Principles of Clinical Cancer Genetics: A Handbook from the Massachusetts General Hospital

Transcription

1 Principles of Clinical Cancer Genetics: A Handbook from the Massachusetts General Hospital

2 Daniel C. Chung Editors Daniel A. Haber Principles of Clinical Cancer Genetics: A Handbook from the Massachusetts General Hospital

3 Editors Daniel C. Chung Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Gastrointestinal Unit Harvard Medical School USA Daniel A. Haber Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center Harvard Medical School and Howard Hughes Medical Institute USA ISBN e-isbn DOI / Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (

4 Preface Cancer is fundamentally a genetic disorder, and the rapid accumulation of insights into the broad spectrum of genetic alterations that underlie human cancers has been staggering. Equally exciting has been the translation of many of these insights into the clinical management of patients with cancer or at high risk of developing cancer. Over the past decade, the field of clinical cancer genetics has entered a renaissance that has thrust it into an integral position in modern cancer care. Our goal with this textbook is to provide a comprehensive reference on current topics in cancer genetics for the clinician. At the Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, our multidisciplinary group of clinicians, basic scientists, translational scientists, and geneticists strive to seamlessly integrate cancer genetics into the care of our patients and their families. The basic principles of cancer genetics (Chapter 1) and genetic testing (Chapter 2) are first reviewed. In Chapters 3 13, we highlight the hereditary cancer syndromes most commonly encountered in the clinic, focusing on the underlying genetics, clinical presentations, screening and surveillance strategies, genetic testing algorithms, risk-reducing surgical approaches, and management of cancer. These syndromes encompass a broad range of hereditary tumors of the breast, colon, pancreas, stomach, kidney, skin, and endocrine organs, as well as Wilms, retinoblastoma, and neurofibromatosis syndromes. Finally, Chapters 14 and 15 explore new directions in cancer genetics: the role of low penetrance cancer susceptibility alleles as well as the impact of molecularly targeted cancer therapies. The number of genes that contribute to both hereditary and sporadic cancers continues to grow. As a consequence, the impact of genetics on strategies for cancer prevention and therapy is increasing at a similar pace. The care of the cancer patient is continually being transformed by genetics, and we hope to share with the reader the excitement, importance, and potential of clinical cancer genetics. Daniel C. Chung Daniel A. Haber v

5 Contents 1 Basic Principles of Cancer Genetics... 1 Leif W. Ellisen and Daniel A. Haber 2 Principles of Cancer Genetic Counseling and Genetic Testing Kristen M. Shannon and Devanshi Patel 3 Genetics of Hereditary Breast Cancer Paula D. Ryan 4 Surgical Management of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Michelle C. Specht, Marcela G. del Carmen, and Barbara L. Smith 5 Hereditary Colon Cancer: Colonic Polyposis Syndromes Andrew T. Chan and Daniel C. Chung 6 Hereditary Colon Cancer: Lynch Syndrome Eunice L. Kwak and Daniel C. Chung 7 Hereditary Pancreatic Cancer Janivette Alsina and Sarah P. Thayer 8 Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer Prakash K. Pandalai and Sam S. Yoon 9 Familial Renal Cell Cancers and Pheochromocytomas Gayun Chan-Smutko and Othon Iliopoulos 10 Familial Atypical Mole Melanoma (FAMM) Syndrome Elizabeth D. Chao, Michele J. Gabree, and Hensin Tsao 11 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Yariv J. Houvras and Gilbert H. Daniels 12 Pediatric Malignancies: Retinoblastoma and Wilms Tumor David A. Sweetser and Eric F. Grabowski 13 Neurofibromatosis and Schwannomatosis Miriam J. Smith and Scott R. Plotkin 14 The HapMap Project and Low-Penetrance Cancer Susceptibility Alleles Edwin Choy and David Altshuler vii

6 viii Contents 15 Somatic Genetic Alterations and Implications for Targeted Therapies in Cancer (GIST, CML, Lung Cancer) Alice T. Shaw, Eyal C. Attar, Edwin Choy, and Jeffrey Engelman Index

7 Contributors Janivette Alsina, MD, PhD Resident in General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, David Altshuler, MD, PhD Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, ; Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Eyal C. Attar, MD Instructor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, ; Director, Translational Leukemia Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Andrew T. Chan, MD, MPH Assistant Professor of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Gayun Chan-Smutko, MS, CGC Senior Genetic Counselor, Center for Cancer Risk Assessment, Massachusetts General Hospital, Elizabeth D. Chao, PhD Harvard Medical School, Edwin Choy, MD, PhD Instructor in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Daniel C. Chung, MD Director, GI Cancer Genetics Program, Gastrointestinal Unit and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, ; Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Gilbert H. Daniels, MD Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, ; Co-Director, Thyroid Clinic, Massachusetts General Hospital, ; Co-Director, Endocrine Tumor Genetics Clinic, Massachusetts General Hospital, Marcela G. del Carmen, MD Assistant Professor, Harvard Medical School, ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Leif W. Ellisen, MD, PhD Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, ; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, ix

8 x Contributors Jeffrey Engelman, MD, PhD Chief, Thoracic Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Michele Jacobs Gabree, MS, CGC Certified Genetic Counselor, Center for Cancer Risk Assessment, Massachusetts General Hospital, Eric F. Grabowski, MD, D Sci Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, ; Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Daniel A. Haber, MD, PhD Director, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Kurt J. Isselbacher / Peter D. Schwartz Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yariv J. Houvras, MD, PhD Instructor in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Othon Iliopoulos, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, ; Director, Familial Renal Carcinoma Clinic, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Eunice L. Kwak, MD, PhD Assistant in Medicine, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Prakash K. Pandalai, MD Fellow, Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Devanshi Patel, MS, CGC Senior Genetic Counselor, Center for Cancer Risk Assessment, Massachusetts General Hospital, Scott R. Plotkin, MD, PhD Assistant Professor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, ; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Paula D. Ryan, MD, PhD Medical Director, Breast and Ovarian Cancer Genetics and Risk Assessment Clinic, Massachusetts General Hospital, Kristen Mahoney Shannon, MS, CGC Program Manager/Senior Genetic Counselor, Center for Cancer Risk Assessment, Massachusetts General Hospital, Alice T. Shaw, MD, PhD Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Barbara L. Smith, MD, PhD Associate Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, ; Director, Breast Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center,

9 Contributors xi Miriam J. Smith, PhD Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Michelle C. Specht, MD Assistant Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, ; Department of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, David A. Sweetser, MD, PhD Associate Pediatrician, Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Sarah P. Thayer, MD, PhD Assistant Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, ; Director, Pancreatic Biology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Hensin Tsao, MD, PhD Director, MGH Melanoma and Pigmented Lesion Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, ; Director, MGH Melanoma Genetics Program, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Sam S. Yoon, MD Assistant Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, ; Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital,