Comparison of RMC and Ordinary Concrete Using Wasted Glass Material

Transcription

1 Comparison of RMC and Ordinary Concrt Using Wastd Glass Matrial Shobha Rani Nadupuru Dpartmnt of Civil Enginring Pad.Dr.D.Y.patil Institut of Enginring &Tchnology,Pun,Maharastra, India Chinna Babu Arangi Dpartmnt of Mchanical Enginring Dr.D.Y.patil School of Enginring, Pun, Maharastra,Pun Abstract- Concrt is on of th most widly usd construction matrials in th world. Howvr, th production of Portland cmnt, an ssntial constitunt of concrt, lads to th rlas of significant amount of CO 2, a grnhous gas; on ton of Portland cmnt clinkr production is said to crats approximatly on ton of CO 2 and othr grnhous gass (GHGs). Environmntal issus ar playing an important rol in th sustainabl dvlopmnt of th cmnt and concrt industry. Thr is a nd to rplac a part of cmnt by som pozzolanic matrial to rduc th consumption of cmnt and th nvironmntal pollution can b chckd to som xtnt. Som of th industrial wasts lik fly ash, silica fum, blast furnac slag tc hav alrady stablishd thir usag in concrt. Rcntly th rsarch has shown that th wast glass can b ffctivly usd in concrt ithr as glass aggrgat or as a glass pozzolana. Wast glass whn groundd to a vry fin powdr shows som pozzolanic proprtis bcaus of silica contnt. Thrfor th glass powdr to som xtnt can rplac th cmnt and contributs for th strngth dvlopmnt and also nhancs durability charactristics.wast glass whn ground to a vry fin powdr shows pozzolanic proprtis as it contains high SiO 2 and thrfor to som xtnt can rplac cmnt in concrt and contribut strngth dvlopmnt. In this papr, an attmpt has bn mad to find out th strngth of concrt containing wast glass powdr as pozzolana. Cmnt rplacmnt by glass powdr in th rang of 10% to 20% incrmnt by 5 prcntags. (0%, 10%, 15%, 20%) has bn studid. Rplacmnt of 15% cmnt by glass powdr was found to b highr strngth. Kywords Concrt, Cmnt Rplacmnt, Wast Glass Powdr. I. INTRODUCTION In India, numbrs of wast matrials ar producd by diffrnt manufacturing companis, thrmal powr plant, municipal solid wasts and othr wasts. Solid as wll as liquid wast managmnt is on of th biggst issus. With th disposal of wast on th land causs srious impact on an nvironmnt. It spoils th land. To sav an nvironmnt rcycl of wast matrial is th bst option. This projct is basd on th utilization of th wastd glass matrial in powdr form which would b rplacd by cmnt and lads to rduction of quantity of cmnt. READY MIX CONCRETE: Rady Mix Concrt (RMC) is a spcializd matrial in which th cmnt aggrgats and othr ingrdints ar wigh-batchd at a plant in a cntral mixr or truck mixr, bfor dlivry to th construction sit in a condition rady for placing by th buildr. Th RMC supplir provids two srvics, firstly on of procssing th matrials for making frsh concrt and scondly, of transporting a product within a short tim. It is dlivrd to th worksit, oftn in transit mixrs capabl of mixing th ingrdints of th concrt just bfor th dlivry of batch. This rsults in a prcis mixtur, allowing spcialty concrt mixturs to b dvlopd and implmntd on construction sits. Th scond option availabl is to mix th concrt at th batching plant and dlivr th mixd concrt to th sit in an agitator truck, which kps th mixd concrt in corrct form. RMC is prfrrd to on-sit concrt mixing bcaus of th prcision of th mixtur and rducd worksit confusion. It facilitats spdy construction through programmd dlivry at sit and mchanizd opration with consqunt conomy. It also dcrass labor, sit suprvising cost and projct tim, rsulting in savings. Propr control and conomy in th us of raw matrial, rsults in saving of natural rsourcs. ORDINARY CONCRETE: Vol. 5 Issu 4 July ISSN: X

