Flow cytometric approach to the diagnosis and classification of mature B-cell lymphoid neoplasm 가천의대길병원진단검사의학과 안정열
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1 Flow cytometric approach to the diagnosis and classification of mature B-cell lymphoid neoplasm 가천의대길병원진단검사의학과 안정열
2 Mature B-cell neoplasm 1. Mature B-cell : SIg(+) & lack of Ags of immaturity (TdT, CD34) or weak CD45 2. Diagnosis of mature B-cell lymphoma by FCM 1) identification of phenotypically abnormal cells 2) recognition of phenotypes characteristic of separate disease entities 3) provide prognostic information (CD38 in CLL) 4) evaluation of MRD (minimal residual disease) 5) identify targets for potential Ab-direct Tx
3 Identification of abnormal mature B-lymphoid cells I. Immunoglobulin light chain class restriction II. Aberrant antigen expression III. Significance of small populations of phenotypically abnormal B cells Flow cytometric classification of mature B-cell neoplasms
4 Identification of abnormal mature B-lymphoid cells I. Immunoglobulin light chain restriction 1. Neoplasm of mature B cells usually express only one class of Ig light chain (i.e., kappa or lambda), used as a surrogate marker of clonality 2. 고려할점 : (1) Ig light chain restriction = monoclonality? (2) Interpretation of staining for κ/λ
5 lambda kappa kappa lambda CD45 CD19 CD19
6 (1) Ig light chain restriction monoclonality 1) the presence of a clonal B-cell process by FCM : κ/λ ratios of more than 3.0 or less than 0.5 2) Rare monoclonal λ light chain restriction in reactive B-cell - monoclonal proliferations in tonsillar specimen in childhood. - multicentric Castleman disease - germinal center B cells in Hashimoto s thyroiditis => Ig light chain restriction is not synonymous with monoclonality or neoplasia 3) Light chain restricted populations that are truly monoclonal are not neoplastic : florid follicular hyperplasia in patients with HIV
7 (2) Interpretation of staining for κ/λ 1) Nonspecific (cytophilic ) binding - Fc receptor - adherence of Ab to sticky cells (damaged or dying cells) 2) Lack of staining for surface Ig - true weak or negative : lymphoblast (ALL), plasma cell (PCN), thymic B cell (mediastinal B-cell lymphoma), CLL -false negative ; soluble Ab interfere with the binding of detection Ab ( 해결 : initial wash step ) ; the epitope recognized has been deleted or altered (more frequently with MoAb than polyab)
8 CD45 CD19 lambda CD19 lambda kappa kappa
9 CD16 CD45 CD16 CD3 CD56 CD56
10
11 kappa lambda
12 poly lambda poly kappa
13 II. Aberrant antigen expression (1) the presence of Ags not normally expressed by B cells ( CD5 in CLL, CD13 or CD33 in LPL) (2) not typically present in a subset of B cells ( CD10+/bcl 2+ in follicular lymphoma) (3) alteration in intensity of staining for B-lineage associated Ags (dim CD19 and brighter CD10 in FL)
14 III. Significance of small populations of phenotypically abnormal B cells (1) Less than 5% of the total cells analyzed (2) In the staging of pts with previously characterized lymphoma => if the phenotype matches, can be used to determine the presence of involvement (3) do not have a previous diagnosis of lymphoid malignancy => significance is less clear ex) insignificant CLL-like populations in PB and BM from older patients =>it should not be used to establish a new diagnosis.
