Chapter 4. Total Reflux and Minimum Reflux Ratio
|
|
- Rhoda Manning
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 4 Total Reflu and Minimum Reflu Ratio a. Total Reflu. In design problems, the desired separation is specified and a column is designed to achieve this separation. In addition to the column pressure, feed conditions, and reflu temperature, four additional variables must be specified. Specified Variables Case A Eternal reflu ratio L 0 / 4. Use optimum feed plate esigner Calculates, : distillate and bottoms flow rates Q R, Q C : heating and cooling loads : number of stages, feed : optimum feed plate C : column diameter, = mole fraction of more volatile component A in distillate and bottoms, respectively The number of theoretical stages depends on the reflu ratio R = L 0 /. As R increases, the products from the column will reduce. There will be fewer equilibrium stages needed since the operating line will be further away from the equilibrium curve. The upper limit of the reflu ratio is total reflu, or R =. The rectifying operating line is given as y n+ = R R + n + R + When R =, the slop of this line becomes and the operating lines of both sections of the column coincide with the 45 o line. In practice the total reflu condition can be achieved by reducing the flow rates of all the feed and the products to zero. The number of trays required for the specified separation is the minimum which can be obtained by stepping off the trays from the distillate to the bottoms. Figure Minimum numbers of trays at total reflu. 4-4
2 y + Total condenser y -, V-, L - 2 y 2 y 0 Total reboiler Figure istillation column operation at total reflu. The minimum number of equilibrium trays can also be approimated by Fenske equation, m = log ( α ) (4.4-22) In this equation α = (α α ) /2 where α is the relative volatility of the overhead vapor and α is the relative volatility of the bottoms liquid. We can derive Fenske equation using the notation shown in Figure where stages are numbered from the bottom up. The vapor leaving stage is condensed and returned to stage as reflu. The liquid leaving stage is vaporized and returned to stage as vapor flow. For steady state operation with no heat loss, heat input to the reboiler is equal to the heat output from the condenser. From material balance, vapor and liquid streams passing between any pair of stages h equal flow rates and compositions, for eample, V - = L and y - =. In general, molar vapor and liquid flow rates will change from stage to stage unless the assumption of constant molar overflow is valid. At stage, the equilibrium relation is written as y = K (4.4-23) 4-42
3 From the material balance y = 2 (4.4-24) Combine Eqs. (4.4-23) and (4.4-24) 2 = K (4.4-25) Similarly for stage 2 y 2 = K 2 2 (4.4-26) Combine Eqs. (4.4-25) and (4.4-26) y 2 = K 2 K (4.4-27) The procedure can be repeated to stage where y = K K - K 2 K (4.4-28) Similarly for the less volatile component i y = K i, K i,- K i,2k i, ( ) (4.4-29) ividing Eq. (4.4-8) by Eq. (4.4-9), we h y y = α α - α 2 α (4.4-30) In this equation α k = K K k i, k Rearranging Eq. (4.4-30) we obtain = relative volatility between the two components on stage k. y = y min αk or + = + k= min αk (4.4-3) k= Since + =, =, and assuming constant relative volatility, Eq. (4.4-3) becomes α min = (4.4-32) Solving for the minimum number of equilibrium trays gives min = log ( α ) (4.4-33) 4-43
4 Eq. (4.4-33) is the Fenske equation (4.4-22) where α = α = (α α ) /2 m = log ( α ) (4.4-22) b. Minimum reflu ratio. As the reflu ratio is reduced, the distance between the operating line and the equilibrium curve becomes smaller. The minimum reflu ratio R m is the limiting reflu where the operating line either touches the equilibrium curve or intersects the equilibrium curve at the q-line. The minimum reflu ratio will require an infinite number of trays to attain the specified separation of and. Figure shows an equilibrium plate n with streams L n- and V n+ entering and streams L n and V n le the plate. If the two steams L n- and V n+ are at equilibrium there will be no net mass transfer between the liquid and vapor streams. The equilibrium curve will touch or intersect the operating line at this point. n- L n- V n n L n V n+ n+ Figure Equilibrium plate n with vapor and liquid streams. Given q, and F, the feed line is fied and the upper operating line depends on the reflu ratio R. At total reflu, the operating line coincides with the 45 o line. As R is decreased, the slope of the