2 Ordinary concrt rfrs to th ordinary Portland cmnt as a cmnting matrial, plus sand, gravl, watr and admixturs (addd somtims), according to a crtain prcntag of prparation, aftr mixing, tamping shap, mad of a hardnd consrvation man-mad ston. Bcaus of its rich rsourcs of raw matrials- Production procss is simpl. Good prformanc charactristics oflow pric, and havhighr strngth and durability. Eas of pouring into a varity of shap componnts or th ovrall structur, combind with th rinforcd into th strong, anti-vibration of th rinforcd concrt structur. It has bn widly usd in construction building matrials. As concrt is a combination of ingrdints of non-homognous matrial, its production procss also covrs th prparation, mixing, vibrator and maintnanc of such procsss, togthr with cmnt is a kind of activ matrials. Concrt has rlativly high comprssiv strngth, but significantly lowr tnsil strngth, and as such is usually rinforcd with matrials that ar strong in tnsion (oftn stl). Th main objctivs of th papr ar: To study Ordinary Concrt and Rady Mix Concrt. To dtrmin comprssiv strngth at 7 and 28 days of Ordinary Concrt and Rady Mix Concrt. To dtrmin comprssiv strngth at 7 and 28 days of Ordinary Concrt and Rady Mix Concrt with addition of wastd glass matrial in diffrnt proportions lik 10%, 15% & 20%. Th comparison of Ordinary Concrt and Rady Mix Concrt using wastd glass matrial. Th study will highlight only diffrnc in comprssiv strngth of Ordinary Concrt and Rady Mix Concrt without and with addition of wastd glass matrial. Th rst of th papr is organizd as follows. Mthodology and invstigations is xplaind in sction II. Exprimntal rsults ar prsntd in sction III. Concluding rmarks ar givn in sction IV. II. METHODOLOGY AND INVESTIGATIONS In India, amount of glass wast matrial producd by diffrnt manufacturing companis and gnrats solid wast. Solid wast managmnt is on of th biggst problms in th world. To find th altrnativ for wast disposal, this projct is carrid out.th xprimnt is prformd in ordr to achiv th bst rsults for optimum wast glass powdr that can b rplacd instad of cmnt. Th wastd glass powdr is mix with proportions of 10%, 15% and 20% in th concrt. Th slump con tst and comprssiv strngth tst ar carrid out to analysis th optimum strngth. Figur 1 is th slf-xplanatory flow chart of th normal squnc of stags of th projct approach that has bn followd in th prsnt work. A) Glass Composition: Figur 1:A Flow Chart of Projct Approach Vol. 5 Issu 4 July ISSN: X

3 Ovr th last dcad growing concrn about global nvironmntal impact is forcing th Civil Enginring and construction industry to rviw its convntional cmnt and concrt production mthods with a viw to rplac thm with sustainabl altrnativs. Sustainabl construction is in a larg part implmntd by rcycling scondary matrials and adapting thm for us in concrt and to othr markt nds. Wast glass is not bio-dgradabl and thrfor rational considration for altrnativ utilization dictats a divrsion of wast glass away from landfill disposal sits. Currntly, th us of wast glass in th construction industry is in th form of fibr glass, abrasivs, or as low-valu fillr, but its applications ar constantly bing rvisd in an ffort to achiv most sustainabl solutions. Th rus of Wast Glass in concrt has rcntly capturd attntion not only as scondary aggrgat, but also as a substitut for Portland cmnt in concrt, A dnsr (lss porous) and mor homognous structur is producd whn milld wast glass is usd as partial rplacmnt for cmnt, which bnfits th rsistanc to moistur sorption and thus th long-trm durability of cmntitious matrials. Partial rplacmnt of cmnt with milld wast glass also bnfits th stability of cmntitious matrials whn potntially dltrious ractions btwn cmnt hydrats and th ractiv aggrgats is a concrn. Mixd-color wast glass, whn milld to about th particl siz of cmnt and usd in concrt as rplacmnt for about 15% of cmnt, improvs th moistur barrir qualitis, durability, and mchanical prformanc of concrt. Ths improvmnts rsult from th bnficial chmical ractions of milld wast glass with cmnt hydrats, which yild chmically stabl products capabl of rfining th por systm in concrt. Major nvironmntal, nrgy, and cost savings can b ralizd by partial rplacmnt of cmnt with milld mixd-color wast glass. B) Proprtis of Glass: Th proprtis of glass ar mainly govrnd by factor such as composition of th constitutions stat of surfac thrmal tratmnt conditions, dimnsions of spcimn tc. following ar th proprtis of glass which hav mad glass popular and usful: It absorbs, rfracts or transmits light. It has no sharp mlting point. It is affctd by alkalis. It has no dfinit crystallin structur It is xtnsivly brittl. It is not usually affctd by air and watr. It is availabl in bautiful colours. It is possibl to wld glass pics by fusion. It can thus b asily apprciatd that glass, though usd for thousands of yars, is just bginning to b undrstood and it is still possibl to gt a varity of glasss with crtain chmical additivs. Furthr invstigations ar yt in th procss of prparing glass with xtraordinary unusual charactristics and thus to incras th utility this uniqu and complx matrial. C) Concrt Mix Dsign: Concrt has bn dsign as pr I.S : 2009 Rquirmnts: Spcifid minimum strngth = 25 N/mm 2 Exposur Modrat Cmnt- Typ OPC, Grad 43 Avg. comp. strngth 28 days = 31.6 MPa Workability: compacting factor = 0.7 Dgr of quality control Good Tst Data for Matrial Supplid: CEMENT Spcific gravity = 3.15 COARSE AGGREGATE 20mm Gradd Crushd ston aggrgat Spcific gravity = 2.68 Watr absorption = 1.46% FINE AGGREGATE (Coars sand) Vol. 5 Issu 4 July ISSN: X

4 Crushd Sand Spcific gravity = 2.6 Watr absorption = 0.5% Slction of W/C Ratio: As rquird for Modrat Exposur, W/C ratio of 0.4 Dtrmination of Watr & Sand Contnt: For W/C = 04 & Max. Aggrgat Siz of 20 mm Watr contnt = 186 Kg/m 3 Sand as prcntag of total aggrgat by absolut volum = 35% Watr absorption: Coars Aggrgats: 0.5% Fin Aggrgats: 1.46% Thus aftr adjustmnts, Nt watr contnt = 197 Kg/m 3 Nt sand prcntag = 33.5 % Dtrmination of Cmnt Contnt: W/c ratio = 0.5 Watr contnt = 197 Kg/m 3 Thus, Cmnt contnt = 350 Kg/m 3 Mix Calculation: a) Volum of concrt 1m 3 b) Volum of cmnt = (mass of cmnt)/(sp.gr of contnt) (1/1000) = (350/3.15) (1/1000) =0.111 m 3 c) Volum of watr = (140/1) (1/1000) = m 3 d) Volum chmical admixtur (supr plastizr) = (7/1.145) (1/1000) =0.006 m 3 ) Volum of all aggrgat = (a-(b+c+d)) = (1-( ) = m 3 f) Mass of coars agg. = (vol. of CA sp.gr of CA) 1000 = = 1140 kg g) Mass of fin agg. = x (vol. of FA sp.gr of FA) 1000 = = 896 kg Mix Proportion: Cmnt = 350 Kg/m 3 Watr = 140 Kg/m 3 Fin agg. = 896 Kg/m 3 Coars agg. = 1140 Kg/m 3 Chmical admixtur = 7 Kg/m 3 W/C Ratio = 0.40 Tabl 1: Mix proportion: Watr (Kg/m 3 ) Cmnt (Kg/m 3 ) Fin Aggrgat (Kg/m 3 ) Coars Aggrgat (Kg/m 3 ) Prparation of Rplacmnt Matrial (Wast Glass Powdr): Vol. 5 Issu 4 July ISSN: X

5 In this study, th Dark ambr or brown glass (Br bottls) wastd bottls wr usd. Th raw matrial of wastd glass bottls wr passd through grinding machin. Thn, a glass powdr hav prpard from wastd glass matrial. This matrial is accuratly wighd in proportions bfor mixd togthr. Th mixing of ths matrials was carrid out in mixing machins until a uniform mixtur is obtaind. Such a uniform mixtur was usd for th casting of cubs for th dtrmination of comprssiv strngth. Casting of Concrt Cubs: Th cubical moulds of dimnsion 15 X 15 X 15 cm as pr I.S. 516: 1959 wr usd for casting.compaction was don by hand using th standard tamping rod and th stroks of th rod wr distributd in a uniform mannr ovr th cross-sction of th mould. Figur 1: Casting of cubs 3.8 Tsting: Slump Con Tst: Th concrt slump tst is an mpirical tst that masurs th workability of frsh concrt. Mor spcifically, it masurs th consistncy of th concrt in that spcific batch. This tst is prformd to chck th consistncy of frshly mad concrt. Consistncy is a trm vry closly rlatd to workability. It is a trm which dscribs th stat of frsh concrt. It rfrs to th as with which th concrt flows. It is usd to indicat th dgr of wtnss. Workability of concrt is mainly affctd by consistncy i.. wttr mixs will b mor workabl than drid mixs, but concrt of th sam consistncy may vary in workability. It is also usd to dtrmin consistncy btwn individual batchs. Th tst is popular du to th simplicity of apparatus usd and simpl procdur. Unfortunatly, th simplicity of th tst oftn allows a wid variability in th mannr that th tst is prformd. Th slump tst is usd to nsur uniformity for diffrnt batchs of similar concrt undr fild conditions and to ascrtain th ffcts of plasticizrs on thir introduction. Vol. 5 Issu 4 July ISSN: X

