AP Biology. FIRST SEMESTER REVIEW Water. Describe the labels on the water diagram

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1 1 AP Biology FIRST SEMESTER REVIEW Water Describe the labels on the water diagram Compare 4 properties of water. Indicate why the chemistry of the water molecule would create the properties. Why does ice float? Describe the attachment of water molecules What properties of water affect cooling of the environment and cooling the human body?

2 2 Carbon Organic Chemistry for Life Describe the chemical structure of the carbon atom A. Which of the following best describes features that give carbon the ability to form a wide diversity of biomolecules? (A) It is the most common biomolecule (B) It shares four valence electrons to form a stable octet (C) It is composed of neutrons, protons, and electrons (D) It forms carbon 14 with the addition of two neutrons (E) It has a very high specific heat. Write the names and the molecular structure for six functional groups that will attach to carbon

3 3 Macromolecules Write the names of each molecule Fig1 Fig 2 Fig 3 Fig 4 Name the 4 macromolecules essential for life Write the names of each molecule to the right What type of bonds are formed by combining the molecules to the right.

4 4 The Cell List 4 functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum Write the name and function for each part of the cell Compare the three types of cells What structures are different in each? Prokaryote or eukaryote?

5 5 Describe the processes occurring in this cell Label the parts of the prokaryote The Cell membrane Label the part of the cell membrane A B C D E

6 6 Compare osmosis and diffusion What is meant by selectively permeable? Facilitated diffusion?_ Active transport? Describe what is happening to the cells in each solution. Is the solution hypertonic or hypotonic to the cells? Solution 1 Solution 2 Solution 3

7 7 Describe which solute go into or out of the bag? Is the bag hypertonic or hypotonic? Describe the movement of water molecules. Energy transformations 1. Represents the activation energy of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction 2. Represents the net energy change of the reaction 3. Represents the energy state of the products of the enzyme-catalyzed pathway 4. Represents the energy state of the products of the pathway that is not enzyme-catalyzed Match the numbers to the letter of the two diagrams above>

8 8 1. So called high energy bonds include the bonds at A. A and B only B. B and C only C. C and D only D. D and E only E. B, C, D, and E What is the name of the molecule above What does it provide to cells Name the three chemical components of this molecule (nucleotide) 1. Which of the following best characterizes the reaction represented above? A. Hydrolysis B. Catabolism C. Oxidation reduction D. Exergonic reaction E. Endergonic reaction Free Energy What is free energy? A. B For each diagram: Negative G or Positive G Catabolic or Anabolic Endergonic or Exergonic

9 9 What symbol represents free energy? Activation energy? What is entropy? Symbol Photosynthesis Equation that represents this reaction Catabolic or anabolic Is G negative or positive? Cellular Respiration Equation Free Energy Increased or Decreased G Negative or Positive Anabolic or Catabolic Entropy Increased or Decreased Enzymes Enzymes will combine with a at the site in order to catalyze a chemical reaction. The chemical reaction will speed up because activation energy is. What is meant by an induced fit model? Give examples of cofactors and coenzymes

10 10 Describe the process occurring in the picture How is enzyme action regulated? Allosteric? Compare competitive and non-competitive inhibitors E1 E2 E3 W > X > Y > Z Describe enzyme pathways What will happen if enzyme E2 is removed from the above reaction? What is feedback inhibition?

11 11 Cellular Respiration A. Glycolysis B. Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) C. Chemiosmosis 1. Process in which CO 2 is released as a by product of oxidation reduction reactions. 2. Process in which H+ moves through an ATP synthase molecule 3. Process found in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration 4. Process in which sugar is oxidized to pyruvic acid 5. The end products of glycolysis, in addition to ATP, are; A. CO 2, H 2 O B. CO 2 and ethyl alcohol C. NADH and pyruvate D. CO 2 and NADH E. H 2 O and ethyl alcohol What process is occurring in the diagram above? 6. All of the following substances are produced in a muscle cell under aerobic conditions except A. ATP B. Pyruvate C. Lactate D. Acetyl CoA E. NADH

12 12 What are the 3 steps of cellular respiration and where do they occur? What process is occurring in the above diagram? What is the purpose of this process? C D G K H J F What is oxidized? What is reduced? What letters represent the coenzyme? and What are cytochromes?

