MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT LAB MANUAL SUBJECT: - ENERGY CONVERSION II VII-SEMESTER LIST OF PRACTICAL

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1 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT LAB MANUAL SUBJECT: - ENERGY CONVERSION II VII-SEMESTER LIST OF PRACTICAL 1. Trial on Twin cylinder reciprocating air compressor. 2. Trial on Rotary Air Compressor (Roots Blower) 3. Study of Internal combustion Engine 4. Study of fuel injection and Ignition sys 5. Study of Engine cooling and Lubrication system. 6. Trial on Computerized Single Cylinder four stroke diesel engine with eddy current dynamometer. 7. Trial on Computerized Single Cylinder four stroke petrol engine with eddy current dynamometer. 8. Visit to thermal power plant 9. Heat balance sheet on Multi cylinder Diesel engine 10. Study on Gas Turbine 11. Study of Carburetors such as Zenith, Carter, Solex, S.U. etc. 12 Study of Cogeneration G. T. Plant and Jet Propulsion system 13 Study and demonstration on AVL exhaust gas analyzer.

2 E x p e r i m e n t N o. 1 Aim: To Conduct a Test on Air Compressor and to determine the Volumetric Efficiency and Isothermal Efficiency at various delivery pressure. Description: The Air Compressor is a two stage, reciprocating type. The air is sucked from atmosphere and compressed in the first cylinder. The compressed air then passes through the air cooler into the second stage cylinder, where the air is further compressed. The air further goes to the air reservoir through safety valve, which operates the electrical switch, when the pressure exceeds the limit. The test unit consists of a air chamber, containing an orifice plate, the manometer, compressor, an electrical dynamometer type induction motor. Equipment Data: Procedure: 1. Diameter of low pressure cylinder = mm 2. Diameter of high pressure cylinder = 63.5 mm 3. Length of stroke = mm 4. Maximum discharge pressure = kg/cm 2 5. Compressor speed = 650 RPM 6. Motor speed = 1440 RPM 7. H.P. of Motor = Orifice Diameter = mm 9. Coefficient of discharge of orifice = Area of Orifice = x 10-4 m Dynamometer Arm Length = 140 mm 1. The outlet valve is closed. 2. The dynamometer is adjusted, so that the circular balance reads zero, when the pointers at the motor pedestal coincide. This can be easily done by operating the handwheel.

3 3. The manometer connections are checked. (The manometer may be filled with water upto the half level.) 4. The compressor is started. The pressure develops slowly 5. At the particular pressure, the outlet valve is opened slowly and adjusted so that the pressure is maintained constant. 6. Take the all readings 7. Observations: Speed of the motor = N-m Speed of the compressor N c = RPM Manometer readings h 1 = m h 2 = m High Pressure gauge reading P = Kg/cm 2 The Room Temperature t = - C Repeat the experiment for different pressures T 1 Calculations: 1. Manometer readings h 1 = m, and h 2 = m 2. Water Head causing flow h m = h 1 h 2 m 3. Air head causing flow H = ρ w 1 h ρa air Where ρ w = Density of water ρ a = Density of Density of air at RTP = Kg/m 3 Density of air at NTP = x t

4 4. Actual Volume of air compressed at RTP V a = Cd x a x 2gH Where Cd = Coefficient of orifice = 0.65 a = area of orifice in m 2 5. Actual volume of air compressed at NTP V 1 = VaT T R N m 3 /sec. Where T N = 273 T R = (273 + t) 6. Theoretical volume of air V t = π 2 NC D L 4 60 m 3 /sec. Where D = Diameter of the high pressure cylinder L = Stroke length. Nc = RPM of the Compressor. 7. Volumetric Efficiency η vol. = actual volume at NTP / Sec. Theoretical volume / Sec. V = OR V t Va = 100 V s Compressor Output: 8. Isothermal Work Done W ith. = P a V a log e r 75

