Vibro Compaction of reclaimed land TC 17 workshop Madrid Keller Grundbau GmbH

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1 Vibro Compaction of reclaimed land TC 17 workshop Madrid Keller Grundbau GmbH Dr.-Ing. Jimmy Wehr M.Sc. Research and Development Keller Holding GmbH IT S NOT THE VIEW; IT S THE VISION.

2 Contents Introduction Deep Vibro Techniques Vibro Compaction principles and depth vibrators quality control of vibro compaction Cone Penetration Test (CPT) Rolling Average Summary 2

3 Introduction Deep Vibro Techniques: flexible solutions for soil improvement mainly used under foundations of structures that are to be constructed on soils of low bearing capacity 3

4 Deep Vibro Techniques 4 Vibro Compaction compaction of granular soils with negligible fines content by rearrangement of the soil particles into a denser state Vibro Replacement construction of load bearing columns made from gravel or crushed stones in cohesive soils with high fines content Structural Foundation Elements injected stone columns (ISC) vibro concrete columns (VCC)

5 Limits of application for Deep Vibro Techniques 5

6 Limits of application for Deep Vibro Techniques 6 Fines Content: FC < 15% Friction Ratio: R f < 1 % Variation of fines content with friction ratio (Suzuki et al. 1995)

7 Vibro Compaction: Kellers depth vibrators in 1934 and today: : S 700 7

8 Depth vibrator and the vibro process Extension tube 8 Flexible coupling Water or air supply Electric motor Eccentric Weight Nose Cone

9 Vibro compaction process in granular soil A B B 9 Penetration Compaction Backfilling + Finishing

10 Vibro Compaction: density of the soil Under the influence of the induced vibration, the soil particles within the zone of influence are rearranged and compacted. before h after 10

11 Vibro Compaction Vibrator after compaction Vibrator in a compaction crater 11

12 Vibro Compaction: effectiveness Increase of the load bearing capacity (increase of the angle of internal friction) Decrease of settlements (increase of the coefficient of compressibility) Decrease of permeability (reduction of the pore space) 12

13 Vibro Compaction : Palm Island, Dubai view from space 13

14 Vibro Compaction : Palm Island, Dubai 14

15 Vibro Compaction : Palm Island, Dubai compaction point 15

16 Vibro Compaction - recommendations compaction dependent on soil, equipment and method the achieved compaction can be proved easily and cheap with soundings e.g. Cone Penetration Tests (CPT) preliminary tests recommended for major projects 16

17 Vibro Compaction: Quality Control specified in Eurocode EN During compaction a number of different site and production parameters are automatically recorded (time, depth, penetration/pullout speed, pull down force) After compaction Determination of the density: cone penetration tests load tests 17

18 Cone Penetration Test (CPT): principles 18

19 Cone Penetration Test (CPT): principles Penetration at 2cm/s Sand Clay Buried Crust Clay Real-Time readings on computer screen 19

20 Compaction Control Cone penetration test point resistance [MN/m²] before after 20 depth [m]

21 Rolling Average 21 Cone Penetration Test: Extreme/peak values averaged over 1m Depth [m] Point resistance [MN/m²] thin layers of cohesive soil with interbedded layers result in a large scatter of the cone resistance Peak values will be smoothed!

22 Summary vibro compaction: : classical geotechnical procedure to solve a wide range of static, dynamic and seismic foundation problems by the direct densification of granular soil Variation of fines content with friction ratio: Fines Content: FC < 15% Friction Ratio: R f < 1 % quality control specfied in EN during and after compaction (e.g. Cone Penetration Test CPT) Cone Penetration Test: Rolling Average to average extreme /peak values over 1 m 22

23 23 Thanks for your attention

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