term for pure breeding is 6. The garden pea plant naturally self-pollinates (and therefore 7 itself), even though the flowers open and insects such as the honey bee visit for pollen and nectar, and transport 8 between flowers. So, in order to carry out a genetic cross between different garden pea plants, 9 had to be prevented. Flowers had the male parts, the 10, cut out whilst still immature (before pollen had been formed). Then, pollen was introduced from a flower on a plant with the 11 characteristic (i.e. pollen from a flower of a tall plant was introduced onto the stigma of a dwarf plant and vice versa). The 12 from this cross were a large number of peas, which, when planted, all grew into tall plants. The offspring are known as the first filial generation, shortened to 13. Plants of the F 1 generation were then allowed to 14 (and so self-fertilize) to form the second filial generation or F 2. The offspring, a large number of pea seeds, when planted, grew into a mixture of 15 plants in the ratio of three tall to one dwarf. PCR and gel electrophoresis Investigating plant evolution is a practical investigation kit that was developed by Science and Plants for Schools (SAPS) in collaboration with the National Centre for Biotechnology Education (NCBE). This kit provides the detailed protocols and the materials for the simple extraction of chloroplast DNA from plant tissue, its amplification by PCR, and gel electrophoresis of the PCR product. Consequently, this kit covers two highlighted Understandings in the IB Syllabus. Further information and the necessary resources are available from both: The National Centre for Biotechnology Education: Science and Plants for Schools: www-saps.plantsci.cam.ac.uk/ Sickle cell anemia Sickle cell anemia is a recessive inherited condition affecting the red blood cells. In the UK approximately 10 births per million show this condition, whilst in Africa it has a much higher incidence. In the homozygous condition it may be fatal without treatment. 1 What is meant by the term homozygous condition? 2 Describe the (a) genetic and (b) biochemical basis of sickle cell anemia. 3 Suggest how this condition arose. 4 How can the much higher incidence of the disease in Africa than in the UK be explained?
7 Further study Web resources Further study 7 Mitosis and meiosis demystified: The DNA Learning Centre at Cold Harbor Laboratory have created a Biology Animation Library, giving access to Gel electrophoresis and Polymerase chain reaction at: The Wellcome Trust Human Genome website explores the human genome and the impact of human genes on health, disease and society: Further reading Articles in recent editions of Biological Sciences Review : Sickle cell anaemia, 23.2, pp (Nov 2010) In praise of the fruit fly, 23.3, pp.2 5 (Feb 2011) What is a chromosome?, 24.1, pp.5 8 (Sept 2011) Dealing with variation, 24.2, pp (Nov 2011) Blame your parents, 24.3, pp (Feb 2012) The chi-squared test, 24.4, pp (Apr 2012) Carrying out t-tests, 25.2, pp (Nov 2012)
Ingenious Genes Curriculum Links for AQA AS (7401) and A-Level Biology (7402)
Ingenious Genes Curriculum Links for AQA AS (7401) and A-Level Biology (7402) 3.1.1 Monomers and Polymers 3.1.4 Proteins 3.1.5 Nucleic acids are important information-carrying molecules 3.2.1 Cell structure
Mendel suggested that flower colour was controlled by inherited factors. Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the following sentences.