5 = P P log 3 a Va P 1 Where P a = atmospheric pressure V a = actual volume of air compressed per sec at RTP r = Compression Ratio = Gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure atmospheric pressure 9. Isothermal efficiency Graphs: η ith = = Isothermal H.P. I.H.P. Isothermal Work. Actual Work. Draw Graphs 1. Pressure Ratio Vs. Volumetric Efficiency 2. Pressure Ratio Vs. Isothermal Efficiency 3. Pressure Ratio Vs. Input / shaft power to compressor 4. Pressure Ratio Vs. Free air delivered. Observation Table: Suction Head h 1 st stage discharge Pressure 2 nd stage Discharge Pressure Tank Pressure Energy Meter Reading Ambient Temp. Outlet of 1 st stage Temp. Inlet of 2 nd stage Temp. Outlet of 2 nd stage Temp. P 1 P 2 P 3 T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 Tank Inlet SI Bar mm Kg/cm 2 Kg/cm 2 Kg/cm 2 Sec/rev C C C C C Kg

6 Do s and Dont s Results: DO s 1. Keep Air Inlet portion clean. 2. Check current belt tension. 3. Current Oil Level in the crankier to be maintained. 4. Drain daily by opening Drain Cock. 5. If you hear any unusual sound, please attend immediately. 6. Use safety glasses or goggles. DO NOT s 1. Do not neglect the routine checking. 2. Do not neglect any leakage in the system. 3. Do not do any meddling or adjustment while compressor is working. 4. Do not keep any loose tools on compressor. 5. Do not run the compressor without belt yard. 6. Do not use any cleaning agents while changing oil. 7. Do not inhale compressed air directly. 8. Do not use the compressor in the rain or any explosive atmosphere. 9. Do not tamper with safety valve, occasionally pull the ring on the change setting of safety valve to make sure that the valve operate freely. Sr. Delivery Pressure Speed Input Power Pressure ratio Isothermal Volumetric Overall F.A.D. No r η ith η vol. η o kg/cm 2 RPM KW % % % m 3 /min Precautions: 1. The orifice should never be closed, otherwise the manometer liquid (water) will be sucked into the tank. 2. At the end of the experiment the outlet valve at the reservoir should be opened, as the compressor is to be started again at low pressure, to prevent undue strain on the piston.

7 EXPERIMENT NO. 2 Aim: To Determine Efficiency of Rotary Air Compressor (Root s Blower) Basically air compressors are of two types, namely reciprocating and rotary. Reciprocating type are commonly used everywhere in commercial applications. But rotary compressors find application in industries. Both are positive displacement types. Above compressor is Twin lobe type, in horizontal position with air cooled. Working Principle: Application: Two rotors each of identical profile rotate in opposite directions, without touching each other or the casing, thus developing a known volume of oil free air, carrying it to and forcing it out POSITIVELY through the discharge opening. For one complete revolution of both rotors, this action occurs four times, hence air supplied is intermittent type, which is reflected in vibration of pressure gauge. During this rotation known volume of air trapped between the rotors and casing does not decrease from entry to exit and hence no pressure is developed till the discharge end is uncovered, where high pressure receiver air offers resistance resulting in irreversible mixing of compressor and receiver air and consequent irreversible pressure rise as shown in fig. Application:- Cement Plant : Cement blending, aeration, fluidization Steel Plants : Coke oven gas, lime kiln bed, coal washing Water treatment plant : Aeration air to keep beneficial bacteria & Sewage plants alive in activated sludge process, Demineralization, supply of air for back washes of filters Sugar Plants : Sulphitation Process Textile mills : Humidification, beam dying Pneumatic Conveying : material handling, including flour, sugar, Salt, cement, coall, plastic chips, wood chips, etc,. Chemical : transport of gases

