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1 ,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,, 1975 : ( 1),, 1,,, ,,,,,,, 80,,, 131

2 2008 3, 90,, 1993 ( Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association2College Retirement Equities) M (Theodore M. Hesburgh),,,, 21,, 19,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1974, (W. K. Kellogg Founda2 tion) 1986,,, :,, ( ) ;,,,,,, (Pacific Crest),,,,,,,,, 132

3 ,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,, 68,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 4.,,: ( ) :,, (orientation program) (tutor program) :,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, ( PFF,Prepare for Future Faculty) ( 133

4 ),,,, :,, : 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,11,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;;, (teacher), (professional),,,,,,,,,,,,,(),18,,,,, 134

5 ,,,,,,,,,,, 3., (developer),,,,,,,,, 4., 1975,(William Berquist) ( Philips), 1988, J ( Robert J. Menges) (Claude) ( Key Resources on Teach2 ing, Curriculum, and Faculty Development) () 686, , ( Professional and Organizational Development Network in Higher Education, POD Network), 1977 (the Na2 tional Council for Staff, Program, and Organization De2 velopment, NCSPOD),,, ( ),,,,, 5.,,,,,, 1. DiLorenzo, Thomas M, Heppner, P Paul. The role of an academic de2 partment in promoting faculty development : Recognizing diversity and leading to excellence, Journal of Counseling and Development : JCD, Alexandria : May Vol. 72,Iss. 5 ; pp William H. Bergquist, Steven R. Philips, (1981) A Handbook for Faculty Development, Washington : The Council for the Advancement of Small Colleges, pp Gaff, J., Simpson, R. (1994). Faculty Development in the United States. Innovative Higher Education, Vol. 18, p Eble, K. E., Mckeachie,W. J, (1985), Improve undergraduate edu2 cation through faculty development : An analysis of effective programs and practice., CA : Jossey - Bass. p Joseph Katz, Mildred Henry, Turning Professors into Teachers : a New Approach to Faculty Development and Student Learning, New York :? American Council on Education Macmillan Publishing Company, p. 6. Roger Sell, Nacy V. Chism, ( 1991 ) Finding the Right Match : Staffing Faculty Development Centers, In Zahorski, Kenneth J., To Improve the Academic : Resources for Faculty, Instructional, and Or2 ganizational Development. Professional and Organizational Development Network in Higher Education,pp Lewis, K. G. (1998),Instructional improvement in higher education. In G. R. Firth, E. F. Pajajiak, Handbook for research on school su2 pervision. New York, NY: Macmillan. pp Albert B. Smith, ( 1976) Faculty Development and Evaluation in Higher Education, Washington : American Association for Higher Edu2 cation. p Delivee, L. Wright. Program Types and Protypes. In Kay Herr Gille2 spie, Linda R. Hilsen, Emily C. Wadsworth ( Eds. ), A Guide to 135

6 Faculty Development : Practical Advice, Examples, and Resources, Bolton, Massachusetts : Anker Publishing Company, Inc.,2001. p Albert B. Smith, ( 1976) Faculty Development and Evaluation in Higher Education, Washington : American Association for Higher Ed2 ucation. p www. pcrest. com/ FDcatalog. pdf, http : www. calstate. edu/ itl/ proposals/ dbi shtml, http : www. podnetwork. org/ grants2awards/ startup. htm, :(FD), Mary Deane Sorcinelli, Ann E. Austin, Pamela L. Eddy, (2005) Creating the Future of Faculty Development : Learning from the Past, Understanding the Present,Anker Publishing Company, Inc. p :, http : www. crlt. umich. edu/ aboutcrlt/ AnnualReport07. pdf, Zahorski, Kenneth J., (1991) To Improve the Academic : Resources for Faculty, Instructional, and Organizational Development. New fo2 rum Press, Inc., p Mary Deane Sorcinelli, Ann E. Austin, Pamela L. Eddy, (2005) Creating the Future of Faculty Development : Learning from the Past, Understanding the Present,Anker Publishing Company, Inc. p Donald K. Jarvis, (1991)Junior Faculty Development : a Handbook, New York, NY: Modern Language Association of America, p56. The Characteristic s and Implicatio n of Faculty Develop ment in USA Xu Yanyu After decades of practice, faculty development in U. S. A has laid down a solid foundation for the development of higher education, which is characterized by decentralization management, service awareness, comprehensive ac2 tivities, diversified forms, and substantial expenditure and so on. Adopting this experience of the American higher education, our philosophy on faculty development should be transformed from training and management to develop2 ment and service by enriching its form and content, enhancing its research, cultivating its professional staff and in2 creasing investment on it. (119 ) 6. Knapp, L. G., and Seaks, T. G. (1992). An analysis of the proba2 bility of default on federally guaranteed student loans. Review of Eco2 nomics and Statistics, 74 (3), McMillion, R. (2004). Student loan default literature review. TG Research and Analytical Services. 8. Podgursky, M., et al. (2002). Student loan defaults and enrollment persistence. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 32 (3) : Steiner, M., and Teszler, N. (2005). Multivariate analysis of stu2 dent loan defaulters at Texas A&M University. TG Research and Ana2 lytical Services. 10. Volkwein, J. F., and Szelest, B. P. ( 1995a). Individual and campus characteristics associated with student loan default. Research in Higher Education, 36 (1), Volkwein, J. F.,et al. (1995b). Characteristics of student loan de2 faulters among different racial and ethnic groups. AIR Forum Publi2 cations 12. Wilms, W. W., Moore, R. W., and Bolus, R. E. ( 1987). Whose fault is default? A study of the impact of student characteris2 tics and institutional practices on guaranteed student loan default rates in California. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 9 (1), On National Student Loan Repayment Default Risk Shen Hua, Shen Hong Subsidy policy fails to carry out smoothly owing to student loan repayment default risk, of which repayment pro2 crastination is the common problem. Surveying by questionnaire, this paper finds the reason for their default. In ad2 dition, it recommends policies of preventinghigh - risk groups from arrears by taking diversity of influential fac2 tors into consideration, such as characteristics of the individual students, families and the period at school, as well as the employment and income situation etc. 136