Biogas Upgrading Technologies. Daniel Tamm AD Europe 2014
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1 Biogas Upgrading Technologies Daniel Tamm AD Europe 2014
2 BioMil Technology and environmental consultants Unique expert knowledge in the whole biogas chain 12 employees More than 30 years of experience Offices along Sweden s western coast Biogas upgrading 2 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
3 Consulting Services Studies and assessments Process layout, engineering Procurement Commissioning and operation Development projects Training Permit handling Sustainability, LCA, EIA Biogas upgrading 3 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
4 Why biogas upgrading? To increase energy density To remove contaminants To avoid corrosion and condensation Upgrading Biogas upgrading 4 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
5 Agenda 1. Existing biogas upgrading units 2. Water scrubber 3. PSA 4. Chemical scrubber 5. Membrane 6. Organic physical scrubber 7. Cryogenic processes 8. Comparison between the different technologies Biogas upgrading 5 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
6 Biogas upgrading plants by country Germany Sweden The Netherlands Switzerland USA Austria Japan Finland France United Kingdom Norway South Korea Canada Source: IEA Bioenergy Task 37 Biogas upgrading 6 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
7 Existing biogas upgrading units No information Cryogenic separation Organic physical scrubber Membrane PSA Chemical scrubber Water scrubber Source: IEA Bioenergy Task 37 Biogas upgrading 7 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
8 Number of plants in operation 10% 6% 0% 21% 41% Water Scrubber Chemical scrubber PSA Membrane Organic physical scrubber Cryogenic separation 22% Source: IEA Bioenergy Task 37 Biogas upgrading 8 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
9 Agenda 1. Existing biogas upgrading units 2. Water scrubber 3. PSA 4. Chemical scrubber 5. Membrane 6. Organic physical scrubber 7. Cryogenic processes 8. Comparison between the different technologies Biogas upgrading 9 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
10 Design of a water scrubber Upgraded biomethane Absorption column Desorption column Air with desorbed CO 2 Compressor Flash column Air Raw biogas Make-up water Water bleed stream Biogas upgrading 10 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
11 Henry s law C A [M] = K H [M/atm] * p A [atm] K H 26 times larger for CO 2 than for CH 4 Water flow Absorption water flow = amount of CO 2 solubility of CO 2 = %CO 2 biogas flow K H pressure %CO 2 Water flow independent of CO 2 concentration in the raw biogas Biogas upgrading 11 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
12 Absorption 5 C lower temp ~15% lower water flow Biogas upgrading 12 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
13 Flash 4-5 % of the methane is dissolved in the water during absorption By decreasing the pressure in the flash column only 1 % of the methane in the raw biogas remains % of the raw gas flow is circulated back to the compressor Desorption Pressure is decreased to atmospheric pressure Air is added to minimize the partial pressure Biogas upgrading 13 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
14 Properties Service 2-3 % of the investment Energy consumption 0,20-0,30 kwh/nm³ raw gas (depending on pressure, size, climate) H 2 S separated in the scrubber (< ppm) (but may cause problems at high conc.) Availability % Mature technology (depending on the manufacturer) Methane slip 1 %, RTO is needed sometimes ( k ) Biogas upgrading 15 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
15 Agenda 1. Existing biogas upgrading units 2. Water scrubber 3. PSA 4. Chemical scrubber 5. Membrane 6. Organic physical scrubber 7. Cryogenic processes 8. Comparison between the different technologies Biogas upgrading 16 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
16 Biogas upgrading with PSA Cycle time 2-10 min Biogas upgrading 17 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
17 Maintenance costs 2-3 % of investment Availability % Energy demand 0,2-0,3 kwh/nm 3 (0,18 kwh/nm 3 LPSA 2-3 bar(g)) (dependent on pressure and CH4 content) H 2 S must be separated prior to PSA Mature technology Methane slip ca 1,5 % Important properties Can deliver 98 % methane according to some manufacturers Biogas upgrading 18 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
18 Agenda 1. Existing biogas upgrading units 2. Water scrubber 3. PSA 4. Chemical scrubber 5. Membrane 6. Organic physical scrubber 7. Cryogenic processes 8. Comparison between the different technologies Biogas upgrading 19 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
19 Amine scrubber Biomethane Off-gas Condenser Absorption column Cooler Stripper column Raw biogas Biogas upgrading 20 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
20 Chemical absorption Absorption reaction: PZ + MDEA + CO 2 PZH + + MDEAH + + HCO 3- + heat (PZ = piperazine, MDEA = methyl-diethanol-amine) PZ/MDEA commonly used amine mixture for low energy demand and high absorption capacity Very high selectivity due to chemical absorption Biogas upgrading 21 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
21 Chemical desorption Heat added to produce steam and to reverse the absorption reaction Steam lowers the partial pressure of CO 2 which drives the reaction Normally operated at C (1.5-3 bar(a)) Option to use low pressure desorption (90 C kwh el /Nm³) with DH as heat source Biogas upgrading 22 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