enriching operating line R/(R + ) is decreased. The operating line will rotate clockwise around the point ( =, y = ) until it is tangent to the equilibrium curve or it intersects the q-line at the equilibrium point whichever comes first. The location where the operating line touches or intersects the equilibrium curve is called the pinch point. The enriching operating line at minimum reflu is then defined. y n+ = Rm R + n + m R + m The minimum reflu R m can be obtained from either the intercept of the slope of the enriching operating line. The operating flu ratio is between the minimum R m and total reflu. Usual value is between.2r m to.5r m. Figure 4.4- shows the pinch points for case where the operating line intersects the equilibrium curve and case 2 where the operating line touches the equilibrium curve. 4-44
5 Figure 4.4- The pinch points for minimum reflu. Eample A distillation column receives a feed that is 40 mole % n-pentane and 60 mole % n-heane. Feed is saturated liquid with a flow rate of 2,500 lbmol/hr. The column is at atm. A distillate of 90 mole % n-pentane is desired. A total condenser is used. Reflu is a saturated liquid. ottoms from the reboiler is 98 mole % n-heane. etermine the minimum number of equilibrium trays and the minimum reflu ratio. ata: Vapor pressure, P sat, data: ln P sat = A /(T + C), where P sat is in kpa and T is in K. Compound A C n-pentane () n-heane (2) Heat of evaporation for n-pentane, λ C5 =,369 tu/lbmol, C pl,c5 = 39.7 tu/lbmol o F Heat of evaporation for n-heane, λ C6 = 3,572 tu/lbmol, C pl,c6 = 5.7 tu/lbmol o F Solution (a) Minimum number of equilibrium trays The equilibrium data for n-pentane and n-heane at atm are listed in Table The data were generated with the Matlab codes listed in Table assuming ideal solution. 4-45
6 Table Equilibrium data for n-pentane and n-heane system at atm. = mole fraction of n-pentane in the liquid y = mole fraction of n-pentane in the vapor = , y = , T(K) = = , y = , T(K) = = , y = , T(K) = = , y = , T(K) = = , y = , T(K) = = , y = , T(K) = = , y = , T(K) = = , y = 0.624, T(K) = = , y = , T(K) = = , y = 0.709, T(K) = = , y = , T(K) = = , y = 0.787, T(K) = = , y = , T(K) = = , y = , T(K) = = , y = , T(K) = = , y = , T(K) = = , y = , T(K) = = , y = , T(K) = = , y = , T(K) = 3.28 = , y = , T(K) = =.00000, y =.00000, T(K) = The minimum number of trays required is obtained by stepping off between the 45 o line and the equilibrium curve from = 0. to = 0.9. The answer is 4. equilibrium trays. Figure E- Minimum numbers of trays at total reflu. 4-46
7 The minimum number of trays can also be estimated by Fenske equation, m = = log = ( 8) log ( α ) log ( α ) log ( α ) In this equation α = (α α ) /2 where α is the relative volatility of the overhead vapor and α is the relative volatility of the bottoms liquid. y + Total condenser y -, V-, L - 2 y 2 y 0 Figure E-2 istillation column operation at total reflu. From the notation in Figure E-2, at the top y = = , = At the bottoms = = 0., y = (equilibrium data from Table 4.4-4). Total reboiler y / α = ( y ) / ( ) / = ( ) / ( ) = 3.02 y / α = = ( y ) / ( ) ( ) / ( 0.00 ) / 0.00 =
8 α = (α α ) /2 = ( ) /2 = m = ( ) ( α ) log 8 log = ( ) ( ) log 8 log = 4. (b) Minimum reflu ratio. Figure E-3 The pinch point for minimum reflu. Since feed is saturated liquid, the feed-line is vertical and intersects the equilibrium curve at the point = 0.4, y = The enriching operating line for minimum reflu passes through this point ( = 0.4, y = ) and the point ( = = 0.9, y = 0.9). The slope of the rectifying operating line is given by Rm = R m = The minimum reflu ratio is then R m = =
Figure 56. Simple mixing process with process specification for the outlet stream.
Flowsheet Analysis One of the most useful functions of process simulators is the ability to manipulate and analyze the different design variables to determine the required value or study its effect on
More informationPerforming Multi - Phase Mass and Energy Balances
Performing Multi-Phase Mass and Energy Balances (Separations) Performing Multi - Phase Mass and Energy Balances Using thermodynamics in mass / energy balance problems means that additional equations are
More informationDistillation Principles
Distillation Principles Definition of distillation, Types of columns, Simple Distillation methods (Flash, batch, Steam), Basic distillation Equipment and operation, Column internal, Reboilers, Distillation
More informationDistillation vaporization sublimation. vapor pressure normal boiling point.