8 Test Set Up: Procedure: It comprises of following 1. Blower, motor, transmission, base, etc. 2. Electrical panel 3. Suction and Discharge ducts, control valve 4. Venturimeter and gauges BLOWER : Rotary, Twin lobe type Outlet and Inlet : 2 NB Maximum Pressure at 2 HP 4 psig (0.24 kg/sq.cm) MOTOR : 3 phase, 440 V AC, induction, foot mounted, 2 HP, 1400 rpm COUPLING : Transmission through V Belts and double grooved pulley sets. BASE : Made from strong channel 100mmx50mmx5.5mm ELECTRICAL PANEL : It comprises of following : Energy meter : 3 phase, BHEL, 10A 4 wire, 150 rev/kwh Starter : Cutter Hammer, AMLE 50, 3phase, Thermal overload protection Manometer : U-tube, glass, 30cm, water filled / mercury filled SUCTION & DISCHARGE : 2 pipes with ports for gauges, flanges etc. DUCTS CONTROL VALVE : 2 Gun metal, gate valve VENTURIMETER : Flanged ends, 58mm Inlet diameter, 29 mm throat diameter GAUGES : Pressure Gauges : 0 1 kg/sq.cm Vacuum Gauge : mm Mercury 1. Check all electrical connections. 2. Ensure clockwise rotation of compressor when viewed from pulley end. 3. Check oil level in the compressor, if reduced fill it to the level 4. ENSURE FULL OPENING of control valve, do not block suction side. 5. Check tension in the belts. 6. Fill up mercury to the desired level. 7. Now start the compressor with the help of starter 8. After steady start, note down readings of following. 9. Slowly close the valve partially to read pressure of 0.02 kg/sq.cm and up-to 0.24 kg/sq.cm. 10. Note down all readings. 11. Maximum limit of pressure for given set up = 4 psig (0.24 kg/cm 2 ) Observations: 1. Energy-meter constant K E = 150 revolutions / KWH

9 2. Venturimeter a. Inlet Diameter d 1 = 58 mm b. Outlet Diameter d 2 = 29 mm c. Inlet Area A 1 = m 2 d. Throat Area A 2 = m 2 Calculations: 1. Pressure of air P = kg/cm 2 2. Total Head H = P d 4 10 ρ a m Where, air density ρ a = 1.2 kg/m 3 3. Venturimeter Constant K = A1 A2 2 2 A1 A2 4. Manometer head H a = h m ρm ρa m Where h m = (h 1 h 2 ) m ρ m = density of mercury = 13,600 kg/m 3 5. Air discharge Q a = C d K 2 g H a m 3 /sec Where Cd = Coeff. of Discharge = 0.97 g = 9.81 m/sec 2 6. Output HP of Compressor B = ρa Qa H t g 1000 kw 7. Input HP to Compressor I = N ηm ηt t K E 8. Blower efficiency Where η m = Motor Efficiency = 0.8 η T = Transmission eff. = 0.75 K E = 150 rev/kwh N = No. of revolution t = Time

10 B η B = 100% I Observation Table: Sr. No. Discharge Pressure Suction Pressure Manometer Readings Energy meter reading for 2 rev. of disc P V h 1 h 2 t Kg/cm 2 mm of Hg cm cm Sec

11 Experiment No.3 Aim : Study of Internal Combustion Engine. Introduction: 1. Theory. 2. Working Principle 3. Application 4. Classification of I.C. Engine 5. 4 stroke Otto cycle with Line Diagram, PV diagram and Valve Timing Diagram stroke Diesel cycle with Line Diagram, PV diagram and Valve Timing Diagram stroke SI Engine with Line Diagram, PV diagram and port timing diagram. 8. Difference between Two Stroke and Four Stroke Engine 9. Difference between SI engine and CI engine.

12 Experiment No. 4 Aim: Study of fuel injection and ignition system. A] Fuel injection. 1. Introduction 2. Theory and Function 3. Types. a. Air injection. b. Solid or airless injection. 4. Electronic fuel injection. B] Ignition system. 1. Introduction 2. Theory and Function 3. Requirements of Ignition system. 4. Types a. Battery or coil ignition system with diagram, Advantages and disadvantages b. Magneto Ignition System with diagram, advantages and disadvantages. 5. Electronic Ignition System.