Q. The diagrams show one of Mendel s experiments. He bred pea plants. Mendel suggested that flower colour was controlled by inherited factors. Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the following
CIBI Midterm Examination III November 2005
Name: CIBI3031-070 Midterm Examination III November 2005 Multiple Choice In each blank, identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. If a parent cell
Bio EOC Topics for Cell Reproduction: Bio EOC Questions for Cell Reproduction:
Bio EOC Topics for Cell Reproduction: Asexual vs. sexual reproduction Mitosis steps, diagrams, purpose o Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis Meiosis steps, diagrams, purpose
Problem Set 4 BILD10 / Winter 2014
1) The DNA in linear eukaryotic chromosomes is wrapped around proteins called, which keep the DNA from getting tangled and enable an orderly, tight, and efficient packing of the DNA inside the cell. A)
Heredity - Patterns of Inheritance
Heredity - Patterns of Inheritance Genes and Alleles A. Genes 1. A sequence of nucleotides that codes for a special functional product a. Transfer RNA b. Enzyme c. Structural protein d. Pigments 2. Genes
Chapter 9 Patterns of Inheritance
Bio 100 Patterns of Inheritance 1 Chapter 9 Patterns of Inheritance Modern genetics began with Gregor Mendel s quantitative experiments with pea plants History of Heredity Blending theory of heredity -
Genetics (20%) Sample Test Prep Questions
Genetics (20%) Sample Test Prep Questions Grade 7 (2a Genetics) Students know the differences between the life cycles and reproduction methods of sexual and asexual organisms. (pg. 106 Science Framework)
Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
Name Period Concept 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes 1. Let s begin with a review of several terms that you may already know. Define: gene locus gamete male gamete female
BIOLOGY I Study Guide # 5: Topic Genetics 1
BIOLOGY I Study Guide # 5: Topic Genetics 1 Biology Textbook pg. 262 285, 340-365 Name: I. Mendelian Genetics (pg. 263 272) Define: a. genetics: b. fertilization: c. true-breeding: d. trait: e. hybrid:
Chapter 11. Classical (Mendelian) Genetics
Chapter 11 Classical (Mendelian) Genetics The study of how genes bring about characteristics, or traits, in living things and how those characteristics are inherited. Genetics Geneticist A scientist who
Biology 2250 Principles of Genetics. Weekly Online Quizzes. WebCT Quizzes. Mendelian Genetics. Basic Concepts of Genetics
Biology 2250 Principles of Genetics Announcements Test I marks are posted outside SN-3021 and in the lab. Exams will be returned Tuesday Spring Biology Courses at Harlow: http://www.mun.ca/harlow/ Weekly
Cell Division. Use Target Reading Skills. This section explains how cells grow and divide.
Cell Processes and Energy Name Date Class Cell Processes and Energy Guided Reading and Study Cell Division This section explains how cells grow and divide. Use Target Reading Skills As you read, make a
2. For example, tall plant, round seed, violet flower, etc. are dominant characters in a pea plant.
Principles of Inheritance and Variation Class 12 Chapter 5 Principles of Inheritance and Variation Exercise Solutions Exercise : Solutions of Questions on Page Number : 93 Q1 : Mention the advantages of
Chapter 11 Genetics. STATE FRAMEWORKS 3. Genetics
STATE FRAMEWORKS 3. Genetics Chapter 11 Genetics Central Concepts: Genes allow for the storage and transmission of genetic information. They are a set of instructions encoded in the nucleotide sequence
Collated questions Demonstrate understanding of biological ideas relating to genetic variation DNA STRUCTURE
Collated questions Demonstrate understanding of biological ideas relating to genetic variation DNA STRUCTURE THE ROLE OF DNA IN INHERITANCE (2013:2) (a) Use the diagram above to help you explain the relationship
2. Which hereditary rule explains why a self-fertilizing parent that is heterozygous for the A locus (Aa) can produce offspring that are AA or aa?
Heredity 1. Technology Enhanced Questions are not available in Word format. 2. Which hereditary rule explains why a self-fertilizing parent that is heterozygous for the A locus (Aa) can produce offspring
Genetics. The study of heredity. discovered the. Gregor Mendel (1860 s) garden peas.
GENETICS Genetics The study of heredity. Gregor Mendel (1860 s) discovered the fundamental principles of genetics by breeding garden peas. Genetics Alleles 1. Alternative forms of genes. 2. Units that
The Mendelian Genetics of Corn
The Mendelian Genetics of Corn (Adapted from Mendelian Genetics for Corn by Carolina Biological Supply Company) Objectives: In this laboratory investigation, you will: a. Use corn to study genetic crosses.
