Matter Properties and Changes

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 3 STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY Matter Properties and Changes Section 3.1 Properties of Matter In your textbook, read about physical properties and chemical properties of matter. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage. chemical mass physical density properties substance Matter is anything with (1) and volume. A (2) is a form of matter with a uniform and unchanging composition. Substances have specific, unchanging (3) that can be observed. Substances have both physical and chemical properties. (4) properties can be observed without changing a substance s chemical composition. Color, hardness, and (5) are examples. Other properties cannot be observed without changing the composition of a substance. These are called (6) properties. An example is the tendency of iron to form rust when exposed to air. Label each property as either physical or chemical. 7. Chemical formula H 2 O 8. Forms green carbonate when exposed to moist air 9. Remains unchanged when in the presence of nitrogen 10. Colorless 11. Solid at normal temperatures and pressures 12. Ability to combine with another substance 13. Melting point 14. Liquid at normal temperatures and pressures 15. Boiling point is 100 C 16. Conducts electricity 17. Density is 1g cm 3 Study Guide for Content Mastery Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 3 13

2 CHAPTER 3 STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY Section 3.1 continued In your textbook, read about states of matter. Label each drawing with one of these words: solid, liquid, gas For each statement below, write true or false. 21. All matter that we encounter in everyday life exists in one of three physical forms. 22. A solid has definite shape and volume. 23. A liquid has a definite shape and takes on the volume of its container. 24. A gas has both the shape and the volume of its container. 25. The particles in a gas cannot be compressed into a smaller volume. 26. Liquids tend to contract when heated. 27. The particles in a solid are spaced far apart. 28. The words gas and vapor can be used interchangeably. 14 Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 3 Study Guide for Content Mastery

3 CHAPTER 3 STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY Section 3.2 Changes in Matter In your textbook, read about physical change and chemical change. What kinds of changes do these words indicate? Write each word under the correct heading. Use each word only once. boil crumple crush explode burn ferment freeze grind condense melt oxidize rot corrode rust tarnish vaporize Physical Change Chemical Change For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B. Column A 17. The new substances that are formed in a chemical reaction 18. A chemical reaction that involves one or more substances changing into new substances 19. Shows the relationship between the reactants and products in a chemical reaction 20. States that mass is neither created nor destroyed in any process 21. The starting substances in a chemical reaction Answer the following question. Write an equation showing conservation of mass of reactants and products. Column B a. chemical change b. reactants c. products d. chemical equation e. law of conservation of mass 22. In a laboratory, g of water is separated into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. The hydrogen gas has a mass of 20.0 g. What is the mass of the oxygen gas produced? Study Guide for Content Mastery Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 3 15

4 CHAPTER 3 STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY Section 3.3 Mixtures of Matter In your textbook, read about pure substances and mixtures. Use the words below to complete the concept map. heterogeneous salt water mixture sand water mixture mixtures solutions water matter substances 1. mixtures 2. water 3. heterogeneous mixtures homogeneous mixtures 4. sand water mixture 5. solutions In your textbook, read about separating mixtures. For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B. Column A 7. Separates substances on the basis of the boiling points of the substances 8. Separates by formation of solid, pure particles from a solution 9. Separates substances based on their movement through a special paper 6. salt water mixture Column B a. filtration b. distillation c. crystallization d. chromatography 10. Separates solids from liquids by using a porous barrier 16 Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 3 Study Guide for Content Mastery

5 CHAPTER 3 STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY Section 3.4 Elements and Compounds In your textbook, read about elements and compounds. Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. A substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means is a(n) a. compound. b. mixture. c. element. d. period. 2. A chemical combination of two or more different elements is a(n) a. solution. b. compound. c. element. d. period. 3. Which of the following is an example of an element? a. water b. air c. sugar d. oxygen 4. Which of the following is an example of a compound? a. gold b. silver c. aspirin d. copper 5. What are the horizontal rows in the periodic table called? a. block elements b. groups or families c. grids d. periods 6. What are the vertical columns in the periodic table called? a. block elements b. groups or families c. grids d. periods Label each substance as either an element or a compound. 7. silicon 10. nickel 8. sodium chloride 11. ice 9. francium Write the symbol for each element. Use the periodic table on pages in your textbook if you need help. 12. neon 15. titanium 13. calcium 16. fluorine 14. iron In your textbook, read about the law of definite proportions. Use the law of definite proportions and the equation below to answer the questions. The law of definite proportions states that regardless of the amount, a compound is always composed of the same elements in the same proportion by mass. Mass percentage of an element (%) mass of element 100% mass of compound 17. A 20.0-g sample of sucrose contains 8.4 g of carbon. What is the mass percentage of carbon in sucrose? Show your work. Study Guide for Content Mastery Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 3 17

