units). The factors that inluence space comfort
|
|
- Hope Thompson
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Radiation Conduction Convection Evaporation units). The factors that inluence space comfort Local Air Velocity, FPM Local Air Velocity, FPM % Neck region 3% 2% 1% 2% 1% 3% Feeling of coolness Ankle region Feeling of warmth Local Air Temp. minus Ambient Temp. (T X - T A ) 4% Feeling of warmth Feeling of coolness Local Air Temp. minus Ambient Temp. (T X - T A ) D
2 Neck region 2% 1% 3% = -3F = +2F 4% Feeling of warmth Feeling of coolness Local Air Temp. minus Ambient, F (t X - t C ) used to rate a system in the ield. It will also be covered
3 Predicted Percentage of Dissatisied (PPD) at each Partial Pressure, Millibars Executive & Clerical Executive Temperature, º F. Met Rate = 1 (Typical for ofice) Air Speed = 2 (Typical interior ofice) Air Speed = 2 (Typical interior ofice) 8% Clerical 6% 5% 4% % RH 2% 1% effectively overcome stratiication zones created by the replacing NC in the ASHRAE Handbook, most speciications Signiicantly closed balancing dampers can add
4 signiicantly closed. D D D D t D Selection by supply jet mapping identiies the most probable Not all applications result in overblow in a conined Select type of diffuser (Reviewing the Classiication When selecting a side wall grille, check coniguration ADPI High Sidewall = 2 BTUH/Sq.Ft. = 4 BTUH/Sq.Ft. 4 Light Troffer Diffusers T 5 /L Round Ceiling Diffusers 12 Two Slot Diffuser
5 ield tests see ADPI topic, selecting a side wall grille, check coniguration in system, this must be done for both maximum low rate (maximum load) and at the lowest low rate expected the minimum low shown in the building plans.)
6 induction rate of the air diffusion device at higher lows, temperature as the low rate decreases. I II cfm, discharge area and velocity proile. Isovel testing has Zone III IV PRIMARY AIR Total air High velocity 22 Induced room air gentle movement Greatest possible source of drafts deine the jet. These zones are shown in the dimensionless calculate the throw for a diffuser at any low condition. (The deine the characteristics of each zone is shown below. In the irst zone, the jet maintains a constant velocity with Where Q = outlet low rate A
7 A 1. Decreasing Zone I K 3 Zone II TYPICAL LINEAR 15 1 V x /V o Zone III o Zone IV 5 X/ A Increasing A C = entrainment coeficient, 1.4 for ininite
8 Isothermal Feet 3 T 1 T 5 T ' T 15 5 Isovel 14" x 4" 15 cfm Velocity Measurements 15 cfm 3 cfm Throw T 15, T 1, T 5 5 9' Isothermal and Cooling 24' T 15 T 5 T 1 T 15 T 1 9' T 5 Isothermal & 2 F Cooling 15 cfm Velocity Measurements 3 cfm Throw T 15, T 1, T 5 attach the jet low to the ceiling or surface. (The higher As the jet lows along a surface, secondary room air can no
9 vs. x / A BD Two outlets handling the same opposing airlow values would result in airlow in the space like that shown for one higher airlow is also an example of Rolling the Room, shown in the section on Classiication of Supply Outlets, differential, a modiication of a similar method proposed The most signiicant results are shown in these igures with conigurations. These charts show the relationship of cfm, the same size outlet under these conigurations handling
10 The following igures show the effect of buoyancy on drop Drop, Ft cfm JET VELOCITY on delection angle and ceiling effect. The igures below on the igures (or the same intercept of cfm and velocity) represent a single outlet using varying conigurations Throw, Ft. TYPICAL 1 ENVELOPE 2 cfm 5 1 JET VELOCITY TYPICAL 1 ENVELOPE Drop, Ft cfm cfm JET VELOCITY JET VELOCITY 2 3 Throw, Ft. 4 5 Delection settings and resulting patterns are shown on, divide the lowrate by the effective area.
11 TYPICAL 1 ENVELOPE Drop, Ft JET VELOCITY cfm 2 cfm 2 3 Throw, Ft JET VELOCITY TYPICAL 1 ENVELOPE Drop, Ft JET VELOCITY 1 cfm cfm JET VELOCITY 2 3 Throw, Ft. 4 5 Delection settings and resulting patterns are shown on, divide the lowrate by the effective area.
12 Drop, Ft JET VELOCITY cfm TYPICAL 1 ENVELOPE Throw, Ft. 15 JET VELOCITY TYPICAL 1 ENVELOPE 1 Drop, Ft JET VELOCITY cfm JET VELOCITY Throw, Ft. 4 5 Delection settings and resulting patterns, divide the lowrate by the effective area.
13 horizontal airlow along the ceiling, the drop can be related. In these cases airlow less than maximum shown results Supply Outlet Classiications principle of analyzing the airlow into the space from some on through today, the principles of stratiication, natural From these results, some general outlet classiications appear. These classiications may be used in the irst of system. The following igures will classify the outlets by The magnitude of the stratiication zones and gradients is representative of each type of outlet in a speciic space the gradient curve in the stratiication zone for all outlets is only the size of the stratiication zone is changed by the type temperature gradient and size of the stratiication zone were increase in airlow rate or supply velocity. These conditions stratiication zones, and temperature differentials were compared between different conigurations. deined as the mixture of air supplied to the outlet and deined by high velocity isovels taken through two Total air is deined as the mixture of primary and room primary and total air envelopes) which is under the inluence relatively high velocity but it has no sharply deined lower
14 COOLING HEATING Inside wall STEP 1 Primary air STEP 2 Total air STEP 3 Natural convection currents and stratification zone Outlet Exposed wall STEP 4 Return intake Intake Intake 9' Ceiling 6' Intake 4' STEP 5 Room air Intake 9' Ceiling 6' 4' Height Average Room Vertical Temperatures Temperature Setpoint - + Temperature, F - + Temperature, F
15 Supply Outlet Classiications (continued) of the walls and ceiling in a thin ilm. The occupied space Since the total air within a conined space is affected by Stratiication layers as shown in ( identiied by a region where a layer of smoke will hang for some time. Whether a stratiication layer actually exists is not important, but the concept of a stratiication layer and stratiication zone leads to a better understanding of air mixing zone between the stratiication layer and the ceiling during cooling and between the stratiication layer and the loor during heating. total air and stratiication layer. The lowest air motion is in the stratiication zone. uniform (between the total air and the stratiication layer), the stratiication layer is crossed, the temperatures in the neutral zone vary considerably. Gradients in the stratiication zones show that the air is stratiied in layers of increasing Since the stratiication zone depends primarily on natural low, and with minimum internal loads. With no loading, Classiication of Supply Outlets ), showed different conigurations and
16 A Plan View A High side wall Side View Section A-A Section A-A COOLING HEATING Setpoint Setpoint - + Temperature, F - + Temperature, F Total air will follow the wall down to loor level if its projection is suficiently long. During heating, this will result in a smaller stratiication zone and lower temperature at the loor. The two airstreams project into and down the Side View COOLING Plan Plan View A A Outlet Ceiling Section A-A HEATING Setpoint Setpoint - + Temperature, F Section A-A - + Temperature, F that this pattern is most eficient for cooling in spaces such as open ofice areas. generate very uniform temperatures. The inluence of
17 Supply Outlet Classiications (continued) CIRCULAR FLOW PLAN VIEWS CROSSFLOW CEILING DIFFUSERS SIDE WALL GRILLES ELEVATION VIEWS PLAN VIEWS ELEVATION VIEWS 45 Deflection See Fig. 17 Deflection See Fig. 13 LINEAR TBD WITH SPREAD PLAN VIEWS ELEVATION VIEWS Low Flow Rate Short Throw High Flow Rate Long Throw With ceiling diffusers, we must consider the different airlow for linear diffusers, typically exhibit low in one of two patterns: circular or cross low. The diagrams in ( crosslow patterns. cross low pattern. The vertical diagram shows that during Cross low patterns with longer throw and individual side end of the throw, cross low patterns will continue in the dependent only on the airlow from each diffuser side. Both greater change in airlow during VAV. A crosslow pattern
18 Supply Outlet Classications (continued) Comparing the plan views of the circular and cross low throw than the cross low for a given low rate. The cross low jet projection continues after the low terminal velocity just like the airlow from side wall registers at delection. During cooling, the circular recirculating airlow results in less drop than with cross low jets. The wide spreading 45 delection from the side wall The delection grille is a pattern followed by all single airlow is reduced. midpoint of the recommended range for the speciic outlet. This will result in maximum constant airlow characteristics. (occupied) low rates. VAV systems can vary the air delivered to the space, and range. Minimum lows listed on building plans are often below that expected to be experienced when a space is occupied, so higher and more realistic lows of limiting the variation in throw to a minimum with the variation in low rate should occur with the minimum airlow should be approximately 5 to maintain mixing at the diffuser. At maximum low, the diffuser should be satisfy occupants where at high load (and high lows) when the space will be at maximum airlow. Except for maximum load conditions, the VAV airlow will maintained with airlow rates from maximum to less than 7% of maximum. airlow change in the variable air volume system. The results indicate that problems are more likely to exist at high airlow rates. A simple rule to follow: Select the combination of outlets and maximum airlow rate to avoid high air velocities in the occupied space. Lower airlow rates will be acceptable. High air velocities occur when the total air enters the provide an ADPI of 1% in open ofice areas over a broad range of loads and airlows,
19 Supply Outlet Classiications (continued) indicates a laminar low outlet. This type of an outlet is the opposite of the turbulent low derived from a conventional mixing diffuser. Laminar low implies lines of vertical direction. A laminar low outlet must have relatively airlow below the outlet produces uniform velocities to of throw do not apply in this case. Laminar low does not LAMINAR FLOW Side View Side View COOLING HEATING Setpoint - + Temperature, F Setpoint - + Temperature, F HEMISPHERICAL FLOW are not recommended as the airlow becomes unstable During cooling the air will often be projected to the loor. A stratiication zone can be formed near the ceiling, stratiication layer. The size of the stratiication zone will system that reduces the low will allow a larger stratiication stratiication where air must be introduced from the ceiling. machinery by projection to the loor near the machines with controlled by projecting more or less air to the loor level, providing more air to the loor if the main heat source is at the loor level. projection, spread and buoyancy. The loor level becomes cooler and a stratiication layer can form. Heat sources near the loor or the air projected all the way to the loor helps to reduce the neutral zone. Return intakes located at the loor in stratiication zones will help. indicates a hemispherical vertical low from the low unit. Vertical projections from these diffusers will not be as stable as those obtained from a laminar low diffuser diffuser to cause the airlow to increase toward the outside.
20 Supply Outlet Classiications (continued) located below the ceiling, will irst project upward toward JET VELOCITY Flow Rate, cfm DOWNWARD VERTICAL PROJECTION, FT HEATING COOLING ISOTHERMAL TEMP. DIFFERENTIAL Cross low pattern diffusers are not capable of causing the airlow to go upward when set for a horizontal pattern On the other hand, a cross low pattern diffuser generally cross low jet pattern and with the velocities can be spread 6" 12" TDC with 9x9 neck, 4-way pattern and 24 cfm 3" Ceiling 3" "
21 Supply Outlet Classiications (continued) matches the actual deinition given for displacement ventilation. Deined as a low velocity, low temperature differential air distribution across the loor level, above a stratiication level. The stratiication level usually horizontal projection at loor level. This performance level Convection plume Return Upper zone Setpoint Lower zone Supply Heat/contaminant source Temperature, F Plan View Side View COOLING Setpoint Section A-A - + Temperature, F HEATING Setpoint A A Plan near floor Baseboard Section A-A - + Temperature, F Spreading horizontal projection at loor level permits considerable stratiication at high levels during cooling while
22 Supply Outlet Classiications (continued) the loor with a spreading jet. Natural convection currents A stratiication zone forms above the natural convection A opposite wall. The room temperature above the stratiication stratiication layer. This was also the case in ( Side View Section A-A COOLING HEATING Setpoint - + Temperature, F Side View A Floor diffuser Section A-A Setpoint - + Temperature, F Side View COOLING Side View COOLING HEATING Setpoint Setpoint - + Temperature, F - + Temperature, F
23 Supply Outlet Classiications (continued) When using loor or low level air distribution at the perimeter, stratiication from the loor can be controlled Complete stratiication across the room can occur as shown project to the ceiling. The stratiication can be minimized by stratiication will occur above that level. projecting air up a wall, loor outlets near a wall or in the Underloor diffuser applications are being introduced into access loor facilities. These are primarily cooling and loor diffusers directed upward as a free jet can result in well-mixed, uniform temperature zones from the loor to 6 ft. high, with a stratiied region above. Underloor air distribution is being proposed as a better stratiication zone overhead. The rules for proper ventilation determine optimum conigurations. ASHRAE has sponsored several tests with loor based the various classiications of outlets are reviewed. The loor level and low level distribution classiication diagrams show Each heating diagram shows low loor level temperatures with neutral zones of varying sizes from the loor up to some T 5 Heating T 15 T 5 Cooling T 5 T 15 to delect cold air and project cold air horizontally into the room at that level. The cold air continues on to the loor height increases so does the height of the stratiication layer. Generally, 5% airlow to the window and 5% to the room is recommended. However, some adjustments to the low are beneicial, so adjustable diffusers are preferred. When a 1 to 2 ft. sofit is above the window area, the method during heating with an outlet back from the sofit cannot be used. The air spreads in the sofit and turns up at the bottom of the sofit to return to the outlet. High levels of stratiication then occur. With a sofit, vertical projection
24 A COOLING B HEATING T15 T5 T15 the loor level. The main result of this approach is to have outlet is directed at a horizontal or angled delection toward glass wall is that throw is modiied by approximately 1% per This method is only applicable for closed perimeter ofices. The ofice walls are necessary to turn the air down to the Side View 5 Plan View loor and back across the loor towards the exposed wall. and project down to the loor and return across the loor outlet. A high airlow and supply outlets are necessary for an airlow rate, or too high a Dt, the rolling air path can unitsspeciically gas ired ones - and high airlows are required here to prevent stratiication. The result with these systems is that heating is cycled and stratiication is It can be used in a closed ofice or open plan arrangement.
25 D effective draft temperatures, Ø, are then deined by: A B C D E F T 5 /L = 2 ADPI = A F = Room Width Test Points 1 7 = Room Length Test Points ' ' 6" Height Data at 6' 6" High Point B, T x - T c 13 3 /4' A B C D E F X X X X X X X X ' Height X Downward Moving Air Upward Moving Air Horizontal Moving Air Direction X A B C D X X X Ð A B C D X X X E E F 3.3 X.8 X.8.9 X.8 X F X X ' Height 4" Height B B DB E
26 The standard speciies measurement accuracy as well as 25 cfm Delta-T Perforated Diffuser 24 X 24 X 8" using the ASHRAE Standard 113. This igure shows lines of all points within six feet of the loor have draft temperatures exception of two points at the loor), and represented an Draft Temperature ' right 5' right 4' right 3' right 2' right 1' right Center 1' left 2' left 3' left 4' left 5' left 6' left 16 6 Distance from Floor Distance From Diffuser be related to isothermal low of 5 (T ADPI T 5 /L SYMBOL BTUH/SQ. FT
27 D Total airlow rate (Q ) ( A ) ( A D D C Coeficient of entrainment Primary airlow rate from Total airlow rate at distance
28 O Outlet Jet Velocity V % Short Circuiting, O t O Terminal Velocity t / t 1 x X V 5 V O V X =.8 t O t X F Below or Above Ambient t x O Outlet Velocity V Diameter of Total Air, Ft Induction Ratio, Q / Q C= , cfm 8 Primary Air Q 6 X Terminal Velocity V 5 o cfm 4 2 x cfm Outlet Area.5 Ft O Q X Q O X V 5 5 = C V O V X C= Total Air Q X, 1 cfm eficiency, health and safety rather than comfort. Industrial sweat will be reduced signiicantly. Examples of warm-moist will include a study of heat stress level, physical itness of
29 suficient quantities and velocities to cool the worker by in a small, deined area. This can be accomplished by: Up in winter, down for summer Directing air from one work station to another Directing it away from the product or process Adjusting for worker s individual comfort pole operated and speciically designed for industrial
30 speciic application requirements. Delection, Zone 4 (Minimum Induction) a given throw and no delection (2.3 square feet to keep NC levels < 6. This results in the inal Delection Zone 3 (Maximum Induction) delection. be very quiet (NC 29). This results in the inal 4 Deflection Deflection / GENERAL VENTILATION: Selections should be made in the 3rd and 4th zones. SPOT COOLING: Selections should be made in the 2nd or 3rd zones. A selection in the 3rd zone will provide maximum protection. 3rd Zone th Zone & Throw, Ft. 5 1 & ft nd Zone A c = Ft Throw, Ft Terminal Velocity Flow Rate, cfm/outlet
31 Delection Zone 4 (Minimum Induction) (9 ft. 2 max) for a given throw and 45 delection. 6. This results in the inal selection (Pt =.4, 45 Delection Zone 3 (Maximum Induction) be for a given throw and 45 delection (55 ft This results in the inal selection (Pt =.39, 1, 8, 6, , 3, Throw , 4 4. delection setting. For delection setting of 22.5 add 1 NC. For delection setting of 45 increase the sound levels by 7 Delection settings: The delection settings refer to the horizontal delection shown in the product performance 2 upward vertical delection should be taken as that for a Flow Rate, cfm (in thousands) 15, 1, 8, 6, 4, 3, 2, NC AC (ft. 2 ) 1, Velocity, 1, 1,5 2, 3, 4, 5, Pt 45 Pt
32 Takeoff Loss (SP U -TP N ), In. of Water Arrangement I Arrangement II V N =.8 V u Diffuser Neck Velocity (V N ) V U SP U AG-75 V U SP U AG 45, 65, or EG Airlow Measurements Airlow factors, obtained with the same test setup used for outlet pressures, as well as procedures for ield testing TP N & V N Arrangment I Diffuser Total Pressure TP N & V N Arrangment II B B B B together is suficient to take care of the expansion and
33 CHANGE OF LENGTH IN INCHES 1/4 3/16 1/8 1/ LENGTH OF GRILLE IN FEET 18 2 When very large units are selected, suficient structural effects of lexible duct inlets. The effect of lexible ducts inlet conigurations varied for different types of diffusers. In TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL CHANGE OF LENGTH IN INCHES 2 1/ /2 1 1/ LENGTH OF GRILLE IN FEET The minimum add for an ideal (gentile 9 ) lexible duct A 9 bend and lex adds.7 - in. Typical 9 lex inlet will probably add 5 NC. In the middle of four diffusers with equal low rates, TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL
34 Keep lexible duct bends as gentle as possible. Remember - lex is a great attenuator of upstream With VAV systems, highest low only happens when lows, and work even less effectively in overhead Basis of Sound Levels Same as Sound Levels Up To 12 Manufacturer s Manufacturer s Rating db Higher With No Ratings with Equalizing Grid Equalizing Grid AIRFLOW D 8 AIRFLOW D 2 D D Sound Levels Same As Manufacturer s Ratings Sound Levels 12 to 15 db Higher Than Manufacturer s Ratings
Basic Selection & Proper Application of Overhead Air Distribution Devices
Basic Selection & Proper Application of Overhead Air Distribution Devices GRD Selection & Application Terms Selection Throw Sound Installation Variations affect Performance Inlet Effects Basics Return
More informationAIR DISTRIBUTION FOR COMFORT AND IAQ
AIR DISTRIBUTION FOR COMFORT AND IAQ Heating Piping and Air Conditioning March 1998 Dan Int-Hout Chief Engineer KRUEGER EXCELLENCE IN AIR DISTRIBUTION Modern environmentally controlled spaces consume significant
More informationSECTION EG. Engineering Guide Air Distribution. Please refer to the Price Engineer s HVAC Handbook for more information on Air Distribution.
