Water and Sanitation Planning: Concepts, Institutions and Action

Transcription

1 Water and Sanitation Planning: Concepts, Institutions and Action David Bradley Oxford Water Security Network and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine

2 Joint Monitoring Programme WHO / UNICEF Global in primary view Aim to be Trustworthy in monitoring Results used in advocacy & political processes Simple, comparable, independent CONSEQUENT LIMITATIONS National utility? Simplistic? Limited Range? Open to misinterpretation?

3 Joint Monitoring Programme WHO / UNICEF Simple Two measures: Water, Sanitation Binary approach: Improved/Not Improved Comparable Same everywhere; basic information Independent Nationally supplied data until 2000 Thereafter household survey data (DHS, MICS) Goal: Halve the proportion of those without improved water & of those without improved sanitation

4 Joint Monitoring Programme WHO / UNICEF Global in primary view Aim to be Trustworthy in monitoring Results used in advocacy & political processes Simple, comparable, independent CONSEQUENT LIMITATIONS National utility? Simplistic? Limited Range? Open to misinterpretation?

5 For Progress Beyond 2015:? Goals Targets Monitoring So targets and monitoring have to co-evolve; but target setting is a political decision, so range of target options to be developed

6 Aims of Post-2015 Process Incorporate Human Right to W & S Develop menu of target and indicator options Improved monitoring Select optimal targets and indicators compatible with future development goals Agree more comprehensive global sector monitoring Establish how to measure these after 2015

7 Progress of post-2015 process Berlin stakeholder Meeting: WASH meets HR Decided: improve not replace monitoring system Two indicators not enough, Especially HR and equity issues Better alignment with national monitoring Task Force on Drinking water quality Task force on Urban Monitoring Four working Groups set up

8 Four working Groups Water Sanitation Hygiene Non-Discrimination & Equity All now meeting and work in progress Report and Consolidate Reports during 2012 Second stakeholder consultation December 2012 Due to reach UN General Assembly October 2013

9 PROBLEM There are those who think in terms of Communites and there are those who think in terms of Utilities Became very evident at meeting on urban monitoring

10 PROBLEM There are those who think in terms of Communities and there are those who think in terms of Utilities Both are right and we must bring the groups together to gain all of their insights and contributions

11 What is the function of a Classification? Classification is a qualitative model of distinctions that matter A means of (trans-sectoral) communication, especially as water improvements are very largely implemented outside the health sector A simplification to help public health practitioners

12 WATER RELATED DISEASE CLASSIFICATION 1. WATER-BORNE -Classical -Other 2. WATER-WASHED -Diarrhoea -Skin & Eyes 3. WATER-BASED -Percutaneous -Oral 4. WATER-RELATED INSECT VECTORS -Breeding -Biting

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14 OPERATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF CLASSIFICATION 1. WATER-BORNE -Improve Quality -protect, treat 2. WATER-WASHED -Improve Access -sources, pipes 3. WATER-BASED -Prevent access -to pollute, use 4. WATER-RELATED INSECT VECTORS -Vector control -Disease control

15 Classification/Disaggregation Criteria Try Using Residential Density as Primary Why? Tends to fit towards Provider (Utility) thinking Technological similarities Identification from satellite imagery

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17 DISAGGREGATING WATER & SANITATION DATA BY RESIDENTIAL DENSITY 1. Capital and other Big Cities 2. Downtown Slums of Cities 3. Peri-urban Slums around Cities 4. Towns 5. Village Settlements 6. Dispersed Rural 7. Specialized/Other

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20 How to have a functional Classification that is Helpful to Provision of Water and Sanitation Urban Capital City Big Cities Urban Slums Periurban Slums Towns Rural Settlements Dispersed Specialized/Other

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22 DISAGGREGATING WATER & SANITATION DATA DENSITY RESOURCES Urban Capital City HH HHH Big Cities HH HH Downtown Slums HHHH L Peri-urban Slums HHHH LL Towns HH L Rural Village Settlements H LL Dispersed Rural L LLL Specialized/Other LL+ LL

23 Feasible solutions to domestic water and sanitation needs are dependent upon residential density to a substantial degree, and the transition from standard approaches to alternatives is at a higher residential density for sanitation than for water: This is particularly so with current technological advances, and the transition has related to the perceptions of the utilities as well as economic and engineering issues.

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26 Another outcome of Human Rights thinking Reciprocal responsibilities For Hygiene Education Personal Responsibility

27 The last and future MDG Periods Achievements in white; Outstanding Tasks in Orange Increased Coverage with Urban Water Provision. Improvement of access and supplies. But actual safety often not achieved Consistent supplies often not available Increased Provision of Toilets. Neglect of downstream issues Management of Waste Water and Sewage Sludge Hygiene Behaviour uneven.

28 Water Supply Public Provision? 2 4 Excreta Disposal Public and Private Waste & Present Water Mostly Public Hygienic Use of Water Private to the User

29 In the urban and periurban situation, it makes sense to look at all the water problems together: domestic water, waste water, sewage & sewage sludge, urban agricultural water: ONE WATER Crude Analogy with One Medicine/One Health In dense settlement the variables interact Action may be sectoral, but not strategic planning

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32 Water, Sanitation & Health Agendas Blue Agenda of water availability for domestic [and agricultural needs]. Brown Agenda with health impact goal. Green Agenda of environmental sustainability, biodiversity. Red Agenda of less vector-borne disease. Purple Agenda of less non-biological pollution.

33 A little worry from the past? COMPARATIVE FINDINGS OF THE TWO DRAWERS OF WATER STUDIES: East Africa Use 1967 Use 1997 I II Piped; Urban & unreliable Unpiped; Urban supply Unpiped; Rural

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37 and another from the present Outcomes as a function of relative poverty Few Studies (Outcome Indicator: Diarrhoea) World Bank 1990 s India study: poorest do not benefit from WASH alone. Brazil study: poor benefit much more than others. East Africa study: the outcomes of analysis are very sensitive to methodology.

38 Technological Change What we have missed in the past What is going on at present M-water: especially Kenya Possibilities for the future Smarter metering for funds and quantities Measuring functionality of infrastructure Hugely reduced transaction costs And tomorrows great advance is. SO WE NEED TO BE FLEXIBLE

39 SUMMARY OF KITES Bridge the two (+) ways of thinking Focus on providers as well as needs Residential Density Classification/Analysis 2 4 Add Waste Water and downstream generally Add Hygiene Behaviour One Water for Urban Strategy Growing towns: Prediction and Prophylaxis Changing Technology as opportunity Methodology to Consider Gradual devolution of monitoring Longitudinal monitoring: dynamics Contextual Issues

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41 Presentation Ends Subsequent slidesfor use in answering questions if needed

42 Sanitation from Household to Sink From household to public Concentration so far on intra-household facilities

43 Domestic Water from Source to Household Quality of Source Treatment Transport by Pipes From public to domestic Into household by tap or carrier Internal Storage Possible Point-of use Treatment

44 Halves of the Domestic Water Cycle mirrored

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47 Table 3 WATER SANITATION Clustered Piped water to Household Other improved arrangement Dispersed Piped/sewered waste from household On site arrangement with service Other on site arrangement

48 Although WATER IS ONE OF THE MOST PERVASIVE ELEMENTS IN ACHIEVING THE MDGs, along with poverty and education, It only appears explicitly in one target of one goal:- Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability, as:- Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation Next stage, post-2015, Water and Sanitation will be viewed as A Human Right (!!)

49 Some relevant areas are:- Human Rights analysed [Kant]. Brown & Green Agendas [McGranahan] Public & Private Domains [Cairncross] Functional Classifications, for reviewing health changes with urbanization. M-water [ Hope, and others]