22 Important properties Maintenance costs 2-3 % of investment Energy demand kwh el /Nm³ kwhheat/nm3 (low dependency on methane content) H2S commonly separated prior to scrubbing, could be included with extra heat addition (10 %) Availability - about 96% Mogen teknik (kan bero på leverantör) Methane slip ca 0,1% Can deliver 98% methane Oxygen in raw biogas reacts irreversibly with amine Biogas upgrading 23 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
23 Agenda 1. Existing biogas upgrading units 2. Water scrubber 3. PSA 4. Chemical scrubber 5. Membrane 6. Organic physical scrubber 7. Cryogenic processes 8. Comparison between the different technologies Biogas upgrading 24 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
24 Biogas upgrading with membrane Relative permeation rate H 2 Biogas upgrading 25 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
25 The membranes in the market today Evonik Industries Air Liquide Memfoact Cooperation with US supplier for polymeric membranes Bigger modules First plants expected Q Biogas upgrading 26 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
26 Design alternatives iv Biogas upgrading 27 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
27 Electricity consumption: kwh/nm 3 (depending on the pressure and the design) H 2 S separated externally Developing technology Methane loss % (0 % with Haffmans solution) Service 3-4 % of the investment including membrane replacement Partly separation of oxygen Key Properties Biogas upgrading 28 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
28 Agenda 1. Existing biogas upgrading units 2. Water scrubber 3. PSA 4. Chemical scrubber 5. Membrane 6. Organic physical scrubber 7. Cryogenic processes 8. Comparison between the different technologies Biogas upgrading 29 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
29 Design of a Genosorb scrubber Absorption column Desorption column Upgraded biomethane Gas conditioning Cooler Heater Off-gas Raw biogas Compressor Condensate Flash column Stripper gas Biogas upgrading 30 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
30 Genosorb vs. Water Genosorb 5 times larger solubility of CO 2 Different temp adsorption-desorption (20/40 C) Heat from RTO and compressor used internally Larger methane loss (1.5 % vs. 1.0 %) No bacterial growth in Genosorb H 2 S has to be removed separately Slightly lower electricity consumption Biogas upgrading 31 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
31 Agenda 1. Existing biogas upgrading units 2. Water scrubber 3. PSA 4. Chemical scrubber 5. Membrane 6. Organic physical scrubber 7. Cryogenic processes 8. Comparison between the different technologies Biogas upgrading 32 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
32 Landfill Gas Conditioning Acrion CO 2 Wash Removal of typical LFG impurities Removal of some CO 2 Biogas upgrading 33 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
33 Cryogenic Gas Upgrading Gas upgrading AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
34 Cryogenic Gas Upgrading Prometheus Energy 2000: Pilot plant, Canada 2006: Full scale plant, USA 1.54 kwh/nm³ biomethane No recent information Biofrigas Startup, small scale 2014: Pilot plant near Gothenburg Gastreatment Services (GtS) Pilot plant in NL : Full scale plants in Stockholm and Sundsvall, Severe problems 2012/13: Full scale plant in Schoteroog (NL) Gas upgrading AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
35 LBG by Conventional Upgrading Water 0.5 ppm Hydrogen sulphide 3.5 ppm Carbon dioxide ppm Biogas upgrading 36 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
36 Linköping LBG Plant Total investment 18 M Thereof liquefaction 9 M Capacity: 756 Nm³/h Electricity consumption for liquefaction: 1.12 kwh/nm³ biomethane Liquefaction by Air Liquide N 2 Brayton process In operiation since april 2012 First LBG delivery 29 may 2012 Gas upgrading AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
37 Esval LBG Plant Erected 2013 LBG commissioned 10/2013 Liquefaction by Wärtsilä Mixed Refrigerant (MR) process Capacity 610 Nm³/h Low gas production, max 16 h contiuous operation Expected electricity cons kwh/kg LBG Gas upgrading AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
38 Agenda 1. Existing biogas upgrading units 2. Water scrubber 3. PSA 4. Chemical scrubber 5. Membrane 6. Organic physical scrubber 7. Cryogenic separation 8. Comparison between the different technologies Biogas upgrading 39 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
39 Specific Investment Cost Clear economies of scale for all technologies up to about 1500 Nm 3 /h capacity Biogas upgrading 40 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
40 Energy Consumption [kwh/nm 3 ] Specific Energy Demand Vattenskrubber Aminskrubber PSA Membran Genosorb Biogas upgrading 41 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
41 Methane Slip Technology Methane slip Water scrubber 1.0% Organic scrubber 1.5% Amine scrubber 0.1% Membrane % PSA % Biogas upgrading 43 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
42 Publications Bauer F, Hulteberg C, Persson T & Tamm D. SGC Rapport 270. Biogas upgrading Review of commercial technologies. SGC, Malmö, Bauer F, Persson T, Hulteberg C & Tamm D. Biogas upgrading technology overview, comparison and perspectives for the future. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, DOI: /bbb.1423 Biogas upgrading 47 AD Europe 2014 Daniel Tamm
43 Contributors
44 Namn E-post Telefon
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