Thermodynamics: Calorimetry
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1 Thermodynamics: Calorimetry
2 How are you feeling? How do you feel about yourself as far as this class goes? How smart/prepared/good at physics do you feel like you are? A) I m in the top third B) I m in the middle third C) I m in the bottom third
3 In-class warmup A B A block of material A at 0 C and a block of material B at 100 C are in contact. Initially they have different temperatures. After a while they come to equilibrium. The final temperature is: A) 100 C B) 0 C C) 50 C D)???
4 Three ideas to focus on today 1. Heat 2. Specific Heat 3. Latent Heat What do all three of these have in common?
5 Discuss with your neighbor: What is heat? What is internal energy? What is meant by the mechanical equivalent of heat? (and what is a better way of saying that?) From Warmup: If temperature is the internal energy of a system (kind of), how can wind blowing at the same speed be cold or hot?
6 Energy vs. Heat How come saying the "heat" of the sidewalk is incorrect? Isn't the heat that you feel a change in internal energy of the sidewalk, thus it can be accurately described as heat? Internal energy = all the energy of the system associated with its internal components Heat = transfer of internal energy due to temperature differences Analogy Heat : Internal Energy :: Work : Mechanical Energy
7 Equivalence between mechanical energy and internal energy
8 Heat Capacity/Specific Heat Why do we have both Heat Capacity and Specific Heat? From Warmup: The heat capacity is the energy needed to raise the the temperature of the substance 1 degree Celcius. The specific heat is the heat capacity per unit mass. We need both because one takes into account the properties of a specific material in heat transfer, while the other takes into account the mass of the substance that is behaving in that way. Heat capacity measures how much energy it would take to raise the temperature of an object. The difference between heat capacity and specific heat is similar to the difference between weight and density; specific heat is not dependent on the amount of mass in an object while varying mass would change the heat capacity. These are both useful in different situations such as using specific heats to compare different substances or using heat capacity with a specific given object.
9 From Warmup:Specific Heat Why do we have both Heat Capacity and Specific Heat? Why is the specific heat capacity of liquid water different from that of gaseous water or ice? What is it about the molecular bonds that change the specific heat capacity?
10 Specific Heat for different substances Using your book, answer the following: You have three objects of equal mass all at the same temperature. One is made of iron, one is made of glass, one is made of ice. If you transfer 123 J of energy to each one, which will have the highest final temperature? A) Iron B) Glass C) Ice If the temperature of each is changed by 23 C, which absorbed the most energy? (Assume there were no phase changes.) A) Iron B) Glass C) Ice
11 Latent Heat What is it? Where does the energy go, if not into changing the temperature? From Warmup: The energy is used in changing the state of the water rather than changing its temperature. Hence, in those regions there is water in two states. The energy increase is manifested in the increase in higher-state water.
12 From Warmup: Latent Heat I am not really sure how to explain latent heat. Can you explain it so I can understand it more fully? What does latent heat really do? Just reorganize the molecules into a different state of matter? Wouldn't the melted ice be gaining temperature still while the ice still uses energy up in changing state? Or does the ice somehow take all of the energy? Thermal Equilibrium Are there any experiments we can see/do to be able to see better how latent heat and other concepts work? Is there a latent heat for turning a gas into a plasma? Heat of ionization
13 Boiling water at room temperature Demo How does this work?
14 How does this work? Video
15 Superheating/Cooling (Video)
16 Application: Evaporative Cooling Latent heat of a liquid is drawn into the air Perspiration Swamp Cooler A swamp cooler (more formally called an evaporative cooler) is essentially a large box-like frame containing a big fan and walled in by water-wetted pads, usually made of cedar shavings or cellulose. The fan whooshes the hot outside air through the dripping pads (which are continually soaked by a water pump), cooling the air by about 20 ºF as the air evaporates water molecules from the pads. The fan then blows the water-cooled air through the house and out a deliberate vent. How well will this operate on a very humid day?
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