13 Experiment No. 5 Aim: Study of Engine Cooling and Lubrication System. A] Engine Cooling System: 1. Introduction 2. Theory and Function 3. Types a. Air Cooling with diagram, advantages and disadvantages b. Liquid Cooling i. Thermo Syphon Cooling with diagram, advantages and disadvantages. ii. Forced or pump Cooling with diagram, advantages and disadvantages iii. Cooling with Thermostatic regulator with diagram, advantages and disadvantages iv. Pressurized water cooling with diagram, advantages and disadvantages v. Evaporative Cooling with diagram, advantages and disadvantages. B] Lubrication System: 1. Introduction 2. Theory, Function and Properties of Lubricants 3. Types a. Wet sump lubrication system with diagram, advantages and disadvantages. b. Dry Sump lubrication system with diagram, advantages and disadvantages c. Mist Lubrication system with diagram, advantages and disadvantages.

14 Experiment No. 6 Aim: Trial on 4 Stroke Single Cylinder Compression Ignition Engine with Eddy Current Dynamometer. To conduct a performance test on the engine to determine the following 1. Brake Power 2. B.S.F.C. 3. Brake Thermal Efficiency 4. Volumetric Efficiency 5. To prepared heat balance sheet. Observation Table: Sr. No. 1. for Engine for Calorimeter Air flow rate Fuel flow Speed Temperature T m w m w T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 T 6 N- m Kg/hr Kg/hr m 3 /hr Kg/hr rpm c c c c c c Calculations: 1. Brake Power, B.P. = 2πNT kw 2. Fuel Consumption, M f = V 1 e f Where, v = _ cm 3, t = s, ρ 10 6 f =_ t kg/m 3 3. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption B.S.F.C.= m f B.P. kg/kwh B. P. 4. Brake Thermal Efficiency η Bth = 100 = % m C. V. Result: 1. Volumetric Efficiency η vol = v v a s = f Cd o Ao 2gH a = % π 2 N d L K Sr. No. 1. Load Brake Power B.S.F.C. Brake Thermal Efficiency Volumetric Efficiency W B.P. η bth η vol. N kw kg/kwh

15 Computer (Software) Operating System: 2. After switching ON of all the meters and converter. 3. Run the software. 4. In software, you have options to do two types of tests. a. Performance test b. PV Pθ Test 5. In software, you have got different menus as below: a. Start Test: In start test you can start the test of two types. i. Performance Test ii. PV-- Pθ Test If you opt for performance test, you should enter the time in seconds. If you opt for PV Pθ test, you should open (top) the pressure transducer valve which is provided on the engine to access the pressure of the engine at every 2 of crank rotations. When you click on PV Pθ test you see on the computer screen iii. Checking for data when it starts for down loading data you see down loading data. As soon as you see down loading data close the valve (downwards) of pressure transducer immediately. b. Save File : This command is used to save the data from the current test. c. View File : You can view the file of saved file (data). d. View Report : You can view the reports and graphs of the current or previous file. e. Settings : In this there are 3 types of settings viz. : Com 1, Com2, Com3, where our current setting should be always in Com1. f. Exit : To exit from the current set up. g. Stop test : when you click on start test and opt for performance test you see stop test in place of start test menu. (when number of values are accessed) when you opt to stop the test you click on the stop test menu.

16 Experiment No. 7 Variable Compression Ratio Computerized 4 Stroke Single Cylinder Petrol Engine Test Rig Aim: Trial on Variable Compression Ratio 4 Stroke Single Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine with Eddy Current Dynamometer. To conduct a performance test on the engine by changing the cylinder heads for different COMPRESSION RATIO to determine the following 1) Brake Power, 2) Indicated Power 3) Frictional Power 4) BSFC 5) Mechanical Efficiency 6) Brake Thermal Efficiency 7) Indicated Thermal Efficiency 8) Volumetric Efficiency 9) Graphs. Computer (software) operating system: 1. Initially, with no load on engine, it is started by hand cranking 2. Run the software. 3. Press the button for Get Pressure to get the Mean effective Pressure, and note that reading 4. Fill the burette by petrol, on the fuel supply line and measure time required for 50 cc. 5. On computer, press the Start Data Acquisition button to get the various data. 6. Manually note down the various readings such as Temperatures, water flow rate, air pressure, speed 7. Now On computer save the each reading. 8. By increasing the torque on the engine again take readings. 9. Maximum 5 readings will have to be taken in the torque range of 0-5 N- m. 10. Calculate brake power, indicated power, various efficiencies and prepare a heat balance sheet.

17 Observation Table: Sr. No. Temperature Air Pressure Load Speed Water flow rate Time for 50 cm 3 of fuel m.e.f. T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 P m c c c c mm kg Rpm lit/hr Sec 1. Calculations: 1. Torque T = 9.81 x Load x R = N-m, where R = Length of Torque arm = 0.15 m 2. 2πNT Brake Power, B.P. = kw P N m L A Indicated Power, IP = 2 KW Frictional Power, FP = IP BP = KW 5. Fuel Consumption, M f = V 1 e f Where, v = 50 cm 3, t = s, ρ 10 6 f =_ t kg/m 3 6. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption B.S.F.C.= m f B.P. kg/kwh B. P. 7. Mechanical Efficiency, η mech = 100 = % I. P. B. P. 8. Brake Thermal Efficiency η Bth = 100 = % m C. V. I. P. 9. Indicated Thermal Efficiency, η Ith = 100 = % m C. V. 10. Volumetric Efficiency η vol = v v a s = f f Cd o Ao 2gH a = % π 2 N d L K

18 RESULT: S r. N o. Loa d Brake Power Indicat ed Power Frictional Power B.S.F.C. Mechanic al Efficienc y Brake Thermal Efficienc y Indicated Thermal Efficienc y Volumetr ic Efficienc y W B.P. I.P. F. P. η mech η bth η Ith η vol. N kw kw kw kg/kwh % % % % 1. GRAPHS: 1. Compression Ratio Vs. Brake Power 2. Compression Ratio Vs. Brake Thermal Efficiency 3. Compression Ratio Vs. Specific Fuel Consumption 4. Compression Ratio Vs. Volumetric Efficiency 30 Brake Power Brake Thermal Efficiency Compression Ratio Compression Ratio

19 45 Specific Fuel Consumption 0.25 Volumetric Efficiency Compression Ratio Compression Ratio

20 Experiment No.9 Aim: Trial On Two Cylinder Water Cooled C.I. Engine Under Variable Load. 1. Load Test 2. To determine Brake Power (B.P.) 3. To Determine B.S.F.C. 4. To Determine Brake Thermal Efficiency 5. To draw heat balance sheet Engine Specification: Engine : Kirloskar Twin Cylinder Diesel Type : Vertical Four Stroke, C.I. Engine Bore : 87.5 mm Stroke : 110 mm Cubic Capacity : liters Normal Comp. ratio : 17.5 : 1 Fuel Tank Capacity : 11 lts. Governor : centrifugal Mechanical Type Speed : 1500 rpm Cooling : water cooling Mode of starting : By hand cranking B.M.E.P. at full load and : 6.33 kg/cm rpm Air And Fuel Measurement Set Up: Air Tank : M. S. 40 cm x 40 cm x 40 cm Orifice : sharp edge 16 mm diameters Manometer : U-tube, 30 cm Burrette : 50CC, glass Observations Procedure: 1. No. of Cylinder k = 2 2. Coeff. Of discharge C do = C. V. of Diesel c.v. = kj/kg 4. Density of Diesel ρ = 831 kg/m 3 5. Gas Constant R = kj/kg 6. Engine Speed N = 1500 rpm 7. Density of Hg = kg/m 3 8. Room Temperature T a = 9. Brake drum diameter = 10. Diameter of Rope = Diesel engines are tested for performances characteristics. This testing is carried out at various loads starting at no load to the full load condition. The governors will adjust the