SECTION EG Air Distribution Please refer to the Price Engineer s HVAC Handbook for more information on Air Distribution. Space Air Diffusion AIR DISTRIBUTION ENGINEERING GUIDE Proper selection of air diffusion
More informationMethods for Effective Room Air Distribution. Dan Int-Hout Chief Engineer, Krueger Richardson, Texas
Methods for Effective Room Air Distribution Dan Int-Hout Chief Engineer, Krueger Richardson, Texas Agenda Overview LEED issues and Update Perimeter Acoustics Thermal Comfort IAQ / Standard 62.1 Update
More informationAIR DISTRIBUTION ENGINEERING
AIR DISTRIBUTION ENGINEERING a1 a1-1 a1 Table of Contents Terms & Definitions...a1-...a1-3 Primary Jet...a1-3 Entrainment, Jet Interface, Primary Air, & Total Air...a1-4 Natural Convection Currents...a1-5
More informationplenum slot diffusers
light powered Redefine your comfort zone. www.titus-hvac.com dual-function smart logic light powered energy solutions Table of Contents PLENUM SLOT IFFUSERS products Plenum Slot iffusers Products... 4
More informationDSRQ - DSRSQ - DSRSQ-THERM
DSRQ - DSRSQ - DSRSQ-THERM Specification item: Variable geometry diffuser on 597x597 mm panel developed for rooms with high ceilings where a long throw and a high induction ratio are required. Made up
More informationDual Maximum VAV Box Controls
ASHRAE Golden Gate Chapter November 13, 2014 Dual Maximum VAV Box Controls Steven T. Taylor, PE FASHRAE Taylor Engineering LLC staylor@taylor engineering.com Agenda VAV Box basics Sizing VAV Boxes How
More informationChilled Beam Solutions ADVANCING THE SCIENCE OF AIR DISTRIBUTION. Redefine your comfort zone. www.titus-hvac.com
Chilled Beam Solutions ADVANCING THE SCIENCE OF AIR DISTRIBUTION k-12 education Redefine your comfort zone. www.titus-hvac.com woodgrains dual-function energy solutions table of contents The CBAL-24 is
More informationVAV Laboratory Room Airflow The Lowdown on Turndown
Technology Report March, 2003 VAV Laboratory The Lowdown on Turndown Turndown comparison of these two turndown ratios. Note the small actual airflow difference between them. control ranges are normally
More informationapplications laminar flow Laminar Flow Diffusers CRITICAL ENVIRONMENT LAMINAR FLOW: GENERAL
LMINR FLOW: GENERL Conventional vs. Critical Space pplications With human comfort in mind, conventional air distribution strategies typically employ rapid mixing of supply and room air for thermal equalization
More informationNEBB STANDARDS SECTION-8 AIR SYSTEM TAB PROCEDURES
NEBB STANDARDS SECTION-8 AIR SYSTEM TAB PROCEDURES 8.1 INTRODUCTION Testing, adjusting, and balancing of HVAC systems can best be accomplished by following a series of systematic procedures. The NEBB TAB
More informationHVAC Characteristics. Test Space HVAC Characteristics
HVAC Characteristics Information on the characteristics of the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system(s) in the entire BASE building including types of ventilation, equipment configurations,
More informationCHAPTER 4 VENTILATION
CHAPTER 4 VENTILATION SECTION 401 GENERAL 401.1 Scope. This chapter, in conjunction with the building code, shall govern the ventilation of spaces within a building intended to be occupied. Mechanical
More informationsecurity products metric sizes Redefine your comfort zone. www.titus-hvac.com
metric sizes secure lethal objects monitoring areas suicide deterrent Redefine your comfort zone. www.titus-hvac.com humid areas prevents corrosion minimum security medium security maximum security Table
More informationHVAC Systems: Overview
HVAC Systems: Overview Michael J. Brandemuehl, Ph.D, P.E. University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA Overview System Description Secondary HVAC Systems Air distribution Room diffusers and air terminals Duct
More informationDisplacement ventilation
General The displacement ventilation principle is the oldest form of ventilation and can be achieved without the use of fans. Air movement occurs by means of the density differences between supply air
More informationProblem Statement In order to satisfy production and storage requirements, small and medium-scale industrial
Problem Statement In order to satisfy production and storage requirements, small and medium-scale industrial facilities commonly occupy spaces with ceilings ranging between twenty and thirty feet in height.
More informationUNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI 23 0000 - Heating Ventilating and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) March 2015.01
GENERAL: This section provides general standards for overall sizing and design of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. Other sections contain specific standards for each system per
More informationNatural Convection. Buoyancy force
Natural Convection In natural convection, the fluid motion occurs by natural means such as buoyancy. Since the fluid velocity associated with natural convection is relatively low, the heat transfer coefficient
More informationAir distribution effectiveness with stratified air distribution systems
Lee, K.S., Jiang, Z., and Chen, Q. 2009 Air distribution effectiveness with stratified air distribution systems, ASHRAE Transactions, 115(2). Air distribution effectiveness with stratified air distribution
More informationFan Applications & System Guide
Fan Applications & System Guide Airflow for general ventilation can be calculated by; Area Method Air Change Method Occupancy Method Ventilation Calculation Methods Area Method Derives the ventilation
More informationRadiant Temperature Sensor TY7321
AB-5361-U Specifications/Instructions Radiant Temperature TY7321 General TY7321 Radiant Temperature s are designed to measure infrared radiation from perimeter windows and walls and provide a proportional
More informationL EED & G r e e n B u i ldi ngs
L EED & G r e e n B u i ldi ngs A P P L I C AT I O N G U I D E contents 3 - General 3 - Introduction 3 - Leadership in Energy & Environment 3 - Purpose 3 - LEED Rating System 4 - Energy & Atmosphere 4
More informationApplication Guide. www.titus-hvac.com www.titus-energysolutions.com
Application Guide leed AND GREEN BUILDINGS www.titus-hvac.com www.titus-energysolutions.com table of contents General 3 Introduction 3 Leadership in Energy & Environment 3 Purpose 3 LEED Rating System
More informationDuct Design. Presented by Dave Janquart
Duct Design Presented by Dave Janquart Overview of Topics Duct design Duct insulation SMACNA Standards Factors Influencing Duct Design Equipment Losses Air Velocity Duct Material Duct Size & Shape Length
More informationHow To Improve Energy Efficiency Through Raising Inlet Temperatures
Data Center Operating Cost Savings Realized by Air Flow Management and Increased Rack Inlet Temperatures William Seeber Stephen Seeber Mid Atlantic Infrared Services, Inc. 5309 Mohican Road Bethesda, MD
More informationMULTIZONE APPLICATION OF SOLUTION UNITS
MULTIZONE APPLICATION OF SOLUTION UNITS APPLICATION GUIDE Supersedes: 102.20-AG12 (206) Form: 102.20-AG12 (307) GENERAL Multi-zone heating and air conditioning units offer design and application advantages
More informationDUCT SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Part 1
Refrigeration Service Engineers Society 1666 Rand Road Des Plaines, Illinois 60016 DUCT SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Part 1 by Roger M Hensley, CMS TYPES OF SUPPLY DUCT SYSTEMS There are several basic
More informationCFD MODELLING FOR SWIRL DIFFUSER AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON AIR CHANGE EFFECTIVENESS ASSESSMENT TO GREEN STAR'S IEQ-2
CFD MODELLING FOR SWIRL DIFFUSER AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON AIR CHANGE EFFECTIVENESS ASSESSMENT TO GREEN STAR'S IEQ-2 Eddy Rusly 1 and Mirek Piechowski 2 1,2 Meinhardt (VIC), Melbourne, Australia ABSTRACT
More informationSECTION 15936 AIR INLETS AND OUTLETS
SECTION 15936 AIR INLETS AND OUTLETS PART 1 - GENERAL 1.01 SUMMARY A. Section Includes: 1. Diffusers. 2. Registers. 3. Grilles. 4. Louvers. 5. Lowered Penthouses. 6. Gravity Roof Hoods. 7. Gravity Roof
More informationBelow are detailed instructions for using the EMS load calculator.
Introduction The EMS load calculator is designed to make load calculating as painless as possible. For sizing the equipment, only the first three tabs (Steps 1, 2 & 3) need to be completed. This process
More informationComparing Energy Savings of Different VAV Systems
Comparing Energy Savings of Different VAV Systems Prepared By: Martyn Dodd mart@energysoft.com EnergySoft LLC 1025 5th Street, Suite A Novato, CA 94945 415-897-6400 www.energysoft.com Last Modified: March
More informationCOMPARISON OF THE THERMAL ENVIRONMENT IN ROOMS WITH CHILLED BEAM AND RADIANT PANEL SYSTEMS
COMPARISON OF THE THERMAL ENVIRONMENT IN ROOMS WITH CHILLED BEAM AND RADIANT PANEL SYSTEMS Risto Kosonen, Panu Mustakallio Arsen Melikov 2, Marcin Duszyk 2 Oy Halton Group Ltd., Helsinki, Finland. 2 International
More informationSPECIAL APPLICATIONS
Page 1 SPECIAL APPLICATIONS The protection of microelectronics clean rooms using aspirating smoke detection systems requires special consideration. The physical configuration of the room(s) and the direction
More informationFIRE DAMPER APPLICATION GUIDE
FIRE AND CEILING RADIATION DAMPERS FIRE DAMPER APPLICATION GUIDE Use this application guide to help determine what type of fire damper best suits the application. Below are listed the ten Metal-Fab fire
More informationHVAC Calculations and Duct Sizing
PDH Course M199 HVAC Calculations and Duct Sizing Gary D. Beckfeld, M.S.E., P.E. 2007 PDH Center 2410 Dakota Lakes Drive Herndon, VA 20171-2995 Phone: 703-478-6833 Fax: 703-481-9535 www.pdhcenter.com An
More informationSPECIAL ISSUE: NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION WORKSHOP
research journal 2013 / VOL 05.01 www.perkinswill.com SPECIAL ISSUE: NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION WORKSHOP ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS Current Trends in Low-Energy HVAC Design
More informationCURBING THE COST OF DATA CENTER COOLING. Charles B. Kensky, PE, LEED AP BD+C, CEA Executive Vice President Bala Consulting Engineers
CURBING THE COST OF DATA CENTER COOLING Charles B. Kensky, PE, LEED AP BD+C, CEA Executive Vice President Bala Consulting Engineers OVERVIEW Compare Cooling Strategies in Free- Standing and In-Building
More informationCFD Grows Up! Martin W. Liddament Ventilation, Energy and Environmental Technology (VEETECH Ltd) What is Computational Fluid Dynamics?