Genetics Module B, Anchor 3
Genetics Module B, Anchor 3 Key Concepts: - An individual s characteristics are determines by factors that are passed from one parental generation to the next. - During gamete formation, the alleles for
11.1 The Work of Gregor Mendel
11.1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Lesson Objectives Describe Mendel s studies and conclusions about inheritance. Describe what happens during segregation. Lesson Summary The Experiments of Gregor Mendel The
TEST NAME: Genetics unit test TEST ID: GRADE:07 SUBJECT:Life and Physical Sciences TEST CATEGORY: School Assessment
TEST NAME: Genetics unit test TEST ID: 437885 GRADE:07 SUBJECT:Life and Physical Sciences TEST CATEGORY: School Assessment Genetics unit test Page 1 of 12 Student: Class: Date: 1. There are four blood
Name: Class: Date: ID: A
Name: Class: _ Date: _ Meiosis Quiz 1. (1 point) A kidney cell is an example of which type of cell? a. sex cell b. germ cell c. somatic cell d. haploid cell 2. (1 point) How many chromosomes are in a human
ECO-1.1: I can describe the processes that move carbon and nitrogen through ecosystems.
Cycles of Matter ECO-1.1: I can describe the processes that move carbon and nitrogen through ecosystems. ECO-1.2: I can explain how carbon and nitrogen are stored in ecosystems. ECO-1.3: I can describe
Recombinant DNA technology (genetic engineering) involves combining genes from different sources into new cells that can express the genes.
Recombinant DNA technology (genetic engineering) involves combining genes from different sources into new cells that can express the genes. Recombinant DNA technology has had-and will havemany important
INHERITANCE & VARIATION 22 APRIL 2015 Section A: Summary Content Notes
INHERITANCE & VARIATION 22 APRIL 2015 Section A: Summary Content Notes Monohybrid Crosses Incomplete Dominance and Co-dominance Incomplete dominance: when the dominant gene allele is not able to completely
Topic 6: Genetics. 1. The transfer of genes from parents to their offspring is known as
1. The transfer of genes from parents to their offspring is known as 5. The diagram below represents a reproductive process that takes place in humans. (1) differentiation (2) heredity (3) immunity (4)
Heredity. Sarah crosses a homozygous white flower and a homozygous purple flower. The cross results in all purple flowers.
Heredity 1. Sarah is doing an experiment on pea plants. She is studying the color of the pea plants. Sarah has noticed that many pea plants have purple flowers and many have white flowers. Sarah crosses
1 Mutation and Genetic Change
CHAPTER 14 1 Mutation and Genetic Change SECTION Genes in Action KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: What is the origin of genetic differences among organisms? What kinds
Genetics. PART I: Mitosis & Meiosis prerequisites for inheritance. A. Mitosis. Review: A closer look inside of the nucleus: DNA: chromatin:
Genetics PART I: Mitosis & Meiosis prerequisites for inheritance A. Mitosis Review: A closer look inside of the nucleus: DNA: chromatin: chromosome: parts: chromatid: centromere: telomere: 1 Mitosis &
Science 10-Biology Activity 14 Worksheet on Sexual Reproduction
Science 10-Biology Activity 14 Worksheet on Sexual Reproduction 10 Name Due Date Show Me NOTE: This worksheet is based on material from pages 367-372 in Science Probe. 1. Sexual reproduction requires parents,
Name: Period: Date: PAP Meiosis, Genetics & Heredity Test Review KEY
Name: Period: Date: PAP Meiosis, Genetics & Heredity Test Review KEY 1. How are an organism s complex traits determined? DNA contains codes for proteins which are necessary for growth an functioning in
Exam #2 BSC Fall. NAME Key answers in bold
Exam #2 BSC 2011 2004 Fall NAME Key answers in bold _ FORM B Before you begin, please write your name and social security number on the computerized score sheet. Mark in the corresponding bubbles under
Biology 160 Lab Module 12 Mendelian Genetics
BIOL& 160 Clark College 1 Biology 160 Lab Module 12 Mendelian Genetics Name Learning Outcomes Upon successful completion of this lab, you should be able to: 1. Understand character inheritance, allelic
Seed color gene with two alleles: R = purple (or red) allele (dominant allele) r = yellow (or white) allele (recessive allele)
Patterns of Inheritance in Maize written by J. D. Hendrix Learning Objectives Upon completing the exercise, each student should be able to define the following terms gene, allele, genotype, phenotype,
How are the processes of aerobic respiration and photosynthesis linked? What s another name for the second stage of photosynthesis?