6 Figur 2: Slump Con Tst Tst: For ach sris fiv sts wr castd to dtrmin comprssiv strngth. Each st compriss of lvn standard cubs out of which nin cubs wr castd to masur th comprssiv strngth aftr 7 days and 28days. Th siz of th cub is as pr th IS cod Figur 3: Tst Tsting Machin: Spcifications of th tsting machin as dscribd in I.S ar: Th tsting machin may b of any rliabl typ, of sufficint capacity for th tsts and capabl of applying th load at th rat 140 kg/sq. cm/min. Th prmissibl rror shall not b gratr than ± 2 prcnt of th maximum load. Th tsting machin shall b quippd with two stl baring plats with hardnd facs. On of th plats prfrably th on that normally will bar on th uppr surfac of th spcimn shall b fittd with a ball sating in th form of a portion of a sphr, th Cntr of which coincids with th cntral point of th fac of th platn. Th othr comprssion platn shall b plain rigid baring block. Th baring facs of both plats shall b at last as larg as, and prfrably largr than th nominal siz of th spcimn to which th load is applid. Th Collg Tsting machin mt th abov rquirmnts. Th Tsts wrcarrid out on th sam. Ag at Tst:Tsts wr don on th cubs at th ag of 7 & 28 days. Vol. 5 Issu 4 July ISSN: X

7 III. EXPERIMENT AND RESULT Slump Con Tst: Slump tst is us to dtrmin th consistncy of concrt mix of givn proportions. Unsupportd frsh concrt flows to th sit and a sinking at hight taks plac. This vrtical sttlmnt is known as slump. In this tst,th frsh concrt is filld into a mould of spcifid shap and dimnsions, and th sttlmnt or slum is masurd whn supporting mould is rmovd. Slump incrass as watr contnt is incrasd. Th slump is masurd indicating th consistncy or workability of cmnt concrt. It kps an ida of watr contnt ndd for concrt to b usd for diffrnt work. A concrt is said to b workabl if it can b asily mixd, placd, compactd and finishd. From tst rsults, it is obsrvd that th slump is a tru slump.tabl 4.1 shows slump con tst rsults. Tabl 2: Slump Con Tst Rsult: Sr. No. Typ of Concrt Slump, mm 1. Ordinary Concrt Rady Mix Concrt Tst: Tabl 4.2 shows th comprssiv strngth of castd cubs aftr 7 days and 28 days for ordinary concrt and RMC with 0%, 10%, 15%, and 20% cmnt rplacmnt rspctivly. Th strngth valus rportd ar th avrag of thr tst rsults. Graphical rprsntation of strngth dvlopmnt of concrt cubs of various mixs rspctivly. Tabl 3: Tst: Nam of concrt Ordinary Concrt Grad M 25 Dat of casting 06/02/2015 Dat of tsting 13/02/2015 Siz of cub 150x150x150 mm Ag in days 7 days i) FOR 0% OF GLASS POWDER A B C ii) FOR 10% OF GLASS POWDER A B C iii) FOR 15% OF GLASS POWDER A B C iv) FOR 20% OF GLASS POWDER A B C Nam of concrt Ordinary Concrt Grad M 25 Dat of casting 07/02/2015 Vol. 5 Issu 4 July ISSN: X

8 Dat of tsting 07/03/2015 Siz of cub 150x150x150 mm Ag in days 28 days i) FOR 0% OF GLASS POWDER A B C ii) FOR 10% OF GLASS POWDER A B C iii) FOR 15% OF GLASS POWDER A B C iv) FOR 20% OF GLASS POWDER A B C Nam of concrt Rady mix concrt Grad M 25 Dat of casting 13/03/2015 Dat of tsting 20/03/2015 Siz of cub 150x150x150 mm Ag in days 7 days i) FOR 0% OF GLASS POWDER A B C ii) FOR 10% OF GLASS POWDER A B C iii) FOR 15% OF GLASS POWDER Vol. 5 Issu 4 July ISSN: X

