Making an Impact: Craters in the Solar System

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1 Name Partner(s) Date Making an Impact: Craters in the Solar System Impact craters are very common landforms on the Earth s Moon, Mars, Mercury, and many of the satellites of the Jovian planets. The craters are formed by the explosive release of energy when an object such as an asteroid or comet collides with or impacts the surface of a planet or moon. The impacting object or impactor is vaporized during the impact. Earth s Moon shows a variety of crater sizes and a variation in the intensity of cratering with some areas being saturated with craters (surface totally covered with craters). Almost all craters are circular due to the explosive nature of impact. Some craters (less than a billion years old) on the Moon show ejecta rays (rock thrown from the crater during impact). This activity is a simple simulation of impact cratering. A number of relations and features of craters will be discovered. Observations, simple measurements, and some calculations will be performed. We will also explore the possibility of craters on Earth and the minimum impactor size that can travel through an atmosphere and impact at the surface. Setting-Up the Cratering Surface 1. Using the baking pan with fine sand in it, smooth the surface of the sand with a ruler. 2. Using the strainer with powder chalk spread a uniform, thin layer of colored chalk over the entire pan surface. 3. After using the surface for a number of craters, smooth the sand and chalk again. Making Impact Craters Perform the following three experiments to address the questions posed: 1. How reproducible is a crater? Using the medium mass ball, drop it into the pan of sand from a height of 2 meters. Carefully remove the ball. Measure the diameter and describe the shape of the Impactor Excelet activity/sinex 1

2 crater. Aiming for a different part of the pan, repeat the process four more times to get a total of five measurements. Record the data in the table on the next page. Trial Diameter Description How does the mass of the impacting object affect the size of the crater? Drop each of the three different mass balls from a height of 2 meters into the pan. Measure and describe (including any relative changes in depth) the craters. Record your results. Mass Diameter Description low medium high 3. How does the drop height affect the size of the crater? Using the medium mass ball, drop it from the three different heights listed in the table below. Measure and describe the craters. Height Diameter Description 1 m 2 m 3 m Impactor Excelet activity/sinex 2

3 Interpreting the Data and Questions 1. How reproducible is a crater? Calculate the average diameter from the five trials. Calculate the range (largest diameter minus the smallest diameter). Average Range 2. Sketch a cross-section (side-view) of the general shape of a crater produced in this activity. Show how the diameter was measured. 3. How does the crater diameter vary with mass of the impacting ball? 4. How does crater diameter vary with the drop height of the impacting ball? 5. Which variable (mass or height) has the largest effect on the diameter? 6. Did you form any overlapping craters? Which one is older? Explain. Impactor Excelet activity/sinex 3

4 This is only a simulation since the impacting ball does not explode. The ball, which represents an asteroid or comet, remains in the crater (simple type) and must be carefully removed so as not to disturb the sand. Craters on Earth! Now, what about impact craters on Earth? Do they exist? Go to the How many craters exist on Earth? Go to the map and list for North America. Where is the closest crater to PGCC? What is its size and age? How small an impactor can reach the surface of a planet or moon that has an atmosphere? To address this question, you will need to go the interactive spreadsheet at Does the angle of entry make a difference? If it does, why? What angle has the shortest path? What variables influence whether an impactor can impact a planet or moon with an atmosphere? How does the angle of entry of the impactor into the atmosphere influence the minimum diameter? Impactor Excelet activity/sinex 4

5 How does the impacting object and what it lands on influence the minimum diameter? If a 30m in diameter rocky meteor was heading toward Earth for impact, should you worry? What happens if the planet or moon has no atmosphere? Want to consider the damage by an impact on Earth? Go explore the Impact: Earth! site at If you want to see a map of the damage caused by impact (must have Google Earth installed on your computer), go to Impactor Excelet activity/sinex 5

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