Exam #2 Study Guide Use your book as a reference if you don t understand something, or better yet, ask me! Photosynthesis only worry about 2 nd stage How are the processes of aerobic respiration and photosynthesis
Name Period Date GENETICS
Name Period Date GENETICS I. GREGOR MENDEL founder of genetics (crossed pea plants to study heredity = passing on of traits) 1. GENES make up chromosomes a. 2 genes (ALLELES) for every trait (1 from each
BioBoot Camp Genetics
BioBoot Camp Genetics BIO.B.1.2.1 Describe how the process of DNA replication results in the transmission and/or conservation of genetic information DNA Replication is the process of DNA being copied before
Name Date. Meiosis Worksheet
Name Date Meiosis Worksheet Identifying Processes On the lines provided, order the different stages of meiosis I THROUGH meiosis II, including interphase in the proper sequence. 1. homologous chromosome
Forensic DNA Testing Terminology
Forensic DNA Testing Terminology ABI 310 Genetic Analyzer a capillary electrophoresis instrument used by forensic DNA laboratories to separate short tandem repeat (STR) loci on the basis of their size.
Name Period. 3. How many rounds of DNA replication and cell division occur during meiosis?
Name Period GENERAL BIOLOGY Second Semester Study Guide Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 14, 16, 17, 18 and 19. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION AND MEIOSIS 1. What is the purpose of meiosis? 2. Distinguish between diploid
Biology Final Exam Study Guide: Semester 2
Biology Final Exam Study Guide: Semester 2 Questions 1. Scientific method: What does each of these entail? Investigation and Experimentation Problem Hypothesis Methods Results/Data Discussion/Conclusion
Genetic engineering. GENETIC ENGINEERING Genetic engineering is a process whereby genes are transferred from one organism to another.
Name: 2.5 Genetics Objectives 2.5.9 Genetic Engineering 1. Define Genetic Engineering 2. Understand that GE alters DNA 3. Understand the function of restriction enzymes 4. Be able to explain the following
Non-Disjunction Review. tent/animations/content/mistakesmei osis/mistakesmeiosis.html
Non-Disjunction Review http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcon tent/animations/content/mistakesmei osis/mistakesmeiosis.html Lesson# 1.6- Genetic Diversity and Heredity Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) Pioneer of genetics
Concept 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes
Name Period Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Concept 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes 1. Let s begin with a review of several terms that you may already know.
somatic cell egg genotype gamete polar body phenotype homologous chromosome trait dominant autosome genetics recessive
CHAPTER 6 MEIOSIS AND MENDEL Vocabulary Practice somatic cell egg genotype gamete polar body phenotype homologous chromosome trait dominant autosome genetics recessive CHAPTER 6 Meiosis and Mendel sex
Biology 1406 Exam 4 Notes Cell Division and Genetics Ch. 8, 9
Biology 1406 Exam 4 Notes Cell Division and Genetics Ch. 8, 9 Ch. 8 Cell Division Cells divide to produce new cells must pass genetic information to new cells - What process of DNA allows this? Two types
A trait is a variation of a particular character (e.g. color, height). Traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes.
1 Biology Chapter 10 Study Guide Trait A trait is a variation of a particular character (e.g. color, height). Traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes. Genes Genes are located on chromosomes
Genetics Practice. 1. The diagram below shows the chromosomes from a cell after they were photographed under a microscope.
Name: Date: 1. The diagram below shows the chromosomes from a cell after they were photographed under a microscope. Which of the following questions may best be answered by studying an organism s chromosomes?.