CIBSE/ASHRAE Meeting CFD Grows Up! Martin W. Liddament Ventilation, Energy and Environmental Technology (VEETECH Ltd) 10 th December 2003 What is Computational Fluid Dynamics? CFD is a numerical means
More informationCentrifugal Fans and Pumps are sized to meet the maximum
Fans and Pumps are sized to meet the maximum flow rate required by the system. System conditions frequently require reducing the flow rate. Throttling and bypass devices dampers and valves are installed
More informationCase Studies: Infrared Heating in Industrial Applications
Case Studies: Infrared Heating in Industrial Applications Chao Chen, Puget Sound Energy ABSTRACT Puget Sound Energy (PSE) is a utility which serves more than one million electric customers and over 700,000
More informationCAN DEMAND CONTROLLED VENTILATION REPLACE SPACE HEATING IN OFFICE BUILDINGS WITH LOW HEATING DEMAND?
Topic B3: Control of indoor environment CAN DEMAND CONTROLLED VENTILATION REPLACE SPACE HEATING IN OFFICE BUILDINGS WITH LOW HEATING DEMAND? Axel CABLE 1,*, Mads MYSEN 1,2, Kari THUNSHELLE 1 1 SINTEF,
More informationThermal environment in indoor spaces with under-floor air distribution systems: 1. Impact of design parameters (1522-RP)
Lee, K.S., Xue, G., Jiang, Z., and Chen, Q. 0. Thermal environment in indoor spaces with under-floor air distribution systems:. Impact of design parameters (5-RP), HVAC&R Research, 8(6), 8 9. Thermal environment
More informationHVAC Checklist - Long Form
HVAC Checklist - Long Form Page 1 of 14 Appendix B discusses HVAC system components in relation to indoor air quality. utside Air Intake Location pen during occupied hours? Unobstructed? Standing water,
More informationFan and Pad Greenhouse Evaporative Cooling Systems 1
CIR1135 Fan and Pad Greenhouse Evaporative Cooling Systems 1 R. A. Bucklin, J. D. Leary, D. B. McConnell, and E. G. Wilkerson 2 Temperatures can easily exceed 100 F in Florida greenhouses during the summer
More informationunderfloor air distribution
hospitals fire rated woodgrains energy solutions Redefine your comfort zone. www.titus-hvac.com Table of Contents products UnderFloor Air Distribution Products... 4 overview Application Guide... 8 Introduction
More informationEco Pelmet Modelling and Assessment. CFD Based Study. Report Number 610.14351-R1D1. 13 January 2015
EcoPelmet Pty Ltd c/- Geoff Hesford Engineering 45 Market Street FREMANTLE WA 6160 Version: Page 2 PREPARED BY: ABN 29 001 584 612 2 Lincoln Street Lane Cove NSW 2066 Australia (PO Box 176 Lane Cove NSW
More informationENERGY SAVINGS BY CHANGING CONSTANT AIR VOLUME SYSTEMS (CAV) TO VARIABLE AIR VOLUME SYSTEMS (VAV) IN EXISTING OFFICE BUILDINGS.
1 ENERGY SAVINGS BY CHANGING CONSTANT AIR VOLUME SYSTEMS (CAV) TO VARIABLE AIR VOLUME SYSTEMS (VAV) IN EXISTING OFFICE BUILDINGS. - EXPERIENCE FROM A PLANT RECONSTRUCTION BASED ON A NEW SUPPLY AIR TERMINAL
More informationDevelopment of Ventilation Strategy in Diesel Engine Power Plant by Using CFD Modelling
Development of Ventilation Strategy in Diesel Engine Power Plant by Using CFD Modelling Panu Mustakallio and Risto Kosonen Halton Oy, Haltonintie 1-3, 47400 Kausala, Finland E-mail: panu.mustakallio@halton.com
More informationEssam E. Khalil khalile1@asme.org
AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENTS IN HOSPITALS: COMFORT, AIR QUALITY, AND ENERGY UTILIZATION Essam E. Khalil khalile1@asme.org PROFESSOR OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, CAIRO UNIVERSITY, EGYPT Abstract
More informationBenefits of. Air Flow Management. Data Center
Benefits of Passive Air Flow Management in the Data Center Learning Objectives At the end of this program, participants will be able to: Readily identify if opportunities i where networking equipment
More informationCFD SIMULATION OF SDHW STORAGE TANK WITH AND WITHOUT HEATER
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 1, Issue2, July-2012 1 CFD SIMULATION OF SDHW STORAGE TANK WITH AND WITHOUT HEATER ABSTRACT (1) Mr. Mainak Bhaumik M.E. (Thermal Engg.)
