Correnso Mine Seismic and Rock Movement Monitoring

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1 Correnso Mine Seismic and Rock Movement Monitoring 1 INTRODUCTION Condition 23(d) of the Correnso Underground Mine Consent states that seismic and rock movement monitoring are required for the duration of mining. It has been agreed by technical experts from both Hauraki District Council (HDC) and Newmont Waihi Gold (NWG) that the purpose of this monitoring is to monitor stability in critical stress areas in the underground mine. Stability issues are only possible after stoping operations create substantial voids that may weaken surrounding rock. As all the stoping voids at Waihi are backfilled after extraction, the potential for instability is remote, even after extensive stoping has taken place. The monitoring required by condition 23(d) is an additional confirmation check that all is well with regard to stability during the various stages of mining. (A) Plan view (west to top) (B) Section view (looking west) Figure 1 Planned Correnso stoping in (A) plan and (B) section views The layout in Figure 1 shows that there is a spiral decline located in the middle of the mine which provides access to the different levels in the mine. This is similar to the Favona and Trio mines. Each level is mined from the end furthest from the spiral decline and retreats back towards the spiral as mining progresses. When mining gets closer to the spiral the rock stress in these areas increases Correnso Mine - Seismic and Rock Movement Monitoring Page 1

2 and produces a higher risk of rock failure. The seismic monitoring is designed to provide an early warning and allow action to be taken to prevent the rock breaking. In order to achieve effective monitoring, discussions between NWG and Dr Peter Fuller (the technical expert for HDC) agreed that: Two means of stability monitoring were to be installed: 1. Seismic monitors (geophones), which measure the vibrations generated by rock stresses, and 2. Extensometers, which measure expansion associated with rock failures (joint openings, shearing or cracking). A staged approach is recommended for the commissioning of the monitoring system; setting up an initial array of monitors, with more added later if required. The seismic system design must be completed as soon as practicable after the sensor locations are finalised, and require at least five sensors (geophones) to provide adequate coverage and located in identified critical areas. The system design has to be signed off by Dr Fuller. The system must be functional before the stoping commences in the identified critical areas. The seismic system should be able to record events with magnitude M L = -1.0 and above in the identified critical areas (see Section 2 for explanation of M L ). If the mine plan deviates significantly from the proposed layout, Dr Fuller has to be informed and involved in discussions to assess if any additional areas should be classified as critical for possible installation of monitors. 2 SEISMIC MONITORING Micro-seismic activity is normal with underground human activities. Whenever a void is created, new stress distributions develop and the surrounding rock will attempt to redistribute those stresses into a stable framework. The micro-movement of rock involved in this redistribution of stress results in a release of energy that can be detected by sensitive seismic monitors. The seismic monitoring sensors (geophones) measure the vibration levels generated by micromovement of the rock, with the intent of determining whether mining activity is generating such fracturing in the rock around the stopes. The sensor measurements are translated and the results are stated in terms of event local magnitudes (a local, system-specific, Richter scale, M L ). It is widely accepted in underground mining that the level of event local magnitudes determines the potential impact and the requirements for mitigation measures: M L Impact < 0.0 do not impact on underground excavations could potentially impact on underground excavations, but typically marginally could impact on underground excavations and even cause damage if sufficiently close to workings could require special energy absorbent support systems > 2.0 definitely requires special energy absorbent support systems The seismic system at Correnso is required to record events as small as M L -1.0 in the identified critical areas. It has been agreed to take a precautionary approach and consider any event of M L -0.5 or greater as an anomalous result that must be reported to HDC in a monthly report. Information relating to an anomalous result is to include: Event magnitude and location coordinates. Image plot of the seismic events that includes existing openings and significant geological structures. Explanation of the probable cause of the seismic events and any mitigation measures. Correnso Mine - Seismic and Rock Movement Monitoring Page 2

3 While a single magnitude greater than M L -0.5 is considered anomalous, an increase in the number of recorded lesser events is also to be reported on. This may indicate a developing issue. If there is an increase in the number of recorded events (between M L -1.0 and M L -0.5) that continue for longer than two weeks, this will also be considered anomalous and be required to be reported on. Identified critical areas within the mine in which seismic sensors are located are those areas of supporting rock (pillars) close to the access spiral which are formed when mining retreats back towards that access. These are recognised as being the most highly stressed areas as mining progresses. The locations of installed seismic sensors are shown in Appendix A. 3 ROCK MOVEMENT (EXTENSOMETER) MONITORING An extensometer is a device that is used to measure changes in length. The simplest extensometers for measuring rock movement consist of two points fixed across or through rock that are measured regularly to determine whether the distance between the points is changing. An increasing distance warns of deformation in the rock that may lead to some form of rock failure. The type of extensometer utilised in the Correnso Mine is a multipoint borehole extensometer (MPBX). The MPBX is installed in a dedicated borehole and consists of several anchors fixed at various positions along the hole; all connected to a measurement head at the borehole opening. In the event that rock micro-movement occurs, the MPBX detects the change in distance between the measurement head and the anchors. The MPBXs installed for Correnso monitoring (at locations shown in Appendix A) are all 8 m long with anchors at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 m, all reading relative to the head of the MPBX which is grouted into the borehole at the collar. The recorded data can determine how deep any movement penetrates into natural rock and can be plotted against time to indicate the rate of rock movement. In this way extensometers can report the rate and extent of any movement, and provide early warning of any pending failure issue. The location of the extensometers is close to the spiral access, where stresses will be greatest. Recognising that the planned mining extent, schedule or technique may change (within the conditions of consent), the point of greatest stress may also change; so the eventual location of future extensometers may need to vary. Dr Fuller will be kept informed of the locations of future extensometers. The ground is constantly moving by miniscule amounts, and extensometers are extremely sensitive and can detect this. This micromovement is normal and doesn t create an issue, providing it is not prolonged and widespread. If the movement increases and becomes more widespread, this may require further investigation. NWG is required to report to Hauraki District Council any anomalous reading, which is defined as an increased rate of movement from multiple extensometers which does not subside after two weeks. In such an instance, investigations can be undertaken and action taken to stabilise the area. Correnso Mine - Seismic and Rock Movement Monitoring Page 3

4 Dr. Peter Fuller Mining One Pty Ltd For Hauraki District Council Mr. Peter Keall Senior Geotechnical Engineer For Newmont Waihi Gold Correnso Mine - Seismic and Rock Movement Monitoring Page 4

5 Appendix A Location Details of Geophones and Extensometers Note: The location of geophones and extensometers are established in appropriate locations as agreed between Newmont Waihi Gold and the Hauraki District Council. It is recognised that the locations of instruments may need to be changed during the life of the mine; if required, this will carried out in agreement with Hauraki District Council (technical capacity). Seismic Geophones Location (in mine grid coordinates) Sensor Site Northing Easting RL 1 972SP N823SP Acc Acc Acc CDD Figure B1 Seismic sensor locations in relation to the latest planned extraction Correnso Mine - Seismic and Rock Movement Monitoring Page 5

6 Extensometers Location (in mine grid coordinates) Type Site Northing Easting RL MPBX MPBX MPBX MPBX Figure B2 Installed extensometers locations in relation to the latest planned extraction Correnso Mine - Seismic and Rock Movement Monitoring Page 6

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