Wastewater Management and Sanitation Practices in Vietnam

Transcription

1 Wastewater Management and Sanitation Practices in Vietnam Dr. Duong Thanh An Director, Department of Policy and Legal Affairs Vietnam Environment Administration (VEA) Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE) of Vietnam

2 BACKGROUND Total population by 1 st Nov 2013: 90 million 766 cities/towns with 30% of total population Rapid urbanization, industrialization and climate change increase pressure on the water resources Over the past 20 years, the Govt. of Vietnam has made considerable effort to develop urban sanitation policies, legislations and regulations and to invest in urban sanitation including wastewater treatment systems

3 Process of urbanization in Vietnam over last 25 years and forecast to 2020 Year Number of urban areas Urban population (million) Rate of urban population of the total population

4 WASTEWATER SECTOR PERFOMANCE IN VIETNAM

5 ACHIEVEMENTS - Since 1998, the Govt. has initiated policies and provided investment to improve urban sanitation resulting in significant progress in development of the wastewater sector Wastewater services provided to urban poor Access to toilets is now 94%, with 90% of HHs using septic tanks as a means of on-site treatment 60% of HHs dispose of wastewater to a public combined drainage/sewerage system By 2012 some 17 urban wastewater systems had been built in big cities (Hanoi, Danang and HCMC), and another 5 systems in provincial towns with total capacity of 530,000CMD Currently some 32 new wastewater combined systems are in the design/construction phase During the past decade annual sanitation sector investment has been USD 150 million or USD 2.1 billion for drainage and wastewater during This represents 0.45% of GDP annually.

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7 Critical Issues Much of wastewater disposed direct informally to the drainage system only 10% is treated Only 4% of sludge is treated Fecal sludge management is generally poor in most cities The focus of wastewater expenditure has been in construction of treatment facilities without appropriate collection system Cost recovery of the capital and O&M costs of the wastewater systems is generally low User fees have not cover the operation cost yet. Institutional arrangements: wastewater enterprises having limited autonomy in operation, management and development of system Financing needs are very high, estimated to be USD 8.3 billion to provide the services to about 36 million of urban population by 2025.

8 Policies A comprehensive legal framework in the sector currently exits in Vietnam. A policy of encouraging private sector participation in urban infrastructure is supported by Govt. MOF Circular 230/2009/TT-BTC creates favorable tax conditions for enterprises dealing with environmental protection activities Govt. Decree 04/2009/ND-CP and Decree 59/2007/ND-CP supports provision for private sector participant in the sanitation The privatization process is taking place in water supply and urban wastewater companies. Wastewater Fee (Decree 88) and Environmental Protection Fee (Decree 67) are important development in the urban and industrial wastewater sector addressing key constraints. Sludge management: currently there is no effective sludge management being practiced in Vietnam, mostly by private providers Effluent standards: QCVN (MONRE) common practice

9 Institutional Organization MoC, MoNRE MoC, MoNRE MPI, MoF, MoNRE PPCs, CPCs Drainage, Sewerage, Sanitation Companies MoC, MoNRE Formulation of legal documents Programs, Plans, Projects Budget allocation, management Capital investment System Management and O&M Monitoring, Standards DoC, MoNRE DPI, MoF, MoNRE Investors Firms, other organizations Related entities Source: Grontmij WSP, 2012

10 URBAN SANITATION SITUATION IN VIETNAM

11 Sanitation coverage

12 ESTIMATED TOTAL POLLUTION LOAD (Unit: BOD 5 tons/day) Domestic wastewater Hospital wastewater Industrial wastewater Hanoi Hai Phong Ho Chi Minh city Insufficient data Insufficient data Source: 2009, PCD, Project for building the wastewater pollution control action plan in Hanoi, Hai Phong and Ho Chi Minh city

13 ESTIMATED POLLUTION CONTRIBUTION IN HANOI Type Percentage Domestic wastewater 78,7% Hospital wastewater 20,7% Industrial wastewater 0,5% Source: 2009, PCD, Project for building the wastewater pollution control action plan in Hanoi, Hai Phong and Ho Chi Minh city

14 Sanitation Projects in the big cities with centralized treatment technology

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17 Sanitation Development in the provincial cities and towns 2006: WWTPs in Da Lat City, 7000 CMD and in Ban Me Thuot, 8125 CMD (financed by DANIDA) with low-cost mechanism and biological technology 2007: WWTP in Bai Chay with Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) 2009: WWTP in Ha Khanh with SBR 2011: WWTP in Chau Doc with Aerated Lagoon 2012: WWTP in Bac Giang, with Oxidation Ditch A feature of the sanitation development in most urban areas in Vietnam is one of unplanned expansion which create difficulties in providing infrastructure to meet demand.

18 Decentralized Wastewater Systems The application of decentralized and on-site sanitation systems has been a mixed experience in Vietnam The number of small-scale decentralized wastewater collection and small-scale serving treatment systems has increased significantly over recent years. Through an on-going study U3SAP, MoC has introduced decentralized low-cost sanitation options into the national context as a promising solution for low density communities in urban and rural areas. Technical guidelines for decentralized sanitation solutions are now being compiled by the MoC and MoH.

19 A number of DWW systems have been installed Decentralized, low-cost sanitation systems are being implemented in small towns under a WSP supported by FINIDA: Cho Moi & Cho Ra (Bac Kan), Nuoc Hai (Cao Bang), Minh Duc (Hai Phong), An Bai (Thai Binh) Some DEWATS projects have been initiated by communities with external technical and financial support from donors: Community-based DWWM systems in Lai Xa village, Kim Chung commune, Hoa Duc district of Hanoi (YWAM NGO and MONRE, 2007) Cluster wastewater treatment system in Kieu Ky hamlet, Gia Lam district of Hanoi (East Vietnam ADB, 2012), Viem Xa village, Bac Ninh, at schools in Vinh City and at a local market in Can Tho (Wastewater and solid waste management program, GIZ, )

20 Decentralized, Pre-fabricated WWTP for the apartment/office buildings

21 DWWM in small towns, and in peri-urban areas Bac Ninh Bac Kan Lai Xa Kieu Ky

22 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS At the national level: o Develop appropriate financing policies and mechanism for sanitation sector o Develop policies to address utilities reform in the sanitation sector o Develop policies to encourage the Public-Private- Partnership (PPP) and Private Sector Participation (PSP) o Allow some flexibility in effluent discharge quality based on receiving waters

23 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS At the local level: o Sanitation planning needs to adopt a strategic sanitation planning approach at the city level o Selection of sanitation technical options depending on the local situation o Ensure household connections are an integral part of wastewater system development o Prepare a roadmap to increase reveue and achive cost recovery o Capacity building for local stakeholders o Enhance community awareness through IEC campaign

24 THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION!