CivEd Unit 4 Rome and Christianity

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1 Aim: The Roman Empire Question: Why 2 consuls? More to learn on this later! I. Roman Republic A. Rome located at heart of Italy B. At first Rome ruled by patricians (noble men) 2 consuls, 300 senators (but essentially a monarchy) C. Plebians (commoners) fight for rights 1st: get right to vote 2nd: get an assembly (tribunes) eventually on even standing with senators D. Rome= a republic (people vote on leaders who make decisions for them) E. Twelve Tables produced at this time: Roman law/code F. In crisis, temporary dictatorship allowed II. Rome expands A. By the 4th century BCE, controls central Italy B. With constant war, takes over whole peninsula C. Rome= very lenient toward the conquered. III. The Punic Wars A. Three wars against Carthage ( BCE) 1. Rome wins Sicily 2. Hannibal (Carthage) invades Rome, never conquers it 3. Cato (Rome) destroys Carthage B. Outcome Rome is the dominant force of the Mediterranean. 1. Rome also gets Greece and Turkey in separate wars "Carthage must be destroyed!" end of every Cato speech Carthago delenda est.

2 IV. First and second triumvirates rule by three leaders A. In 60 BCE, Rome led by three leaders: Julius Caesar, Crassius, Pompey. B. Caesar fights his way to become dictator for life C. Reforms: He expands citizenship, gives land to soldiers, grain handouts to the poor, creates calendar. D. Assassinated March 15th, 44 BCE. E. Second triumvirate 1. Post Caesar, Rome=chaos. 2. Second triumvirate rules: Octavian Caesar (Julius' nephew), Marc Antony, Lepidus. 3. Lepidus retires, other two go to war. 4. Octavian beats Antony 5. Octavian declares himself Augustus a. From now on emperors! Aim: Rome as ruler of the world I. Politics and empire A. Pax Romana: Romans and Europeans can walk in peace. B. Advances all over empire: Roads, common coinage, bridges, aqueducts. C. Helps spread Christianity D. Four great emperors 1. Claudius (conquers Britain) 2. Trajan (rules Rome at its largest) 3. Hadrian (builds the great walls of Britain and Central Europe) 4. Marcus Aurelius (a great philosopher, end of the Pax Romana) List of Roman emperors Marc Antony Augustus Caesar

3 II. Laws and the police A. Impt concepts of Roman law: All are equal before the law Accused must be legally protected Innocent until proven guilty B. Women given fair amount of power Laws apply equally to them, may own property III. Roman society A. The wealthy leisure time, country estates B. The poor concrete and wood tenements C. Leisure Both poor and rich saw theater, boxing, chariot racing. Colosseum events (involving animals, criminals, Christians and/or slaves) D. Slavery very common IV. Roman odds and ends A. Education Romans believed education should be practical (boys: agriculture, citizenship, reading, writing, math, law) (girls: many given good educations). Still private. B. Literature 1. Livy writes the history of Rome 2. Cicero political orator (speaker) 3. Virgil greatest Roman poet 4. Ovid, Horace, Seneca, Plutarch, Tacitus all famous writers C. Language of Rome: Latin. Becomes language of Europe and of the Catholic Church now/2014/01/26/obama state of the union/ /

4 Aim: Rome falls, Christianity rises I. Christianity is born A. Palestine/Judea conquered in 63 BCE B. Jesus born ~6 4 BCE, baptized at 30. C. Preaches that religion is about your relationship w/ God, not a group's. D. Eventually condemned to death as dangerous. (Bible: having died for our sins, then resurrected and ascends to Heaven) E. Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John become New Testament F. Message spread by missionaries and disciples Paul of Tarsus travels all over empire three times, eventually executed II. How Christianity works A. Local churches run by a priest, appointed by a bishop who oversees a diocese. B. Peter= 1st bishop of Rome. Therefore first Pope? C. Submission to God, rather than emperor is key. D. Good works/charity, forgiving. E. All are accepted, no one above another. III. It begins to dominate Roman Empire A. Constantine converts after victorious battle. (313 AD) B. Edict of Milan makes it legal to be Christian in Rome C. Theodosius makes it official religion of Rome (381 AD) Paganism Aim: The Fall of the Romans I. The fall of the Roman Empire A. Barbarian invasions Huns (Attila) invade N. Europe, causes barbarians to invade Roman Empire (Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Franks, Vandals etc.) B. Empire is too big Laws no longer enforced, no new wealth into the country, economy drops C. Emperors are weak Spend $$ on themselves Produce a currency that is worthless D. And other stuff Plague kills many Awful farming (over use) causes starvation Patriotism declines II. Attempts are made A. Diocletian splits empire, reforms gov't B. Constantine forms Eastern capital (Constantinople) C. Rome conquered by Visigoths in 410. D. Last (Western) Roman emperor in 476.

5 III. Justinian ( ) A. Reconquers much of Roman Empire B. Official language is now Greek (preserves culture) C. Justinian Code saves Roman law, lasts for 900 years D. Rebuilds Constantiople (Hagia Sophia) E. His wife Theodora: Supports women's rights Some women practice as professors, physicians etc. IV. Byzantium declines A. 700 plague kills many B. Attacks from all neighbors C. By 1350, just a small nation w/ a huge capital D. Falls in Roman Empire is no more. Slavs, Russians, Arab, Persians, Turks, Crusades

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