J. Guéron U. Paris 3 HAVE, BE and NEED in space and time Special Session on transitive intentional verbs. ENS. Jan

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1 1 J. Guéron U. Paris 3 HAVE, BE and NEED in space and time Special Session on transitive intentional verbs. ENS. Jan Flood-tide below me! I see you face to face! Clouds of the west sun there half an hour high I see you also face to face... (1) a. here is a dog on the lawn. (Exist) b. John has a book. (Poss.) c. u me plaîs. (Psych) (2) a. u me manques (Psych.) b. I need a beer. (Psych/Intentional) c. You must leave now. (Modal) 1. HAVE and BE (3) a. John has a book. (Poss) b. John has to leave. (Modal) WaltWhitman Crossing Brooklyn Ferry 2. Sur les crédences au salon vide: nul ptyx*, Aboli bibelot d'inanité sonore, (4) a. Ram-er ek-ta boi aachhe Stéphane Mallarmé, Sonnet (* ptyx = seashell in which you hear the noise of the sea) Ram-GEN one-cl- book-nom BE+Pres (at-ram one book is: Ram has a book) b. Ram-er Dilli je- te ho-be Ram-GEN to-delhi go-inf BE+Fut (at-ram to -Delhi to go will be : Ram has to go to Delhi) (5) a. John IS a doctor/happy/#a book. b. John HAS a doctor/*happy/a book. c. here is a doctor in the room. d. * here has a doctor in the room. (6) a. [VP be a book] = [-EX] VP -EX -EX

2 2 b. [VP have a book] = [+EX] VP +EX +EX (5e) Il y a un médecin dans la pièce. (7) a. Hé hablado con Juan. b. engo un libro. (8) a. VP [+EX] b. VP [+EX] BE a book HAVE a book -EX +EX P +EX +EX (9) (i) A spatially extended configuration must have an appropriate spatial cover in vp. (ii) A temporally extended configuation must have an appropriate temporal controller in P. (10) a. vp Spec v' v VP [+EX] John HAVE a book +EX P +EX +EX (10) b. P Spec ' vp Spec v' v VP [+EX] John John HAVE a book + +EX +EX P +EX +EX (11) a. John has a book.

3 3 b. * he table has a book. c. he table has three legs. (12) a. [he table] has [a book on it] b. * [he table] has [a book on me] (13) War and Peace is a book. (14) VP [+EX] BE A book -EX +EX (15) a. On the table is a book b. here is a book on the table vp Spec v' v VP here PP BE a book [on the table] (16) a. Na stole ect' kniga On the table IS+EX a book-nom b. U menya ect' kniga At me is+ex a book-nom c. Masha (*ect') kracivaya Masha (is) beautiful (17) a. here i is a book i on the table. b. * here is the book on the table. c. CP i here...the book i.. X (18) a. John has an idea. b. * John has the idea. c. John had the idea first.

4 4 2. Positive vs negative existence. (19) Il était une fois une petite fille. (20) Hamlet: What hour now? Horatio: I think it lacks of twelve. (Hamlet I,iii) (21) a. Il me [ manque encore deux euros] DA. NO+EXIS s till 2 euros +EX b. * Il me manque Marie c. Marie me manque t. 3. Possession, perfect and modality with English HAVE. (22) P Spec ' vp v P VP John has EN see Mary +EX +EX θag (23) a. has [John O see Mary] +EX +EX b. has+o/hasta [John see Mary] +EX c. John has+to/hasta [t see Mary] +EX 4. NEED (24) a. John needs a book. b. Il lui manque/faut un livre. (25) a. E bisogna [allo studio dottrina] (Old Italian) is need of the study of doctrine

5 5 b. ha bisogna [della tua tornata] s/he has need of your return. c. non vi bisognerebbe (d'aver pensiero) not to you is necessary (to have worry) (26) a. Eu am trevoie de o carte. (Cincivara) (Rumanian) I have need of a book b. Imi trebuie o carte me+da need a book (27) a. I have no need of a book. b. here is no need of your presence here. (28) a. You need not [t leave so soon] b. here need not [t be any witnesses present at the trial] (29) (= (24a) a. [NEG+HAVE BOOK] +EX +EX +EX b. [VP NEED BOOK] c. John [NEED a book]. (30) (=24b) a.. [VP NEG+BE NP]] b. [VP MANQUE NP]] b. [vp DA [VP MANQUE NP]] (31) a. John needed some change [before the conference]. b. needed [John have change] (before the conference] (32) John needed a marathon [before the Olympics]. a. * John needed to have a marathon. b. John needed there to be a marathon. (33) a. his soup needs salt. b. * his soup has (a) need of salt. c. * his soup needs to have salt. (34) a. * [John's need at 3 A.M. in the morning ] annoyed me.

6 6 b. [John's need of loose change at 3 A.M. In the morning] annoyed me. (35) a. [NEED a beer] +EX +EX b. [John's [need of a beer] [at 3 A.M.] c.. John needed a beer at [at 3 A.M.] (36) a. his soup needs salt. b. * his soup's need of salt. c.?? he soup needed salt at 3 A.M. (37) a. [NEG+BE [salt in soup] b. [NEG +BE+IN [salt soup] c. he soup [NEG +BE+IN [salt]) d. he soup needs/lacks/is missing salt. e. La soupe manque de sel. References Bhatt, R. (1998) Obligation and Possession in H. Harley, ed. Papers from the UPenn/MI Roundtable no Argument Structure and Aspect, MIWPL 32, (21-40). Ciucivara, O.S. (2010) A Few Notes on the Need Field in Romanian Bucharest Working Papers in Linguistics, 12,2. Guéron J. (1986) Le verbe avoir, Recherches Linguistiques, 14, U. Paris 8. Guéron, J. (2000) From Need to Necessity: a Syntactic Path to Modality in J. van der Auwera & P. Dendale, eds., Modal Verbs n Germanic and Romance Languages, Belgian Journal of Linguistics 14, pp Harves, S. & R. Kayne (2008) Having Need and Needing Have in Indo-European Moltmann, F. (2008) Intensional verbs and their intentional objects Nat. Lang.Semantics, 16, Schwarz, F. (2006) On needing Propositions and looking for Properties

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