Recommended Resources: The following resources may be useful in teaching this
Unit E: Plant Propagation Lesson 1: Understanding Sexual Reproduction Student Learning Objectives: Instruction in this lesson should result in students achieving the following objectives: 1. Discuss the
Behavior of Cell Cycle
CH 13 Meiosis Inheritance of genes Genes are the units of heredity, and are made up of segments of DNA. Genes are passed to the next generation via reproductive cells called gametes (sperm and eggs). Each
Genetics Problem Set
AP Biology Name: Genetics Problem Set Independent Assortment Problems 1. One gene has alleles A and a. Another has alleles B and b. For each genotype listed, what type(s) of gametes will be produced? (Assume
STUDENT ID NUMBER, LAST NAME,
EBIO 1210: General Biology 1 Name Exam 3 June 25, 2013 To receive credit for this exam, you MUST bubble in your STUDENT ID NUMBER, LAST NAME, and FIRST NAME No. 2 pencils only You may keep this exam to
Heredity and Prenatal Development: Chapter 3
Genetics 1 DEP 4053 Christine L. Ruva, Ph.D. Heredity and Prenatal Development: Chapter 3 PRINCIPLES OF HEREDITARY TRANSMISSION Genotype Phenotype Chromosomes: in the nucleus of the cell store and transmit
Scheme of work Cambridge IGCSE Biology (0610)
Scheme of work Cambridge IGCSE Biology (0610) Unit 8: Inheritance and evolution Recommended prior knowledge Basic knowledge of Unit 1 cell structure is required, and also an understanding of the processes
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE CHROMOSOME NUMBERS
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE 1. During nuclear division, the DNA (as chromatin) in a Eukaryotic cell's nucleus is coiled into very tight compact structures called chromosomes. These are rod-shaped structures made
The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens
The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens The Daily Variety Overview Students will examine the differences between wild-type and mutant lines of the same species of plant as a basis
Biology Performance Level Descriptors
Limited A student performing at the Limited Level demonstrates a minimal command of Ohio s Learning Standards for Biology. A student at this level has an emerging ability to describe genetic patterns of
Chapter 18. Genes and Medical Genetics
1 Chapter 18 Genes and Medical Genetics 2 1 Outline Genotype vs. Phenotype Dominant vs. Recessive Traits Punnett Squares Autosomal Recessive Disorders Autosomal Dominant Disorders Pedigree Charts Multiple
LIFE SCIENCES Grade 12 MEIOSIS 02 JULY 2014
MEIOSIS 02 JULY 2014 Checklist Make sure you Review the structure of a cell with an emphasis on the parts of the nucleus, the centrosome and the cytoplasm Know that chromosomes are made up of DNA Know
Science 103: Practice Questions for Exam 3
Science 103: Practice Questions for Exam 3 SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS: 1. An individual lost his father to Huntington s disease. His mother is healthy and in her 60 s. (a) What is the probability that the
Exam 1. CSS/Hort 430. 2008 All questions worth 2 points
Exam 1. CSS/Hort 430. 2008 All questions worth 2 points 1. A general definition of plants is they are eukaryotic, multi-cellular organisms and are usually photosynthetic. In this definition, eukaryotic
7A The Origin of Modern Genetics
Life Science Chapter 7 Genetics of Organisms 7A The Origin of Modern Genetics Genetics the study of inheritance (the study of how traits are inherited through the interactions of alleles) Heredity: the
Biotechnology Test Test
Log In Sign Up Biotechnology Test Test 15 Matching Questions Regenerate Test 1. Plasmid 2. PCR Process 3. humulin 4. pluripotent 5. polymerase chain reaction (PCR) a b Is much smaller than the human genome,
Cell Growth and Reproduction Module B, Anchor 1
Cell Growth and Reproduction Module B, Anchor 1 Key Concepts: - The larger a cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA. In addition, a larger cell is less efficient in moving nutrients
Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
Name Period Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Concept 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes 1. Let s begin with a review of several terms that you may already know.
MCAS Biology. Review Packet
MCAS Biology Review Packet 1 Name Class Date 1. Define organic. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 2. All living things are made up of 6 essential elements: SPONCH. Name the six elements of life. S N P C O H 3. Elements
Single-Gene Inheritance (Learning Objectives) Review the presence of homologous chromosomes in diploid organisms that reproduce sexually, the
Single-Gene Inheritance (Learning Objectives) Review the presence of homologous chromosomes in diploid organisms that reproduce sexually, the definitions of karyotype, autosomes and sex chromosomes. Recognize
GENETICS & GENETIC ENGINEERING 23 APRIL 2014
GENETICS & GENETIC ENGINEERING 23 APRIL 2014 In this lesson we: Lesson Description State what is meant by genetic engineering State what is meant by biotechnology Describe how each of the following examples
Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Chapter 13 1 Ojectives Distinguish between the following terms: somatic cell and gamete; autosome and sex chromosomes; haploid and diploid. List the phases of meiosis I and
MODULE 11: MENDELIAN GENETICS 1
PEER-LED TEAM LEARNING INTRODUCTORY BIOLOGY MODULE 11: MENDELIAN GENETICS 1 JOSEPH G. GRISWOLD, PH.D. (City College of New York, CUNY) I. Introduction In sexually reproducing animals, genetic information
c. Law of Independent Assortment: Alleles separate and do not have an effect on another allele.
Level Genetics Review KEY Describe the 3 laws that Gregor Mendel established after working with pea plants. a. Law of Dominance: states that the effect of a recessive allele is not observed when a dominant
Name Class Date WHAT I KNOW. organisms with specific traits for certain functions. For example, some plants provide food.
Genetic Engineering Science as a Way of Knowing Q: How and why do scientists manipulate DNA in living cells? 15.1 How do humans take advantage of naturally occurring variation among organisms? WHAT I KNOW
Home work, notebo oks, quizzes and test. Home work, notebo oks, quizzes and test
Science: Biology Grade Six Mr. Barry Jordan Curwensville Area School District 1st Quarter Lesson 1 Objectives Skills Assess ment the characteristic s of Cells * will describe the relationship between cells
1. chose the pea plant for 3 reasons: a. structure of the pea flower (more later) b. presence of distinctive traits c. rapid reproductive cycle 2.
Genetics I. Genetics A. genetics: scientific study of heredity 1. we have known for centuries that traits are passed from parents to offspring 2. we didn t know how the traits were determined B. recall
Mr. Storie 10F Science Reproduction Unit Review. Reproduction Review YOU ARE EXPECTED TO KNOW THE MEANING OF ALL THE FOLLOWING TERMS:
Reproduction Review YOU ARE EXPECTED TO KNOW THE MEANING OF ALL THE FOLLOWING TERMS: CHROMOSOME GENE DNA TRAIT HEREDITY INTERPHASE MITOSIS CYTOKINESIS ASEXUAL BINARY FISSION CELL CYCLE GENETIC DIVERSITY
A. Multiple alleles B. Polygenic traits C. Incomplete dominance D. Autosomal inheritance
1. When neither allele is dominant, so that a heterzygote has a phenotype that is a blending of each of the homozygous phenotypes (such as one red color allele and one white color allele producing pink
Name Class Date. KEY CONCEPT Mutations are changes in DNA that may or may not affect phenotype. frameshift mutation
Unit 7 Study Guide Section 8.7: Mutations KEY CONCEPT Mutations are changes in DNA that may or may not affect phenotype. VOCABULARY mutation point mutation frameshift mutation mutagen MAIN IDEA: Some mutations
Definition/Example Signature
Engage: Who Remembers? Instructions: Discuss the following terms with other students. Try to find someone who can explain the term to you or give you an example of the term. Record the definition or example
Genetics & Inheritance
Genetics & Inheritance Part 1 Earth Day Creature! Genetics Terminology Genes are DNA sequences that contain instructions for building proteins or RNA molecules with enzymatic functions. Chromosomes are
Name Period _. Regents Biology Date _ REVIEW 5: GENETICS
Name Period _ Regents Biology Date _ REVIEW 5: GENETICS 1. Chromosomes: a. Humans have 46 chromosomes, or _23 _ homologous pairs. Homologous: _Chromosomes of the same position and size b. Chromosome pairs
Overview: Variations on a Theme Genetics Heredity Variation Concept 13.1: Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes
Overview: Variations on a Theme Living organisms are distinguished by their ability to reproduce their own kind Genetics is the scientific study of heredity and variation Heredity is the transmission of
Chapter 21 Active Reading Guide The Evolution of Populations
Name: Roksana Korbi AP Biology Chapter 21 Active Reading Guide The Evolution of Populations This chapter begins with the idea that we focused on as we closed Chapter 19: Individuals do not evolve! Populations
Mendelian and Non-Mendelian Heredity Grade Ten
Ohio Standards Connection: Life Sciences Benchmark C Explain the genetic mechanisms and molecular basis of inheritance. Indicator 6 Explain that a unit of hereditary information is called a gene, and genes
14-1 Notes. Human Heredity
14-1 Notes Human Heredity Human Chromosomes Biologists can make a karyotype by cutting chromosomes out of photographs. There are 46 total chromosomes in a human body cell 23 from a haploid sperm 23 from
WHAT CELL REPRODUCTION ACCOMPLISHES. Reproduction
WHAT CELL REPRODUCTION ACCOMPLISHES Reproduction may result in the birth of new organisms but more commonly involves the production of new cells. When a cell undergoes reproduction, or cell division, two
Chapter 8: The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance
Chapter 8: The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance Introduction Stages of an Organism s Life Cycle: Development: All changes that occur from a fertilized egg or an initial cell to an adult organism.