6 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER ASSESSMENT Matter Properties and Changes Reviewing Vocabulary Match the definition in Column A with the term in Column B. Column A 1. A homogeneous mixture 2. States that mass is neither created nor destroyed in any process 3. States that regardless of the amount, a compound is always composed of the same elements in the same proportion by mass 4. States that different masses of one element combine with the same relative mass of another element to form different compounds 5. The grid organizing elements into periods and groups Column B a. law of multiple proportions b. percent by mass c. periodic table d. law of conservation of mass e. law of definite proportions 6. The ratio of the mass of each element to the total mass of the compound 7. Three physical forms that describe all matter that exists on Earth 8. A separation technique that results in the formation of pure solid particles from a solution 9. A technique that separates the components of a mixture 10. A form of matter with a constant volume that takes the shape of its container 11. A form of matter with a definite shape and volume Compare and contrast each pair of related terms. 12. chemical property, physical property 13. substance, mixture f. solution g. crystallization h. chromatography i. states of matter j. solid k. liquid Chapter Assessment Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 3 13

7 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER ASSESSMENT Understanding Main Ideas (Part A) Identify each property as either physical or chemical. Tell whether each physical property is extensive or intensive. 1. color 2. tendency to rust 3. boiling point 4. density 5. mass 6. ability to dissolve 7. malleability 8. ability to conduct electricity Match each term in Column A with its example in Column B. Column A Column B 9. alloy 10. element a. gold b. methane 11. gas 12. vapor c. d. steam sterling silver (silver and copper) Circle the item that is an example of the term. 13. compound salt air nickel 14. homogeneous mixture silicon air nickel 15. element salt brass aluminum 14 Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 3 Chapter Assessment

8 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER ASSESSMENT Understanding Main Ideas (Part B) Identify each change as either physical or chemical. 1. breaking a pencil in half 2. wood burning 3. silver tarnishing 4. ice melting 5. hard-boiling an egg 6. grinding coffee beans 7. burning gasoline Identify each mixture as either homogeneous or heterogeneous. 8. stainless steel 9. granite 10. air 11. blood 12. hand lotion 13. oil and water 14. wild bird seed 15. chunky peanut butter 16. dirt 17. vinegar 18. gasoline Identify the technique you would use to separate each mixture. 19. two substances with different boiling points 20. sand from water Chapter Assessment Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 3 15

9

10 Label each picture as an element, compound, mixture of elements, mixture of compounds, mixture of element(s) and compound(s).

11 Chapter Review Classification of Matter Part A. Vocabulary Review Directions: Use the clues below to complete the crossword puzzle. Chapter Across 1. A change in size, shape, or state of matter 3. Substance in which two or more elements are combined in a fixed proportion 4. A mixture in which different materials can be easily distinguished 6. Heterogeneous mixture containing a liquid in which visible particles settle 7. Heterogeneous mixture with larger particles that never settle 9. Any material of two or more substances that can be physically separated Down 2. Mixture containing two or more gaseous, liquid, or solid substances blended evenly throughout 5. Substance in which all atoms are alike 8. Effect of scattering light by colloidal particles 9. Law of conservation of Assessment 10. Homogeneous mixture of particles so small they cannot be seen and will never settle Classification of Matter 35