15 Flow cytometric classification of mature B-cell neoplasms (1) Useful to consider 4 broad groups as determined by their expression of CD5 and CD10 (2) CD5+ CD10- CD5- CD10+ CD5- CD10- CD5+ CD10+
16
17 Ab cocktails used in B-cell lymphoma (1) CD5/CD38/CD45/CD19 (2) Lambda/Kappa/CD45/CD19 (3) FMC7/CD23/CD45/CD22 (4) CD20/CD10/CD45/CD19
18 CD5/CD38/CD45/CD19 1) Aid in enumerating T and B cells 2) Assess CD5 expression on B cells 3) Assess CD38 on CD19+ cells to distinguish between activated mature B cells, hematogones, and plasma cells 4) Assess CD38 expression on CLL
19 CD5 CD5
20 CD19 CD5 CD38 CD38 CD45 CD19 CD5
21 CD45 CD19 CD5 CD19 CD5 CD38 CD38
22 Lambda/Kappa/CD45/CD19 1) Aid in enumerating B cells 2) Assess light chain reactivity on B cells ( monotypic or polytypic) 3) CD19 gate : aids in - characterizing light chain pattern - evaluation for surface Ig negative cells - small abnormal populations
23 CD19 CD19 Anti-kappa Anti-kappa Anti-lambda Anti-lambda
24 lambda kappa kappa lambda CD45 CD19 CD19
25 CD19 lambda kappa CD19
26 FMC7/CD23/CD45/CD22 1) Aid in characterizing mature CD5+ small B cell neoplasm 2) Typical CLL: CD23+FMC7-3) Typical Mantle cell lymphoma : CD23-FMC7+ 4) Assess for lymph node pattern: bimodal CD23/FMC7 - germinal center B cells : brighter FMC7 - mantle zone B cells : brighter CD23
27 CD5 CD5
28 CLL CD23 CD45 CD22 FMC7 CD22 FMC7 CD23
29 MCL CD23 FMC7 CD45 CD23 CD22 CD22 FMC7
30
31 CD20/CD10/CD45/CD19 1) Evaluation CD10 expression on B cells 2) Confirm normal circulating B cell phenotype (CD19+CD20+CD10-) 4) Confirm hematogones (CD19+CD20variableCD10+) 5) Assess CD19 expression on B cells (ex; aberrant dim is common in FL) 6) Assess for germinal center pattern ( minority of GC B cells with dim CD10+and slightly brighter CD20) 7) CD19+CD10+CD20-: D/Dx of negative for CD20 in Tx with rituximab anti-cd20
32
33
34
35
36 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
37 CD5 CD38 CD38 CD5 CD45 CD19 CD19
38 CD45 lambda CD19 lambda kappa kappa CD19
39 CD45 CD22 FMC7 CD22 FMC7 CD23 CD23
40 CD20 CD10 CD10 CD20 CD45 CD19 CD19
41 Mantle cell lymphoma
42 CD5 CD45 CD38 CD38 CD19 CD19 CD5
43 lambda kappa kappa lambda CD45 CD19 CD19
44 CD45 FMC7 CD23 CD23 CD22 CD22 FMC7
45 CD20 CD10 CD10 CD45 CD19 CD20 CD19
46
47
48 Follicular lymphoma
49 CD45 CD19 CD5 CD19 CD5 CD38 CD38
50 Anti-lambda CD19 Anti-lambda Anti-kappa Anti-kappa CD45 CD19
51 CD45 CD19 CD20 CD19 CD20 CD10 CD10
52 CD23 CD23 CD45 FMC7 CD22 CD22 FMC7
53 or CD45 FMC7 CD23 CD23 CD22 CD22 FMC7
54 Diffuse Large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)
55 CD5 CD38 CD38 CD5 CD45 CD19 CD19
56 Anti-lambda Anti-kappa Anti-kappa CD45 CD19 CD19 Anti-lambda
57 CD20 CD10 CD10 CD20 CD45 CD19 CD19
58 FMC7 CD45 CD22 CD22 FMC7 CD23 CD23
59
60
61 Hairy cell leukemia
62 CD45 CD5 CD19 CD19 CD5 CD38 CD38
63 CD45 CD19 Anti-lambda CD19 Anti-lambda Anti-kappa Anti-kappa
64 CD10 CD20 CD45 CD19 CD19 CD20 CD10
65 CD11c CD45 CD103 CD11c CD19 CD19 CD103
66 CD45 CD19 CD103 CD19 CD103 CD25 CD25
67
68 Reference 1. Wood BL et al Bethesda International Consensus recommendations on the flow cytometric immunophenotypic analysis of hematolymphoid neoplasia by flow cytometry : optimal reagents and reporting for the flow cytometric diagnosis of hematopoietic neoplasia. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2007;72B:S14-S Fiona E Craig and Kenneth A Foon. Flow cytometric immunophenotyping for hematologic neoplasm. Blood 2008;111: Chen W et al. Characterization of incidentally identified minute clonal B- lymphocyte populations in peripheral blood and bone marrow. Am J Clin Pathol 2004;122: Andy C Rawstron et al. Monoclonal B lymphocytes with the characteristics of indolent chronic lymphocytic leukemia are present in 3.5% of adults with normal blood counts. Blood 2002;100: Chizuka A et al. The diagnostic value of kappa/lambda ratios determined by flow cytometric analysis of biopsy specimens in B-cell lymphoma. Clin Lab Haem. 2002;24: Sharpe RW et al. Hairy cell leukemia:diagnostic pathology. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2006;20: Henry I Chen et al. Restricted κ/λ light chain ratio by flow cytometry in germinal center B cells in Hashimoto thyroiditis. Am J Clin Pathol 2006;125: Camellia Eshoa et al. Decreased CD10 expression in grade III and in interfollicular infiltrates of follicular lymphomas. Am J Clin Pathol 2001;115: Zach Liu et al. CD5- mantle cell lymphoma. Am J Clin Pathol 2002;118: Henry Y Dong et al. B-cell lymphomas with coexpression of CD5 and CD10. Am J Clin Pathol 2003;119:
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