More informationThis chapter discusses: 1. Definitions and causes of stable and unstable atmospheric air. 2. Processes that cause instability and cloud development
Stability & Cloud Development This chapter discusses: 1. Definitions and causes of stable and unstable atmospheric air 2. Processes that cause instability and cloud development Stability & Movement A rock,
More informationUNDERFLOOR AIR DISTRIBUTION
FINAL REPORT NCEMBT-080801 UNDERFLOOR AIR DISTRIBUTION AN EXPERIMENTAL COMPARISON OF AIR DIFFUSION PERFORMANCE BETWEEN UNDERFLOOR AIR DISTRIBUTION AND CONVENTIONAL OVERHEAD AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS AUGUST
More informationInnovent LASER Packaged Fresh Air Conditioning Units
LASER Latent And Sensible Energy Reduction Latent And Sensible Energy Reduction For Outside Air Innovent LASER Packaged Fresh Air Conditioning Units Innovent LASER units provide both sensible and latent
More informationEnergy Efficient Data Center Design. Can Ozcan Ozen Engineering Emre Türköz Ozen Engineering
Energy Efficient Data Center Design Can Ozcan Ozen Engineering Emre Türköz Ozen Engineering 1 Bio Can Ozcan received his Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering from Bogazici University of Turkey in
More informationFAN PROTECTION AGAINST STALLING PHENOMENON
FAN PROTECTION AGAINST STALLING PHENOMENON Roberto Arias Álvarez 1 Javier Fernández López 2 2 1 ZITRON Technical Director roberto@zitron.com ZITRON Technical Pre Sales Management jfernandez@zitron.com
More informationComparing Air Cooler Ratings Part 1: Not All Rating Methods are Created Equal
Technical Bulletin By Bruce I. Nelson, P.E., President, Colmac Coil Manufacturing, Inc. Comparing Air Cooler Ratings Part 1: Not All Rating Methods are Created Equal SUMMARY Refrigeration air coolers (evaporators)
More informationUnder sill units. Type FSL-B-ZAS
.1 X X testregistrierung Under sill units Type, heat recovery Centrifugal fan Adaptive heat recovery damper HYGIENISCH GETESTET V DI 022 Tested to VDI 022 Secondary air unit for supply air and extract
More informationNew Deluxe Wall Mounted Heat Pump Series EXTERIOS
New Deluxe Wall Mounted Heat Pump Series EXTERIOS May 2013 New Deluxe Wall Mounted Heat Pump Series Panasonic Adding New Air Conditioner Lineup Setting Another Mile Stone in the US Ductless Split History
More information2006 Delta T Corporation dba Big Ass Fan Company
Saving Energy Savings with HVLS Fans Josh Eddy LEED-AP National Sales Manager Big Ass Fans Outline Who is Big Ass Fans HVLS fan types How HVLS fans save energy HVLS fan applications How utilities are helping
More informationAIR CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY
AIR CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY PART 9 Water Cooled Condensers & Cooling Towers IN LAST month s article we looked at how Air Cooled Condensers are used to transfer the total heat of rejection from the air
More information2013 Code_Saturne User Group Meeting. EDF R&D Chatou, France. 9 th April 2013
2013 Code_Saturne User Group Meeting EDF R&D Chatou, France 9 th April 2013 Thermal Comfort in Train Passenger Cars Contact For further information please contact: Brian ANGEL Director RENUDA France brian.angel@renuda.com
More informationFundamentals of CFD and Data Center Cooling Amir Radmehr, Ph.D. Innovative Research, Inc. radmehr@inres.com
Minneapolis Symposium September 30 th, 2015 Fundamentals of CFD and Data Center Cooling Amir Radmehr, Ph.D. Innovative Research, Inc. radmehr@inres.com Learning Objectives 1. Gain familiarity with Computational
More informationElement D Services Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning
PART 1 - GENERAL 1.01 OVERVIEW A. This section supplements Design Guideline Element D3041 on air handling distribution with specific criteria for projects involving design of a Data Center spaces B. Refer
More informationPower and Cooling for Ultra-High Density Racks and Blade Servers
Power and Cooling for Ultra-High Density Racks and Blade Servers White Paper #46 Introduction The Problem Average rack in a typical data center is under 2 kw Dense deployment of blade servers (10-20 kw
More informationBuilding Energy Systems. - HVAC: Heating, Distribution -
* Some of the images used in these slides are taken from the internet for instructional purposes only Building Energy Systems - HVAC: Heating, Distribution - Bryan Eisenhower Associate Director Center
More informationHOSPITAL ISOLATION ROOM HVAC SYSTEM DESIGN
HOSPITAL ISOLATION ROOM HVAC SYSTEM DESIGN Presented to: ASHRAE YEA Illinois Chapter Specialty Environment Design Conference March 24, 2014 Jean O. Gibbons, PE, LEED AP Senior Vice President Grumman/Butkus
More informationDisplacement Ventilation in Schools
Displacement Ventilation in Schools Price Displacement Ventilation in Schools Introduction Displacement Ventilation (DV) originated in industrial facilities in Europe as an effective way to remove contaminants
More informationA Prototype Alternative Ventilation System for Retrofit, Rehab and Renovation of Rural Alaska Houses
A Prototype Alternative Ventilation System for Retrofit, Rehab and Renovation of Rural Alaska Houses Robert L Crosby Jr, Biorealis Systems, Inc. Abstract: Bristol Bay Housing Authority (BBHA) currently
More informationImproving Rack Cooling Performance Using Airflow Management Blanking Panels
Improving Rack Cooling Performance Using Airflow Management Blanking Panels By Neil Rasmussen White Paper #44 Revision 3 Executive Summary Unused vertical space in open frame racks and rack enclosures
More informationCFD ANALYSIS CHALLENGES IN BUILDING SIMULATION FOR SIMBUILD2004 CONFERENCE. Ferdinand Schmid and Galen Burrell Architectural Energy Corporation
CFD ANALYSIS CHALLENGES IN BUILDING SIMULATION FOR SIMBUILD2004 CONFERENCE Ferdinand Schmid and Galen Burrell Architectural Energy Corporation ABSTRACT This paper discusses the capabilities and challenges
More informationCost Estimation for Materials and Installation of Hot Water Piping Insulation
Cost Estimation for Materials and Installation of Hot Water Piping Insulation Prepared for Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Under Contract Number: 18O9O2 By Gary Klein, Managing Partner Affiliated
More informationExhaust Calculation Booklet
Exhaust Calculation Booklet American Dryer Corporation 88 Currant Road Fall River MA 02720-4781 Telephone: (508) 678-9000 / Fax: (508) 678-9447 e-mail: techsupport@amdry.com ADC Part No. 450450 Exhaust
More informationCase Studies Illustrating Acoustic Design Guidelines for HVAC Systems in Schools
Cleveland, Ohio NOISE-CON 2003 2003 June 23-25 Case Studies Illustrating Acoustic Design Guidelines for HVAC Systems in Schools Robert M. Lilkendey, Siebein Associates, Inc. 625 NW 60 th Street, Suite
More informationFundamentals of Acoustics & Practical HVAC Design Considerations. Demir Doken Acoustic Engineer
Fundamentals of Acoustics & Practical HVAC Design Considerations Demir Doken Acoustic Engineer What is sound? Sound is a mechanical wave that is an oscillation of pressure transmitted through some medium