12 Chapter Test Classification of Matter I. Testing Concepts Directions: Determine whether the italicized term makes each statement true or false. If the statement is true, write true in the blank. If the statement if false, write in the blank the term or terms that make the statement true. 1. Substances are either elements or mixtures. 2. The odor of a substance is a physical property. 3. Smoke is a compound. 4. A substance can be separated into simpler parts through differences in physical properties. 5. The law of conservation of mass states that the mass of all substances before a chemical change equals the mass of all the substances after the change. 6. Colloids are mixtures. 7. The freezing of water is a chemical change. 8. Homogeneous mixtures can be separated by physical changes. 9. Colloids and solutions scatter light. 10. A fruit salad is a homogeneous mixture. Chapter Color is a physical property. 12. When a firecracker explodes, mass is lost. 13. Distillation can separate dissolved substances through physical changes. 14. A suspension is a homogeneous mixture. 15. The breaking of a glass window is a physical change. Directions: In the blank at the left, write the letter of the term or phrase that correctly completes each statement. 16. A(n) is NOT homogeneous. a. suspension c. compound b. element d. solution 17. The scattering of light by colloids is called. a. the Tyndall effect c. air pollution b. conservation d. suspension 18. Smoke is an example of a. a. substance c. colloid b. solution d. suspension Assessment Classification of Matter 37

13 Chapter Test (continued) II. 19. Three examples of physical changes are. a. freezing of water, evaporation of gasoline, and rusting of a nail b. boiling of water, bursting of a balloon, and melting of a candle c. sawing of wood, crushing of a can, and toasting a marshmallow d. burning of gasoline, rotting of an egg, and exploding of fireworks 20. The color of ink is a. a. chemical property c. chemical change b. physical property d. physical change 21. When two or more substances are combined so that each substance maintains its own properties, the result is a(n). a. chemical change c. compound b. element d. mixture 22. When gasoline is burned in an engine,. a. gasoline evaporates c. mass is lost b. new substances are formed d. mass is gained 23. is another name for a homogeneous mixture. a. Suspension c. Solution b. Substance d. Liquid Understanding Concepts Skill: Concept Mapping Directions: In the concept map below, write in the correct terms in the spaces provided. Assessment Mixtures can be can be heterogeneous homogeneous which are which are which are such as such as such as muddy water milk vinegar 38 Classification of Matter

14 Directed Reading for Content Mastery Chapter Overview Classification of Matter 17 Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms in the list below. heterogeneous elements homogeneous compound substances mixtures Matter which, when made up of like atoms, are is composed of various 1. of which two or more may combine in an easily separated manner to form Meeting Individual Needs of which two or more may form a 3. which, if blended evenly throughout, are Directions: Circle the term in parentheses that makes each statement correct. 7. A beam of light is (visible, invisible) as it passes through a solution, but (can, cannot) be seen as it passes through a colloid. 8. Appearance and behavior are (chemical, physical) properties. 9. The change of one substance to another is a (chemical, physical) change. 10. When substances go through a physical change, mass is always (gained, lost, conserved). 5. which, if the different materials are easily distinguished, are 6. Classification of Matter 19

15 Directed Reading for Content Mastery Section 1 Composition of Matter Chapter 17 Meeting Individual Needs Directions: Choose the correct category from the list for each item. Each category will be used more than once. 1. chalk 2. copper 3. granite 4. vinegar 5. pond 6. water 7. salt 8. permanent press fabric 9. soft drink 10. paint 11. gold 12. a river delta 13. fog 14. gelatin 15. lead a. element b. compound c. suspension d. heterogeneous mixture e. homogeneous mixture f. colloid Directions: Complete the sentences by writing the letters of the correct terms on the lines provided. 16. All substances are built from. a. elements c. metal b. atom d. salt 17. A beam of light can be seen as it passes through a(n). a. colloid c. element b. solution d. compound 18. A is a homogenous mixture of particles so small they cannot be seen and will not settle to the bottom of their container. a. colloid c. element b. solution d. compound 20 Classification of Matter

