The Geography of World War I Cartoons: Gallipoli

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1 The Geography of World War I Cartoons: Gallipoli Antoni Moore 1 & William Cartwright 2 University of Otago 1 & RMIT University 2

2 Presentation Mapping and geographical artefacts produced during the Gallipoli campaign Representations of the geography of the Dardenelles in cartoons of the time First-cut of analysis of the geography depicted in cartoons

3 Gallipoli 1915 Initial plan combined Anglo- Franco naval fleet forcing the Narrows, sail into the Sea of Marmara and then on to Constantinople. then three Divisions of the Greek Army would advance on Constantinople.

4 Revised plan naval engagement only after Russian opposition to the use of Greek troops revised naval plan force the Narrows, penetrate the Sea of Marmara and bombard Constantinople, compelling the Ottoman Empire to surrender

5 Failure Mine fields and hidden guns prevented success of this plan Six battleships were sunk or severely damaged HMS Irresistible sinking off Erenköy Bay 18 March The War Illustrated, 1 May 1915

6 New plan Large military operation capture the Gallipoli Peninsula allow the waters to be cleared of mines opening The Narrows for the fleet to sail to Constantinople

7 Australasian landings British (Lancashire) landings French landings

8 Campaign continued second Allied landings in August 1915 extended over a 10- month period ANZAC forces evacuation 9 December 1915 final evacuation in January 1916

9 Stage 1 - exploratory research

10 Stage 2 Personal Geographies of warfare

11 Service Historique de la Defense, Department de l Armee de Terre Division

12 Service Historique de la Defense, Department de l Armee de Terre Division

13 Emotional distance and representations of geography of warfare remote near

14 Stage 3: Personalised views of geography through cartoons

15 Gaining information about personal geography through alternative representations

16 Cartoons Encompasses all drawn graphics representing situations in a simplified style sparse lines strong outlines simple palette of colours straightforward application

17 Cartoons and geography Most are not drawn directly from observation Have differing amounts of true features present

18 Cartoons Naive geographies simplistic interpretation (and subsequent representation) of geography instinctive or spontaneous (Egenhofer and Mark, 1995)

19 Examples

20 The Independent, 27 March

21 The Independent, 18 March

22

23 National Library of Australia

24

25

26

27 Cartoons and Gallipoli

28

29 Classification of relevant Survey cartoons the extent and the type of cartoons only selected if they had a geographic element differences between the European view of the campaign and the colonial (Australasian) viewpoint

30 Propaganda with Map or Map- Related Object with Literal Geography depicted in Graphics with Geography derived from Symbolic Graphic Element with Geography derived from Visual Metaphor with Geography contained in text Louis Raemaekers, Raemaekers' Cartoons (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1916)

31 Propaganda with Map or Map- Related Object

32 Propaganda

33 political cartoonist Harry Julius ( ) Miss Australasia with Map or Map- Related Object

34 Propaganda Geography derived from Symbolic Graphic Element

35 Propaganda Literal Geography depicted in Graphics

36

37 Propaganda Geography derived from a visual metaphor

38 Propaganda with Geography contained in text

39 Satirical with Map or Map- Related Object with geography derived from Visual Metaphor with Literal Geography depicted in Graphics with Geography derived from Symbolic Graphic Element with Geography contained in text

40 Satirical with Map or Map- Related Object

41 Satirical Geography derived from Visual Metaphor

42 Satirical Literal Geography depicted in graphics

43 Satirical Geography derived from Symbolic Graphic Element

44 Satirical Geography contained in text

45 Personal with Map or Map- Related Object with Geography derived from Symbolic Graphic Element with Geography derived from Visual Metaphor with Literal Geography depicted in graphics with geography contained in text lot/26060/?url=%2fview-auctions%2fcatalog%2fid%2f74%2f%3fpage%3d3

46 Personal with Map or Map- Related Object

47 Personal Geography derived from Symbolic Graphic Element

48 Personal Geography derived from Visual Metaphor

49 Personal Hand-printed Christmas card 1915 by Australian soldier Keith Eltham Literal Geography depicted in graphics

50 Personal with Geography contained in text

51 propaganda satirical personal

52 General findings General classification Propaganda Satirical Personal No explicit reflection on the colonialism context One notable exception

53 Next stage: Analysis

54 Developing a schema for extracting geography from cartoons

55 Then Study representations produced (in cartoons) to ascertain differing views of the campaign European Colonial

56 Support & assistance Otago and RMIT Seed grant from the School of Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, RMIT (Cartwright) Research Sabbatical leave from RMIT (Cartwright) Research Sabbatical leave from the University of Otago (Moore) William Evans Visiting Fellow Award, University of Otago (Cartwright and Moore) Archival staff: Australian War Memorial Imperial War Museum British Library Royal Geographical Society Army Museum, Chelsea Département des Cartes et Plans, Bibliothèque nationale de France Service Historique de la Defense, Department de l Armee de Terre Division, France in Paris. Beyazit State Library, Istanbul

57 Thank you

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