More informationWhite paper on the comparative energy efficiency of zoned electric heaters Convectair, Inc. / Convectair-NMT Inc. September 2004
White paper on the comparative energy efficiency of zoned electric heaters Convectair, Inc. / Convectair-NMT Inc. September 2004 Contents : 1. Introduction 2. Fundamentals of heating 3. Temperature distribution
More informationCharacteristics of Evaporators
Characteristics of Evaporators Roger D. Holder, CM, MSME 10-28-2003 Heat or Energy In this paper, we will discuss the characteristics of an evaporator coil. The variance of the operational condenses of
More informationMAXIMUM HEAT LOAD TEMPERATURE TESTING ( Differential Temperature Testing )
MAXIMUM HEAT LOAD TEMPERATURE TESTING ( Differential Temperature Testing ) The Concept Maximum Heat Load Temperature Testing is a powerful air-conditioning diagnostic and evaluation technique. It is also
More informationA NODAL MODEL FOR DISPLACEMENT VENTILATION AND CHILLED CEILING SYSTEMS IN OFFICE SPACES
A NODAL MODEL FOR DISPLACEMENT VENTILATION AND CHILLED CEILING SYSTEMS IN OFFICE SPACES Simon J. Rees and Philip Haves School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater,
More informationPerformance Rating of Room Fan- Coils
ANSI/AHRI Standard 440 with Addendum 1 (Formerly ARI Standard 440) 2008 Standard for Performance Rating of Room Fan- Coils ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 440-2008 WITH ADDENDUM 1, PERFORMANCE RATING OF ROOM FAN-COILS
More informationSECTION 23 05 93 TESTING, ADJUSTING, AND BALANCING FOR HVAC INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION
SECTION 23 05 93 TESTING, ADJUSTING, AND BALANCING FOR HVAC INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION The purpose of this guide specification is to assist the specifier in correctly specifying Mechanical System Testing
More informationHigh Altitude HVAC. Silvertip Integrated Engineering Consultants mhaughey@earthlink.net www.silvertipconsultants.com
Presentation to: Rocky Mountain ASHRAE 2013 Tech Conference April 19, 2013 High Altitude HVAC Design Considerations by: Michael D. Haughey, PE, HBDP, CEM, LEED TM AP 2013 Silvertip Integrated Engineering
More informationOptimizing Network Performance through PASSIVE AIR FLOW MANAGEMENT IN THE DATA CENTER
Optimizing Network Performance through PASSIVE AIR FLOW MANAGEMENT IN THE DATA CENTER Lylette Macdonald, RCDD Legrand Ortronics BICSI Baltimore 2011 Agenda: Discuss passive thermal management at the Rack
More informationFan Basics and Selection Criteria (How to Use)
Feature: Understanding SANYO DENKI Products from Scratch Fan Basics and Selection Criteria (How to Use) Honami Osawa 1. Introduction In recent years, the importance of cooling technology has become even
More informationDRYER VENTING SPECIFICATIONS DRYER SAFETY
DRYER VENTING SPECIFICATIONS Table of Contents DRYER SAFETY...1 INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS...4 Venting Requirements...5 DRYER INSPECTION AND CLEANING...7 Frequency of Exhaust System Cleaning...7 Inspecting
More informationVerizon SMARTS Data Center Design Phase 1 Conceptual Study Report Ms. Leah Zabarenko Verizon Business 2606A Carsins Run Road Aberdeen, MD 21001
Verizon SMARTS Data Center Design Phase 1 Conceptual Study Report Ms. Leah Zabarenko Verizon Business 2606A Carsins Run Road Aberdeen, MD 21001 Presented by: Liberty Engineering, LLP 1609 Connecticut Avenue
More informationThermal Mass Availability for Cooling Data Centers during Power Shutdown
2010 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). Published in ASHRAE Transactions (2010, vol 116, part 2). For personal use only. Additional reproduction,
More informationHow To Design A Room Air Conditioning System
Comparison of HVAC Technology in Buildings Conventional HVAC Technology Bauer Optimising Technology The Differences Room environment (Occupant Comfort) Energy Consumption Architecture Air flows in a room
More informationExperimental Study of Free Convection Heat Transfer From Array Of Vertical Tubes At Different Inclinations
Experimental Study of Free Convection Heat Transfer From Array Of Vertical Tubes At Different Inclinations A.Satyanarayana.Reddy 1, Suresh Akella 2, AMK. Prasad 3 1 Associate professor, Mechanical Engineering
More informationEnvironmental Data Center Management and Monitoring
2013 Raritan Inc. Table of Contents Introduction Page 3 Sensor Design Considerations Page 3 Temperature and Humidity Sensors Page 4 Airflow Sensor Page 6 Differential Air Pressure Sensor Page 6 Water Sensor
More informationNoise in the Classroom
ASHRAE JOURNAL Copyright 2000, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. This posting is by permission of ASHRAE Journal. This article may not be copied nor distributed
More informationOnce you know the volume of air and the static pressure of the system to be cooled, you can determine the fan specifications for your product.
COOLING FAN REQUIREMENTS CALCULATIONS Determining System Impedance Determining the actual airflow produced by a fan mounted in an enclosure is much more difficult than calculating the airflow required.
More informationElement D Services Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning
Load Calculation Criteria PART 1 - GENERAL 1.01 OVERVIEW A. This section includes requirements for calculating HVAC cooling and heating loads. B. Load calculations must be performed in accordance with
More informationEXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF PARTIAL AND FULLY CHARGED THERMAL STRATIFIED HOT WATER STORAGE TANKS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET) International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6340 (Print) ISSN 0976 6359
More information- White Paper - Data Centre Cooling. Best Practice
- White Paper - Data Centre Cooling Best Practice Release 2, April 2008 Contents INTRODUCTION... 3 1. AIR FLOW LEAKAGE... 3 2. PERFORATED TILES: NUMBER AND OPENING FACTOR... 4 3. PERFORATED TILES: WITH
More informationEFA PSBP. Natural Ventilation Strategy. Introduction. 1.1 Relevant legislation. 1.1.1 The Building Regulations 2010
EFA PSBP Natural Ventilation Strategy Introduction The Baseline Designs Project will provide scheme design details for a number of Primary and Secondary School Exemplars. For the purposes of setting a
More informationFlexibility, Efficiency In San Antonio Arena
2005, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). Reprinted by permission from ASHRAE Journal, (Vol. 47, No. 9, September 2005). This article may not
More informationIDES-EDU. Educational Package Ventilation. Lecture 8: Sizing mechanical ventilation systems IEE/09/631/SI2.558225 28.10.2011.
Introduction Educational Package Ventilation Lecture 8: Sizing mechanical ventilation systems IEE/09/631/SI2.558225 28.10.2011 Air Flow : Relation between air flow, air speed and duct section Ventilation
More information