9 A B C iv) FOR 20% OF GLASS POWDER A B C Nam of concrt Rady mix concrt Grad M 25 Dat of casting 14/03/2015 Dat of tsting 11/04/2015 Siz of cub 150x150x150 mm Ag in days 28 days i) FOR 0% OF GLASS POWDER A B C ii) FOR 10% OF GLASS POWDER A B C iii) FOR 15% OF GLASS POWDER A B C iv) FOR 20% OF GLASS POWDER A B C Th graphs rlatd to 28 days strngth ar shown as follows PrcntagVs Graph 1: Prcntag V/s s iv p r m C o g t h n tr S Prcntag S ris1 (Ordinary Concrt) Vol. 5 Issu 4 July ISSN: X

10 PrcntagVs s iv p r m o C g t h n tr S Prcntag Sris1 Graph 2: Prcntag V/s (Rady Mix Concrt) 4.3 RATE ANALYSIS: Th purpos of rat analysis is to study th cost wis comparison btwn ordinary and RMC.Th abov tst rsults show that du to rduction in amount of cmnt quantity, with partial rplacmnt of wast glass will bring significant impact on cost of th projct. Th following is th rat analysis for 1 m 3 of concrt. Rat analysis for 1m3of M25 grad of concrt (1:1:2) Volum of dry concrt= 1m 3 Volum of wt mortar= 42% of vol. of dry concrt = 1.42 m 3 Volum of cmnt = vol. of mortar / proportion = (1 1 2) = 0.35 m 3 Numbr of cmnt bag rquird= (Volum of 50kg cmnt bag is 30lit) = Say 11bags. Total quantity of cmnt for 1 m 3 of concrt= = 550kg. Th rduction in cmnt contnt du to addition of wastd glass is as shown in Tabl 4.3. Tabl 4: Rat Analysis Ordinary Concrt: % Rduction Amountof rduction (kg) Rat pr 50kg bag Amount saving(rs.)pr m 3 10% % Optimum wastdglass Contnt 16% Rady Mix Concrt: % Rduction Amount of rduction (kg) Rat pr 50kg bag Amount saving(rs.)pr m 3 10% % Optimum wast glass Contnt 20% From th abov tst rsults and graphs, it is obsrvd that: Rady Mix Concrt givs bttr strngth than th Ordinary Concrt compard to comprssiv strngth aftr addition of wast glass powdr. Aftr addition up to 20% of wastd glass powdr Rady mix Concrtdos not loss its dsignd strngth, whras th Ordinary Concrt fails at 20% addition of wastd glass powdr. Th Optimum for Ordinary Concrt is obtaind at 16%. From th graph for Rady Mix Concrt, it is obsrvdthat using 20%of wastd glass powdr in concrt will not rduc its dsignd comprssiv strngth and would b cost ffctiv. Vol. 5 Issu 4 July ISSN: X