16 Directed Reading for Content Mastery Section 2 Properties of Chapter Matter 17 Directions: Complete the paragraphs using the terms listed. Some terms may be used more than once. liquid physical change chemical change mixture physical properties physical property distillation equals melting conservation of mass Scientists try to explain how changes in substances take place. By applying energy, you can tear a sheet of paper into pieces and cause a 1. in the paper. On a hot summer day, water vapor will condense into water droplets on the outside of a glass of iced tea. The glass of iced tea is a 2. of sugar, tea, lemon, and water. Water is a clear, colorless 3. at room temperature. The words clear and colorless describe two 4. of water. The melting of the ice in iced tea is a 5.. In comparison, a 6. produces new substances. When a candle burns, physical and chemical changes take place. The 7. of the wax is a physical change. The melted wax, as it burns, combines with gaseous oxygen in air. After the chemical change, water vapor and carbon dioxide gas are formed. The mass of all substances before a chemical change 8. the mass of all substances after a chemical change. This is called the law of 9. To separate a solid from a liquid, such as salt from seawater, a process using the 10. of boiling point called 11. is used. Meeting Individual Needs Classification of Matter 21

17 1. Compare (same) and contrast (different) a substance and a mixture. 2. Compare and contrast an element and a compound. 3. Compare and contrast a colloid and a suspension. 4. Compare and contrast a solution and a heterogeneous mixture.

18 CHAPTER 3 Matter Properties and Changes Name: Date: Use the tables below to answer questions 1 and 2. 3 Which of these phase changes does NOT involve the absorption of heat energy? A Boiling Baking Soda Analysis Element Analysis by Mass % by Mass Oxygen g 57.1% Sodium g 27.4% Hydrogen 2.40 g 1.2% Carbon? 14.3% Total g 100% B C D Condensation Melting Vaporization This question covers TEKS 4C and 5C. This question tests the material that was covered in the textbook on page 61. Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Sodium Bicarbonate Analysis Element Analysis by Mass % by Mass Oxygen g 57.1% Sodium g 27.4% Hydrogen 0.60 g 1.2% Carbon 7.15 g 14.3% Total g 100% 1 The tables show the chemical analyses of two compounds: baking soda and sodium bicarbonate. Because they have the same percent by mass, they must be the same compound according to the A B C D law of definite proportions law of multiple proportions law of conservation of energy law of conservation of mass This question covers TEKS 4A and 4C. This question tests the material that was covered in the textbook on page If baking soda and sodium bicarbonate are the same compound, then the mass of carbon in g of baking soda should be A B C D 7.15 g g g g This question covers TEKS 4C. This question tests the material that was covered in the textbook on page In the periodic table, a series of elements that is arranged in a horizontal row is called a A B C D cluster family period group This question covers TEKS 4D. This question tests the material that was covered in the textbook on page Distillation is a separation technique that involves A B C using a porous barrier to separate a solid from a liquid separating dissolved substances based on their tendency to be drawn across a surface the formation of pure, solid particles of a substance from a solution containing the dissolved substance D separating two or more liquids based on differences in their boiling points This question covers TEKS 4B and 4C. This question tests the material that was covered in the textbook on page 69. Reviewing Chemistry: Mastering the TEKS Chemistry: Matter and Change 5

19 CHAPTER 3 Matter Properties and Changes, continued Name: Date: Use the diagram below to answer questions 6 and g HCl hydrochloric acid 6 The diagram shows a chemical equation representing a chemical reaction. The name and mass of each substance involved in the chemical reaction are also shown. Which of these are the reactants? A B C D HCl and NaOH NaCl and H 2 O HCl and H 2 O NaOH and NaCl 7 According to the law of conservation of mass, mass is neither created nor destroyed in any process. On the basis of this law, what mass of water was produced in this reaction? A B C D 16.0 g 18.0 g 20.0 g 22.0 g 40.0 g + NaOH NaCl + 2 sodium hydroxide 58.5 g sodium chloride? g H O water This question covers TEKS 5B. This question tests the material that was covered in the textbook on page 62. This question covers TEKS 5B. This question tests the material that was covered in the textbook on pages Characteristics of a substance can be classified as physical properties or chemical properties. Which of the following is a chemical property? A Boils at 56ºC B Tastes sour C Has a density of 2.9 g/cm 3 D Reacts with acid to produce hydrogen gas This question covers TEKS 4A. This question tests the material that was covered in the textbook on pages Use the diagrams below to answer question 9. 9 Each diagram shows the particles of a substance in a closed container. Which of these shows the substance that is most easily compressed? A B C D Q R S T Q R S T This question covers TEKS 4B. This question tests the material that was covered in the textbook on pages Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6 Chemistry: Matter and Change Reviewing Chemistry: Mastering the TEKS