13 13 Photosynthesis Describe the process occurring on the thylakoid membrane 1. Spinach leaves were chosen for this experiment because: A. Spinach is known to contain iron B. Spinach leaves are large and can readily serve as a source of chlorophyll pigments C. The epidermis of spinach leaves contains guard cells that protect the chlorophyll from injury D. Spinach has so much chlorophyll that it does not need sunlight to carry on photosynthesis E. When leaves are removed from a spinach plant, they cease to carry on transpiration Photosynthesis 1. The equation for photosynthesis is 2. The equation for photolysis is 3. The products of the light reactions are and Question: 1. During photosynthesis: A. Light reactions produce sugar, while the Calvin cycle produces O 2 B. Light reactions produce NADH and ATP, while the Calvin cycle produces sugar C. Light reactions photophosphorylate ADP, while the Calvin cycle produces ATP D. The Calvin cycle produces both sugar and O 2 E. Light reactions produce both sugar and O 2

14 14 What are the two parts of photosynthesis and their products? Parts Products Questions 2-3 A. Glycolysis B. Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) C. Calvin cycle (light independent reactions of photosynthesis) D. Light dependent reactions of photosynthesis E. Chemiosmosis 2. Process in which O 2 is released as a by product of oxidation reduction reactions. 3. Process found in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration. What is photolysis? Compare the dark reactions of C3 and C4 plants. What does CO2 combine with in each plant type. C 3 C 4 How does oxygen get out of a plant?

15 15 The Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis What can happen if all checkpoints are passed without stopping? _

16 16 Normal cells display a property called contact inhibition, which prevent them from dividing when doing so would require that they pile up on each other. What else can control growth of cells? Which of Mendel s laws are represented by chromosomes and chromatids pulling apart? Mitosis Occurs in somatic cells (body cells) Produces identical cells Diploid Diploid Cytogenesis once No independent assortment No crossing over Meiosis Occurs in germ cells (sex cells) Produces gametes Diploid cell haploid Segregation of alleles Independent assortment Cytokinesis twice Cross over during prophase 1. At which stage do the chromosomes have the LEAST amount of DNA per cell? 2. Which diagram represents anaphase of meiosis I?

17 17 Two Laws Govern Meiosis Law of segregation ---- Law of Independent Assortment ---- The tetrad moves to opposite pole. Chromosomes do not separate at their centromeres A B 1. Is the above cell haploid or diploid? A. B. 2. Which one of Mendel s laws apply to cell B in the above diagram? 3. Cell A is in what stage of meiosis? Why is this stage significant? 36. Which of the following types of inheritance best describes the pattern illustrated in the Punnett Square? A. Epistasis B. Lethal trait C. Co-dominance D. Sex-linked E. Pleiotrophy

18 18 A. B. The disorder illustrated in the pedigree above is probably inherited as: A. Autosomal dominant allele B. Autosomal recessive allele C. Linked dominant allele D. X linked recessive allele E. X linked dominant allele Genetics Determination Of Sex Creates Dosage Problems 1. In mammals, females have 2 X chromosomes, the males only one. 2. If nothing were done to compensate, the females would get a double dose of any gene products from the X chromosome, compared to the dose that males get. 3. Nature solves this problem by shutting down one whole X chromosome in mammalian females. X chromosome inactivation is called Lyonization after Mary Lyon who discovered it. Inactive X chromosome appears in condensed state as a body. 4. The calico cat is a product of X chromosome inactivation. Gene for coat color of the cat are on the X chromosome One for a black color, its allele produces orange. Inactivation occurs in patches, giving the orange and black coat of the to cats. X X X

19 19 1. The genotype of the P1 male must be (A) OO (B) AO (C) BO (D) AB What are multiple alleles? What genes show codominance?

20 The above record of an amniocentesis perform on a 38 year old pregnant women provides evidence that her fetus is: A. Male and has Klinefelter s syndrome B. Female and has Klinefelter s syndrome C. Male and has Down s syndrome D. Female and has Down s syndrome E. Female and has Turner s syndrome 21. A diploid cell has three pairs of homologous chromosomes designated J 1 /J 2, K 1 /K 2, and L 1 /L 2. Which of the following represents a probable chromosome complement in a haploid cell formed by meiosis? A. J 1 and K 1 B. J 1 and J 2 C. J 2, K 1, and L 2 D. J 1, J 1, K 2, and K 2 E. J 1, J 2, K 1, K 2, L 1, and L What is the probability that the next child of parent A and B would have had a sickle cell anemia? A. 100% B. 75% C. 60% D. 50% E. 25%

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