Distillation Distillation is an important commercial process that is used in the purification of a large variety of materials. However, before we begin a discussion of distillation, it would probably be
More informationChapter 3. Table E-1. Equilibrium data for SO 2 at 1 atm and 20 o C. x 0.000564.000842.001403.001965.00279.00420 y 0.0112.01855.0342.0513.0775.
Chapter 3 Example 3.2-5. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sulfur dioxide produced by the combustion of sulfur in air is absorbed in water. Pure SO 2 is
More informationFractional Distillation and Gas Chromatography
Fractional Distillation and Gas Chromatography Background Distillation The previous lab used distillation to separate a mixture of hexane and toluene based on a difference in boiling points. Hexane boils
More informationLecture 9 Solving Material Balances Problems Involving Non-Reactive Processes
CHE 31. INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS Lecture 9 Solving Material Balances Problems Involving Non-Reactive Processes Component and Overall Material Balances Consider a steady-state distillation
More informationSTEADY-STATE AND DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF CRUDE OIL DISTILLATION USING ASPEN PLUS AND ASPEN DYNAMICS
Petroleum & Coal ISSN 1337-7027 Available online at www.vurup.sk/pc Petroleum & Coal 51 (2) 100-109, 2009 STEADY-STATE AND DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF CRUDE OIL DISTILLATION USING ASPEN PLUS AND ASPEN DYNAMICS
More informationLiquid-Liquid Extraction (LLX)
Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLX) Extraction is a liquid-liquid operation. It is a process of transferring a solute from one liquid phase to another immiscible or partially miscible liquid in contact with
More informationChemistry 212 VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Chemistry 212 VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER LEARNING OBJECTIVES The learning objectives of this experiment are to explore the relationship between the temperature and vapor pressure of water. determine the molar
More informationChapter 12 - Liquids and Solids
Chapter 12 - Liquids and Solids 12-1 Liquids I. Properties of Liquids and the Kinetic Molecular Theory A. Fluids 1. Substances that can flow and therefore take the shape of their container B. Relative
More informationExperiment 12E LIQUID-VAPOR EQUILIBRIUM OF WATER 1
Experiment 12E LIQUID-VAPOR EQUILIBRIUM OF WATER 1 FV 6/26/13 MATERIALS: PURPOSE: 1000 ml tall-form beaker, 10 ml graduated cylinder, -10 to 110 o C thermometer, thermometer clamp, plastic pipet, long
More informationCHAPTER 7 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS. Blank
CHAPTER 7 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Blank SONNTAG/BORGNAKKE STUDY PROBLEM 7-1 7.1 A car engine and its fuel consumption A car engine produces 136 hp on the output shaft with a thermal efficiency
More informationMOLAR AND PARTIAL MOLAR VOLUMES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS (10/21/03)
MOLAR AND PARTIAL MOLAR OLUMES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS (10/1/03) QUANTITATIE TECHNIQUES Use of an Analytical Balance Your assignment is to determine the partial molar volumes of solutions of water with an
More informationChem 420/523 Chemical Thermodynamics Homework Assignment # 6
Chem 420/523 Chemical hermodynamics Homework Assignment # 6 1. * Solid monoclinic sulfur (S α ) spontaneously converts to solid rhombic sulfur (S β ) at 298.15 K and 0.101 MPa pressure. For the conversion
More informationCalorimetry: Heat of Vaporization
Calorimetry: Heat of Vaporization OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION - Learn what is meant by the heat of vaporization of a liquid or solid. - Discuss the connection between heat of vaporization and intermolecular
More informationDynamic Models Towards Operator and Engineer Training: Virtual Environment
European Symposium on Computer Arded Aided Process Engineering 15 L. Puigjaner and A. Espuña (Editors) 2005 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Dynamic Models Towards Operator and Engineer Training:
More informationMore than 80 years ago, McCabe and Thiele
isualizing the McCabe-Thiele Diagram Paul M. Mathias Fluor Corp. Use this spreadsheet-based visualization and interactive analysis of the McCabe-Thiele diagram to understand the foundations of distillation
More informationProduction of R-134a
Production of R-134a Background In the 1930 s, chlorofluorocarbons (CFC s) were developed as a supposedly safe alternative to ammonia and sulfur dioxide refrigerants. While sulfur dioxide is toxic and
More informationMinimum Reflux in Liquid Liquid Extraction
17 th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering ESCAPE17 V. Plesu and P.S. Agachi (Editors) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1 Minimum Reflux in Liquid Liquid Extraction Santanu Bandyopadhyay
More informationAnswer, Key Homework 6 David McIntyre 1
Answer, Key Homework 6 David McIntyre 1 This print-out should have 0 questions, check that it is complete. Multiple-choice questions may continue on the next column or page: find all choices before making
More informationFUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS System: Quantity of matter (constant mass) or region in space (constant volume) chosen for study. Closed system: Can exchange energy but not mass; mass is constant
More informationIDEAL AND NON-IDEAL GASES
2/2016 ideal gas 1/8 IDEAL AND NON-IDEAL GASES PURPOSE: To measure how the pressure of a low-density gas varies with temperature, to determine the absolute zero of temperature by making a linear fit to
More informationORGANIC LABORATORY TECHNIQUES 10 10.1. NEVER distill the distillation flask to dryness as there is a risk of explosion and fire.