21 engine speed nearly equal to the load and takes care of it. At no load, the engine is started by hand cranking. The burette is fitted with fuel and time required for 20 ml. of fuel consumption is recorded. All the temperatures are measured with the help of thermometer and thermocouples respectively and also quantity of water through water jacket is measured with the help of water meter and stop watch, speed is also recorded. This above condition is repeated for various load. The B.P., Brake thermal efficiency, B.S.F.C. and Heat balance sheet is prepared. Calculations: 1. Area of Orifice π 2 A o = d 4 o m 2 2. Density of Air ρ a = Pa RT a Where, R = kj/kgk T a = Room Temperature in K P a = N/m 2 3. Head of air H a in meter H m H a = m ρ ρ a Where, ρ m = kg/m 3 H m = meter 4. Air mass flow rate m a in kg/min Va = Cd o.a o.ν Cd. A 2gH 5. Brake Power o o a Where ν = Velocity of air passing through (m/s) B.P. = 2πNT = 2πN ( W R) = kw 6. Fuel Consumption V M f = 1 e f 10 6 t Where, v = cm 3

22 t = sec ρ f = kg/m 3 7. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption m f B.S.F.C.= B.P. = kg/kwh 8. Air Fuel Ratio A:F = m m a f 9. Piston displacement Volume V s = π d L N 2 K 4 2 = m 3 /min M a = π 2 N d L K ρa 4 2 = kg/min 10. Brake Thermal Efficiency η Bth = B. P. 100 m f C. V. = 11. Volumetric Efficiency va η vol = v = s Cd o Ao 2gH a π 2 N d L K =

23 Observation Table: S. No Manometer Load Radius Fuel Test Engine Cooling Temperatures (ws)x h 1 -h R E Vec t V/t Q T Q/T tw 1 tw 2 tw 3 tw 4 m N m 3 sec. Lit. Sec. m 3 /sec C C C C Result: Sr. No Load Brake Power B.S.F.C. Brake Thermal Efficiency Volumetric Efficiency W B.P. η bth η vol. N kw kg/kwh

24 Experiment No.10 Aim: Study of Gas Turbines 1. Introduction 2. Theory, Function and Application 3. Working principle of Open Cycle Gas Turbine with line diagram and T-S diagram. 4. Working principle of Closed Cycle Gas Turbine with line diagram and T- S diagram. 5. Methods for Improving thermal efficiency a. Inter-cooling with Line Diagram and TS diagram. b. Reheating with Line Diagram and TS diagram. c. Regeneration with Line Diagram and TS diagram

25 Experiment no. 11 Aim: Study of Carburetor 1. Introduction 2. Theory and Function 3. Working Principle of Zenith Carburetor with Line diagram 4. Working Principle of Carter Carburetor with Line diagram 5. Working Principle of Solex Carburetor with Line diagram 6. Working Principle of S.U. Carburetor with Line diagram

26 Experiment no. 12 Aim : Study of Cogeneration G. T. Plant and Jet Propulsion System 1. Cogeneration Theory 2. Purpose of Cogeneration 3. Basic Theory of Jet Propulsion 4. Theory of Jet Engine 5. Classification of Jet Engine A. Atmospheric Jet Engine i. Steady jet combustion system, continuous air flow a. Turbo Jet b. Turbo Prop c. Ram Jet ii. Intermittent Combustion system a. Pulse Jet B. Rocket Engine i. Liquid Propellant ii. Solid Propellant

27 Experiment no.13 Aim: Measure amount of CO and HC in exhaust gases of 2-stroke & 4-stroke engine with help of exhaust gas analyzer. Concept: I.C. Engine testing are classified as: a) Thermodynamics test b) Commercial test c) P.U.C. test Types of I.C. Engine test Thermodynamic test Commercial Test P.U.C. test a) Thermodynamic Test: The test which is performed on the engine for the purpose of comparing actual result with the theoretical are known as thermodynamic test. Thermodynamic Test Power Developed Distribution of Supplied Heat Heat Supplied Per Unit Time