BASIC GENETICS VOCABULARY
Name: Date: Period: Genetics Problem Sets Introduction: How do organisms come to look and act the way they do? How are characteristics passed from generation to generation? Genetics, the study of inheritance,
Biology 201 (Genetics) Exam #1 21 September 2004
Name KEY Biology 201 (Genetics) Exam #1 21 September 2004 Read the question carefully before answering. Think before you write. Be concise. You will have up to 85 minutes hour to take this exam. After
Genetics Test Biology I
Genetics Test Biology I Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Avery s experiments showed that bacteria are transformed by a. RNA. c. proteins.
MENDELIAN GENETICS. genes and their interactions with the environment. Human height and intelligence are among these complex polygenic characters.
Name: Dr. Gonzalez BSC2005 In-Class Worksheet MENDELIAN GENETICS Introduction In sexually reproducing animals, genetic information is passed from the parents to offspring by means of haploid gametes (egg
The Continuity of Life How Cells Reproduce
The Continuity of Life How Cells Reproduce Cell division is at the heart of the reproduction of cells and organisms Organisms can reproduce sexually or asexually. Some organisms make exact copies of themselves,
Chapter 7: Genetics Lesson 2: Gregor Mendel and Genetics
Chapter 7: Genetics Lesson 2: Gregor Mendel and Genetics These purple-flowered plants are not just pretty to look at. Plants like these led to a huge leap forward in biology. The plants are common garden
Terms: The following terms are presented in this lesson (shown in bold italics and on PowerPoint Slides 2 and 3):
Unit B: Understanding Animal Reproduction Lesson 4: Understanding Genetics Student Learning Objectives: Instruction in this lesson should result in students achieving the following objectives: 1. Explain
Meiosis Worksheet. Do you have ALL your parents' chromosomes? Introduction to Meiosis. Haploid vs. Diploid. Overview of Meiosis NAME - PERIOD
Meiosis Worksheet NAME - PERIOD Do you have ALL your parents' chromosomes? No, you only received half of your mother's chromosomes and half of your father's chromosomes. If you inherited them all, you
Some word roots useful for Lab exercise 2 and 3:
Some word roots useful for Lab exercise 2 and 3: a- = not or without (asexual: type of reproduction not involving fertilization) ana- = up, throughout, again (anaphase: the mitotic stage in which the chromatids
11.4 Meiosis. Lesson Objectives. Lesson Summary
11.4 Meiosis Lesson Objectives Contrast the number of chromosomes in body cells and in gametes. Summarize the events of meiosis. Contrast meiosis and mitosis. Describe how alleles from different genes
Section 14 1 Human Heredity (pages )
Chapter 14 The Human Genome Section 14 1 Human Heredity (pages 341 348) How is sex determined? How do small changes in DNAcause genetic disorders? Human Chromosomes (pages 341 342) 1. How do biologists
Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
Name Period Concept 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes 1. Let s begin with a review of several terms that you may already know. Define: gene locus gamete male gamete female
Name: 4. A typical phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross is a) 9:1 b) 3:4 c) 9:3:3:1 d) 1:2:1:2:1 e) 6:3:3:6
Name: Multiple-choice section Choose the answer which best completes each of the following statements or answers the following questions and so make your tutor happy! 1. Which of the following conclusions