11 It would not only rduc cost of th projct but also hlp in minimizing th problm of global warming which is contributd by cmnt industry, 6.5% of th total global warming ffct. IV.CONCLUSION strngth at 28 days Rady Mix Concrt is incrasd by 10% to 15% than Ordinary Concrt. With th addition of wastd glass powdr, in ordinary concrt, 16% is prmissibl and for Rady Mix Concrt 20% is prmissibl to rplac th cmnt contnt. If in Ordinary Concrt, wastd glass contnt is xcds by 16%, it fails to achiv its dsignd strngth and for Rady Mix Concrt, if xcds by 20% it will fail to achiv its dsignd strngth. With th partial rplacmnt of cmnt contnt by wastd glass, ovrall cost of th structur can also b rducd. Du to rplacmnt of cmnt contnt upto dsird limit, will also rduc global warming which is causd by cmnt manufacturing industry. REFERENCES [1] IS 10262:2009, Indian Standard Concrt Mix Proportioning-Guidlins(First Rvision) [2] K.T. Krishnaswamy & tal, Concrt Tchnology publishd by DhanpatRai & Sons. [3] Matusz R.J. O. and Tommy N. Effct of composition and Initial Curing Conditions of Scaling Rsistanc of Trnary(OPC/FA/SF) concrt, Journal of Matrials in Civil Enginring ASCE/Octobr 2008, PP [4] M.S.Shtty, Concrt Tchnology publishd by S. Chand & company Pvt. ltd., Nw Dlhi [5] Narayanan Nthalath, An Ovrviw of th Bnfits of Using Glass Powdr as Partial Cmnt Rplacmnt Matrial in Concrt Publishd in Indian Concrt Journal [6] Al Bakri A.M. Mustafa, M.N. Norazian, H. Kamarudin1, M.A.A. MohdSallh, and A. Alida, of Concrt Basd Cmnt Using Rcycl Cramic Wast As Aggrgat, Advancd Matrials Rsarch Vol. 740 (2013) pp [7] Barbhuiya S.A., Gbagbo, J.K., Russli, M.I., Bashr, P.A.M. Proprtis of Fly Ash Concrt Modifid with Hydratd Lim and Silica Fum, a Cntr for Built Environmnt Rsarch, [8] Chikhalikar S.M. and Tand S.N. An Exprimntal Invstigation On Charactristics Proprtis of Fibr Rinforcd Concrt Containing Wast Glass Powdr as Pozzolona 37 th Confrnc on Our World in Concrt and Structurs, Singapor, August [9] Christy C Frda, D Tnsing, Effct of Class-F Fly Ash as Partial Rplacmnt with Cmnt and Fin Aggrgat in Mortar, Indian Journal of Enginring & Matrials Scincs, vol 17, April 2010,pp [10] Cyr.M, Idir.R, and Tagnit Hamou.A, Us Of Wast Glass as Powdr and Aggrgat in Cmnt Basd Matrials, SBEIDCO 1 st Intrnational Confrnc on Sustainabl Built Environmnt Infrastructurs in Dvloping Countris ENSET Oran (Algria)-Octobr 12-14, [11] Dr. G.Vijayakumar, Ms H. Vishaliny, Dr. D. Govindarajulu, Studis on Glass Powdr as Partial Rplacmnt of Cmnt in Concrt Production, ISSN , ISO 9001:2008 Crtifid Journal, Volum 3, Issu 2, Fbruary [12] Kamala.R, B. Krishna Rao, Rus of Solid Wast from Building Dmolition for th Rplacmnt of Natural Aggrgats, Intrnational Journal of Enginring and Advancd Tchnology (IJEAT) ISSN: , Volum-2, Issu-1, Octobr [13] Kumar A.V.S.Sai., Krishna Rao, Study on of Concrt with Partial Rplacmnt of Cmnt with Quarry Dustand Mtakaolin, Intrnational Journal of Innovativ Rsarch in Scinc, Enginring and Tchnology Vol. 3, Issu 3, March [14] Magswari.L.M and B.Vidivlli, Th us of Sht Glass Powdr as Fin Aggrgat Rplacmnt in Concrt, th opn Civil Enginring Journal, vol: 4, 65-71, [15] M. Iqbal Malik, Muzafar Bashir, Sajad Ahmad, Tabish Tariq, Umar Chowdhary, Study of Concrt Involving Us of Wast Glass as Partial Rplacmnt of Fin Aggrgats, IOSR Journal of Enginring (IOSRJEN) -ISSN: , p-issn: Vol. 3, Issu 7 (July. 2013), Volum-6,PP [16] Prira d Olivira. L.A, J.P. castro Goms, P. Santos, Mchanical and Durability Proprtis of concrt with Ground wast Glass Sand, Intrnational confrnc on durability of Building Matrials and componnts, Turky, 2008 [17] Park Sung Bum and Bong-Chum L, Studis on Expansion Proprtis in Mortar Containing Wast Glass and Fibrs, Cmnt and Concrt Rsarch, vol: 34, , [18] RavalAmitkumar D, Indrajit N. Patl, JayshkumarPitroda, Eco-Efficint Concrts: Us of Cramic Powdr as a Partial Rplacmnt of Cmnt, IJITEE, ISSN: , Volum-3, Issu-2, July [19] Shan Palmquist, Bhavior of Concrt with Rcycld Aggrgats, Ph.D. Thsis, TUFTS Univrsity, May Shayan Ahmad Valu-addd Utilization of Wast Glass in Concrt IABSE Symposium Mlbourn (2002) Vol. 5 Issu 4 July ISSN: X