Saving our Aquifer. Background
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- Reynold Reed
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1 Saving our Aquifer Background Malta, an archipelago of three islands situated 80 kilometers south of Sicily in the middle of the clear blue Mediterranean Sea, is blessed with an abundance of sunshine. These idyllic conditions are, however, marred by the meagre annual rainfall which ranges from 250 to 450 mm, which is characteristic of the Mediterranean climate. The islands, whose dense population now numbers about 420,000, have been perpetually plagued with problems associated with the supply of fresh water of acceptable quality. Over the years, special efforts have been made to cope with this adverse situation. Efforts throughout the Years Ancient temples predating Christ were built with cisterns incorporated in them, so that to this day, rainwater can be collected and stored. To meet demands of the newly built city of Valletta in 1610, the Knights of St. John started work on an aqueduct to transport water by gravity for over 15 km all the way from Rabat. The water was collected in subterranean conduits from several natural springs and galleries cut into the fresh water perched aquifer. Since potable water has always been a scarce and resource, they made it a requirement by law, that each house and building has its own cistern.
2 Towards the end of the nineteenth century, as the demand for fresh water increased, bore holes and subterranean collection galleries were cut, in order to exploit also the mean sea level aquifer. (A fresh water lens or body lying over a layer of salt (sea) water.) During the same period sizable covered reservoirs were built in strategic locations which were further developed in the early post World War II years. Desalination Makes an Early Appearance Desalination made an early appearance in Malta in 1881 in a form of a thermal distillation plant installed by the government to desalt sea water for distribution to the local population. Between 1966 and 1969 further thermal desalination plants using multistage flash (MSF) evaporators followed. As the 1980s began, Malta s water needs became more critical. The Island evolved from a military base under British rule to an independent country with a growing industry and tourist trade. It was at this point that the Malta Government made its first investment in Reverse Osmosis (RO) Desalination. In 1983, the Ghar Lapsi Seawater RO facility became operational. This was soon followed by more sweater RO plants to meet national water demand.
3 Over exploitation of the Aquifer Economic growth in the mid-eighties also meant that more boreholes were drilled to tap the only free natural supply of water. The demand, from agriculture in particular, was so high that it is estimated that the amount of water extracted from the aquifer by this sector was twice as much that extracted by Water Services Corporation for the production and distribution of potable water. This high extraction rate has resulted in the infiltration of seawater into the mean sea level aquifer giving rise to higher salinity levels in the groundwater being extracted. Malta is obliged to respect the parametric levels set out by the EU Drinking Water Directive (Dir 98/83/EC). In its drive to improve the water quality levels, the high level of groundwater extraction could not be realistically sustained for a number of reasons. Such extraction will negatively affect the long-term sustainability of the aquifer. The only viable alternative to improve water quality is, therefore, to invest in seawater desalination to provide superior water quality with a higher blending potential. Since this process is energy intensive, if nothing is done to control the extraction of water from the aquifer, WSC will be forced to abandon extraction of ground water and produce all its water supplied to consumers from the seawater RO plants. This will increase the costs and carbon footprint due to increased energy consumption since our energy supply comes from oil-burning power stations.
4 Alternative source of water supply In recent years the WSC has built three waste water treatment plants (funded mainly by the EU) to treat all the sewage water before it is disposed off at sea. Malta can now boast to be the first country in the Mediterranean to treat 100% of its waste water. The water currently disposed of at sea has little or no use to the agricultural industry because its salinity exceeds acceptable levels. WSC has thus embarked on a project to further treat the secondary effluent at the newly designed water reclamation plants to remove the salinity and make it an alternative source. It is believed that through enforcement, if an alternative source of irrigation water is provided then the extraction from the aquifer will diminish allowing natural aquifer recharge at a higher rate. With this project the WSC will be closing the loop of the water cycle as depicted in Figure 1.
5 Rain Sea Sewage Treatment Direct use of surface water for non-potable Use Figure 1: Conceptual Water cycle in Malta (source: Dr Paul Micallef-WSC) It is clearly evident that WSC intends to produce high quality water from the reclamation plants in order to supply an alternative source of water for irrigation and general use. In low demand seasons it is understood that there will be a surplus of reclaimed water. The intention of WSC is to direct this surplus reclaimed water back to the aquifer increasing the recharge potential. The WSC has tested a pilot plant including recharge of the aquifer at Bulebel (Figure 2). Following encouraging results bigger plants were
6 designed and are currently being assembled to distribute reclaimed water for irrigation and aquifer recharge. Figure 2: Water Reclamation Pilot plant at Bulebel (source: author) Conclusion It is not inconceivable that if we keep on extracting groundwater at the current rate, our natural resources will be depleted to the extent that groundwater will no longer be fit for human consumption or even irrigation. WSC should be praised for its most recent initiatives because they offer concrete solutions to safeguard and restore our major freshwater natural resource Aquifers.
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