I) DNA STRUCTURE AND REPLICATION B) DNA REPLICATION
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1 I) DN SRUURE ND REPLIION B) DN REPLIION
2 I) DN Structure and Replication DN Replication for mitosis and meiosis to occur the DN must make an exact copy itself first (S Phase) this is called DN replication the main stages of DN replication is the same in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. DN replication is semiconservative
3 I) DN Structure and Replication
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5 I) DN Structure and Replication semiconservative replication involves separating the two parent strands they act as templates to synthesize two new strands. the hydrogen bonds between complementary base break the DN helix unzips each strand acts as a template to build a complementary strand errors are repaired results in two identical DN molecules.
6 EXPERIMEN 1 Bacteria 2 cultured in medium containing 15 N Bacteria transferred to medium containing 14 N RESULS 3 DN sample centrifuged after 20 min (after first application) 4 DN sample centrifuged after 40 min (after second replication) Less dense More dense ONLUSION First replication Second replication onservative model Semiconservative model Dispersive model
7 EXPERIMEN 1 Bacteria cultured in medium containing 15 N 2 Bacteria transferred to medium containing 14 N RESULS 3 DN sample centrifuged after 20 min (after first application) 4 DN sample centrifuged after 20 min (after second replication) Less dense More dense
8 Fig b ONLUSION First replication Second replication onservative model Semiconservative model Dispersive model
9 I) DN Structure and Replication (a) Parent molecule
10 Fig I) DN Structure and Replication (a) Parent molecule (b) Separation of strands
11 (a) Parent molecule (c) Daughter DN molecules, each consisting of one parental strand and one new strand (b) Separation of strands I) DN Structure and Replication
12 I) DN Structure and Replication Separating the DN Strands DN helicase an enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds between the complementary base pairs. unwinds the double helix of DN once the helix is unwound proteins bind the strands to stop them from coming back together. the point at which the two strands are separated is called the replication fork. one template runs in the 3 to 5 direction and one runs 5 to 3
13 I) DN Structure and Replication
14 I) DN Structure and Replication Building a omplementary Strand DN Polymerase III builds the new strand of DN builds a new strand by linking together free complementary nucleotides a short piece of single-stranded ribonucleic acid, called a RN primer, is attached to the template strand this is the starting point of DN polymerase
15 I) DN Structure and Replication adds nucleotides to a growing strand in only one direction, 5 to 3. the phosphate group at the 5 end of a free nucleotide is connected to the hydroxyl group on the 3 carbon of the sugar on the last nucleotide as a result one of the new strands will be synthesized continuously as DN polymerase III moves in a 5 to 3 direction toward the replication fork this strand is called the leading strand. the other new strand is called the lagging strand.
16 I) DN Structure and Replication
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18 I) DN Structure and Replication the lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments (Okazaki fragments) this allows for synthesis in a 5 to 3 direction RN primers are required to complete replication of the DN, the primers are cut from the lagging strand and replaced by DN nucleotides the replacement occurs through the action of the enzyme DN polymerase I DN ligase links the sugar-phosphate backbone of the DN fragments together.
19 I) DN Structure and Replication
20 I) DN Structure and Replication
21 I) DN Structure and Replication Single-strand binding proteins Primase opoisomerase 3ʹ 5ʹ RN primer 3ʹ 5ʹ 3ʹ Helicase 5ʹ
22 I) DN Structure and Replication DN Repair as complementary strands of DN are synthesized both DN Polymerase I and II act as quality control checkers. when a mistake occurs the DN polymerase backtracks to the incorrect nucleotide it cuts the mistake out adds the correct nucleotides to the complementary strand. mistakes must be corrected quickly or it could then be carried over when the new strands replicate.
23 I) DN Structure and Replication
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