28 b) Commercial test : The tests performed on two stroke engine for commercial purpose are known as Commercial test. This test is performed to check the following. Commercial Test Output Power Quantity of Lubricant BHPh Quantity of the coming BHPh Overload Capacity c) P. U. C. test: (to check exhaust gas emission) Due to increase in automobile pollution all over the country. The state has made it mandatory for all vehicles checked & obtains P.U.C. certificates. The P.U.C. certificate will be valid for 6 month. All these measurements are being taken to keep CO, HC, CO 2 & pm under control which are highly injurious to the health. P. U. %CO %C0 2 %HC

29 Emission Euro- II standard for controlling PUC in India from 1 st April Wheeler 3-Wheeler CO (g/km) Min 2.0 Max 2.4 HC (g/km) Min 2.0 Max 2.4 CO (g/km) Min 4.0 Max 4.8 HC (g/km) Min 2.0 Max 2.4 Test certificate is provided after PUC testing PUC is the process of adjusting air fuel ratio to make the mixture lean or reach or adjust the values of CO & HC emitted by the vehicle in exhaust within times. Is done by only RTO approved center Is compulsory for all vehicles PUC For small Petrol vehicles costs Rs. 50/- Certificate is valid only for 6 months PUC values for Petrol Vehicles are RTO approved

30 For Carburetor For MPFI CO 0.5 % to 1.5% < 0.5 % HC < 1200 ppm < 300 ppm Note : MPFI Multi point fuel injection : Fuel is injected directly in the engine Environment used for checking vehicle emissions. Sampling Chassis Dmanemothe Test Constant voltage Sampler Analysis principle: Spectroscopic method NDIR (non-dispasive informed) Laser Spectres copy with semiconductor diodes Fowler transformation method Magnetic method Electro chemical method Learning Objective: 1. Discriminating & classifying Petrol engine contains Tetra Ethyl Lead (TEL) which is added to increase anti knock quantity at octane number. Because of TEL engine exhaust contains compounds of lead which are poisonous.

31 2. Equipment used for checking vehicle emissions (HC, CO & CO 2 ) a. Out O emission analyzer b. Diesel smoke tester meter 3. Exhaust Gas Combustion The various contents of exhaust emission are : a. Carbon Monoxide (CO) b. Hydrocarbons (HC) c. Oxide of Nitrogen (NO 2 ) i) Reset equipment used for analyser 1. Automobile Test Analyser Measurable gas and range HC ppm (2 ppm/digit) ppm (5 ppm/digit) Recording method : Printing of gas concentration limit value, time & date etc. by thermal printer (2 sheet) Power Consumption : 100V Outer dimensions : 400 mm (w) x 215 mm (h) x 490 Weight : 22 kg (approx.) ii) Diesel Smoke Test on Meters

32 Open Diesel Smoke Tester specification Model RDT 101 Detection method Filter paper reflex system Measuring substance Black smoke exhausted from diesel engine Accuracy Between ± 3% of fuel scale Calibration method Dimensions Weight By standard colour paper 300 (w) x 385 (h) x 225 (d) mm 14 kg Motor Skills: 1. Proper setting of the knob 2. Noting the proper readings 3. Take print out Stepwise Procedure: 1. Start the engine and warm it up till 80 Cylinder temperature. 2. Switch ON the PUC machine analyzer. 3. Allow machine to warm up period 15 minutes. Response time 5 minutes. 4. PUC machine consists of plastic pipe, nozzle, printer unit, monitor with digital number display, knob for manual adjustment, Power ON-OFF switches and gas selector knob. 5. Plastic pipe is connected to the pump of PUC machine through which smoke enters into the machine for analysis. 6. Put in the nozzle of the plastic pipe in the silencer tail pipe. Wait for 5 minutes. 7. Set CO & HC value of zero by using the knob. 8. Switch ON the pump. 9. Operate the gas selection switch and put it to HC & CO. 10. After 5 minute operate the air screw in carburetor for adjustment the value.

33 11. Note the recording of CO & HC. 12. Switch OFF the pump & machine & remove the pipe from the silencer of the car. 13. Take print out for certification.