ORGANIC LABORATORY TECHNIQUES 10 10.1 DISTILLATION NEVER distill the distillation flask to dryness as there is a risk of explosion and fire. The most common methods of distillation are simple distillation
More informationChemistry 13: States of Matter
Chemistry 13: States of Matter Name: Period: Date: Chemistry Content Standard: Gases and Their Properties The kinetic molecular theory describes the motion of atoms and molecules and explains the properties
More informationPartner: Jack 17 November 2011. Determination of the Molar Mass of Volatile Liquids
Partner: Jack 17 November 2011 Determination of the Molar Mass of Volatile Liquids Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to determine the molar mass of three volatile liquids. The liquid is vaporized
More informationμ α =μ β = μ γ = =μ ω μ α =μ β =μ γ = =μ ω Thus for c components, the number of additional constraints is c(p 1) ( ) ( )
Phase Diagrams 1 Gibbs Phase Rule The Gibbs phase rule describes the degrees of freedom available to describe a particular system with various phases and substances. To derive the phase rule, let us begin
More informationWHISKY: DISTILLATION. Vapour^Liquid Equilibrium. Introduction
III / WHISKY: DISTILLATION 4485 WHISKY: DISTILLATION D. S. Pickerell, Maker s Mark Distillery, Loretto, KY, USA Copyright ^ 2000 Academic Press Introduction Grain fermentation yields a water-based liquid
More informationEverest. Leaders in Vacuum Booster Technology
This article has been compiled to understand the process of Solvent Recovery process generally carried out at low temperatures and vacuum. In many chemical processes solute is to be concentrated to high
More informationPartial Derivatives. @x f (x; y) = @ x f (x; y) @x x2 y + @ @x y2 and then we evaluate the derivative as if y is a constant.
Partial Derivatives Partial Derivatives Just as derivatives can be used to eplore the properties of functions of 1 variable, so also derivatives can be used to eplore functions of 2 variables. In this
More informationThermodynamics of Mixing
Thermodynamics of Mixing Dependence of Gibbs energy on mixture composition is G = n A µ A + n B µ B and at constant T and p, systems tend towards a lower Gibbs energy The simplest example of mixing: What
More informationName Date Class STATES OF MATTER. SECTION 13.1 THE NATURE OF GASES (pages 385 389)
13 STATES OF MATTER SECTION 13.1 THE NATURE OF GASES (pages 385 389) This section introduces the kinetic theory and describes how it applies to gases. It defines gas pressure and explains how temperature
More informationThe first law: transformation of energy into heat and work. Chemical reactions can be used to provide heat and for doing work.
The first law: transformation of energy into heat and work Chemical reactions can be used to provide heat and for doing work. Compare fuel value of different compounds. What drives these reactions to proceed
More informationTHE KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
Chapter 19: THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASES 1. Evidence that a gas consists mostly of empty space is the fact that: A. the density of a gas becomes much greater when it is liquefied B. gases exert pressure
More informationState Newton's second law of motion for a particle, defining carefully each term used.
5 Question 1. [Marks 20] An unmarked police car P is, travelling at the legal speed limit, v P, on a straight section of highway. At time t = 0, the police car is overtaken by a car C, which is speeding
More informationOptimal Model-Based Production Planning for Refinery Operation
Optimal Model-Based Production Planning for Refinery Operation Abdulrahman Alattas Advisor: Ignacio E. Grossmann Chemical Engineering Department Carnegie Mellon University 1 Presentation Outline Introduction
More informationDensity Measurement. Technology: Pressure. Technical Data Sheet 00816-0100-3208 INTRODUCTION. S min =1.0 S max =1.2 CONSTANT LEVEL APPLICATIONS
Technical Data Sheet 00816-0100-3208 Density Measurement Technology: Pressure INTRODUCTION Pressure and differential pressure transmitters are often used to measure the density of a fluid. Both types of
More informationES-7A Thermodynamics HW 1: 2-30, 32, 52, 75, 121, 125; 3-18, 24, 29, 88 Spring 2003 Page 1 of 6
Spring 2003 Page 1 of 6 2-30 Steam Tables Given: Property table for H 2 O Find: Complete the table. T ( C) P (kpa) h (kj/kg) x phase description a) 120.23 200 2046.03 0.7 saturated mixture b) 140 361.3
More informationDesign and Control Degrees of Freedom
2204 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1996, 35, 2204-2214 Design and Control Degrees of Freedom William L. Luyben* Department of Chemical Engineering, Lehigh University, Iacocca Hall, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015
More informationAir Water Vapor Mixtures: Psychrometrics. Leon R. Glicksman c 1996, 2010
Air Water Vapor Mixtures: Psychrometrics Leon R. Glicksman c 1996, 2010 Introduction To establish proper comfort conditions within a building space, the designer must consider the air temperature and the
More informationCHAPTER 14 THE CLAUSIUS-CLAPEYRON EQUATION
CHAPTER 4 THE CAUIU-CAPEYRON EQUATION Before starting this chapter, it would probably be a good idea to re-read ections 9. and 9.3 of Chapter 9. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation relates the latent heat
More informationEquilibrium. Ron Robertson
Equilibrium Ron Robertson Basic Ideas A. Extent of Reaction Many reactions do not go to completion. Those that do not are reversible with a forward reaction and reverse reaction. To be really correct we
More informationProcess Heat Integration between Distillation Columns for Ethylene Hydration Process
A publication of CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS VOL. 35, 013 Guest Editors: Petar Varbanov, Jiří Klemeš, Panos Seferlis, Athanasios I. Papadopoulos, Spyros Voutetakis Copyright 013, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l.,
More information7. 1.00 atm = 760 torr = 760 mm Hg = 101.325 kpa = 14.70 psi. = 0.446 atm. = 0.993 atm. = 107 kpa 760 torr 1 atm 760 mm Hg = 790.
CHATER 3. The atmosphere is a homogeneous mixture (a solution) of gases.. Solids and liquids have essentially fixed volumes and are not able to be compressed easily. have volumes that depend on their conditions,
More informationExperiment 1: Colligative Properties
Experiment 1: Colligative Properties Determination of the Molar Mass of a Compound by Freezing Point Depression. Objective: The objective of this experiment is to determine the molar mass of an unknown
More informationHarvard wet deposition scheme for GMI
1 Harvard wet deposition scheme for GMI by D.J. Jacob, H. Liu,.Mari, and R.M. Yantosca Harvard University Atmospheric hemistry Modeling Group Februrary 2000 revised: March 2000 (with many useful comments
More informationCHAPTER 9 Part 1. = 5 wt% Sn-95 wt% Pb C β. = 98 wt% Sn-2 wt% Pb. = 77 wt% Ag-23 wt% Cu. = 51 wt% Zn-49 wt% Cu C γ. = 58 wt% Zn-42 wt% Cu
CHAPTER 9 Part 1 9.5 This problem asks that we cite the phase or phases present for several alloys at specified temperatures. (a) For an alloy composed of 15 wt% Sn-85 wt% Pb and at 100 C, from Figure
More informationComparative Economic Investigation Options for Liquefied Petroleum Gas Production from Natural Gas Liquids
American Journal of Chemical Engineering 2015; 3(2-1): 55-69 Published online June 29, 2015 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajche) doi: 10.11648/j.ajche.s.2015030201.17 ISSN: 2330-8605 (Print);
More informationSaeid Rahimi. Effect of Different Parameters on Depressuring Calculation Results. 01-Nov-2010. Introduction. Depressuring parameters
Effect of Different Parameters on Depressuring Calculation Results Introduction Saeid Rahimi 01-Nov-2010 Emergency depressuring facilities are utilized to accomplish at least one of the following objectives:
More informationa) Use the following equation from the lecture notes: = ( 8.314 J K 1 mol 1) ( ) 10 L
hermodynamics: Examples for chapter 4. 1. One mole of nitrogen gas is allowed to expand from 0.5 to 10 L reversible and isothermal process at 300 K. Calculate the change in molar entropy using a the ideal
More informationMaterials 10-mL graduated cylinder l or 2-L beaker, preferably tall-form Thermometer
VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER Introduction At very low temperatures (temperatures near the freezing point), the rate of evaporation of water (or any liquid) is negligible. But as its temperature increases, more
More informationvap H = RT 1T 2 = 30.850 kj mol 1 100 kpa = 341 K
Thermodynamics: Examples for chapter 6. 1. The boiling point of hexane at 1 atm is 68.7 C. What is the boiling point at 1 bar? The vapor pressure of hexane at 49.6 C is 53.32 kpa. Assume that the vapor
More information= 1.038 atm. 760 mm Hg. = 0.989 atm. d. 767 torr = 767 mm Hg. = 1.01 atm
Chapter 13 Gases 1. Solids and liquids have essentially fixed volumes and are not able to be compressed easily. Gases have volumes that depend on their conditions, and can be compressed or expanded by
More informationCOMPARISON OF PROCESS FLOWS: FLUID BED COMBUSTOR AND GLASSPACK
COMPARISON OF PROCESS FLOWS: FLUID BED COMBUSTOR AND GLASSPACK PURPOSE The purpose of this document is to present the assumptions and calculations used to prepare Minergy Drawing 100-0204-PP00 (attached).
More informationStates of Matter CHAPTER 10 REVIEW SECTION 1. Name Date Class. Answer the following questions in the space provided.
CHAPTER 10 REVIEW States of Matter SECTION 1 SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. Identify whether the descriptions below describe an ideal gas or a real gas. ideal gas
More informationEvaluation Of Hybrid Air- Cooled Flash/Binary Power Cycle
INL/CON-05-00740 PREPRINT Evaluation Of Hybrid Air- Cooled Flash/Binary Power Cycle Geothermal Resources Council Annual Meeting Greg Mines October 2005 This is a preprint of a paper intended for publication
More information5. Which temperature is equal to +20 K? 1) 253ºC 2) 293ºC 3) 253 C 4) 293 C
1. The average kinetic energy of water molecules increases when 1) H 2 O(s) changes to H 2 O( ) at 0ºC 3) H 2 O( ) at 10ºC changes to H 2 O( ) at 20ºC 2) H 2 O( ) changes to H 2 O(s) at 0ºC 4) H 2 O( )
More informationADU 5. Automatic Distillation Unit
ADU 5 Automatic Distillation Unit Atmospheric Distillation Distillation tests are used to characterize the volatility of petrochemical products. These volatility characteristics are a critical measurement
More informationProblem Set 12: Kinetic Theory; Mechanical Equivalent of Heat Solutions
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Physics Physics 8.01T Fall Term 2004 Problem Set 12: Kinetic Theory; Mechanical Equivalent of Heat Solutions Problem 1: Isothermal Ideal Gas Atmosphere
More informationTHE HUMIDITY/MOISTURE HANDBOOK
THE HUMIDITY/MOISTURE HANDBOOK Table of Contents Introduction... 3 Relative Humidity... 3 Partial Pressure... 4 Saturation Pressure (Ps)... 5 Other Absolute Moisture Scales... 8 % Moisture by Volume (%M
More informationIBP 2778_10 HIGH EFFICIENCY ON CO2 REMOVAL IN NATURAL GAS WITH UCARSOL SOLVENTS Thiago V. Alonso 1. Abstract. 1. Introduction
IBP 2778_10 HIGH EFFICIENCY ON CO2 REMOVAL IN NATURAL GAS WITH UCARSOL SOLVENTS Thiago V. Alonso 1 Copyright 2010, Brazilian Petroleum, Gas and Biofuels Institute - IBP This Technical Paper was prepared
More informationRECTIFIER DESIGN FOR FUEL ETHANOL PLANTS
RECTIFIER DESIGN FOR FUEL ETHANOL PLANTS By Daniel R. Summers, P.E. SULZER CHEMTECH USA, Inc. Presented at the AIChE Annual Meeting Advances in Distillation Equipment and Applications Paper 264b November
More informationOrganic Chemistry Calculations
Organic Chemistry Calculations There are three basic units for measurement in the organic laboratory mass, volume, and number, measured in moles. Most of the other types of measurements are combinations
More informationDefine conversion and space time. Write the mole balances in terms of conversion for a batch reactor, CSTR, PFR, and PBR.
CONERSION ND RECTOR SIZING Objectives: Deine conversion and space time. Write the mole balances in terms o conversion or a batch reactor, CSTR, PR, and PBR. Size reactors either alone or in series once
More informationCHEM 105 HOUR EXAM III 28-OCT-99. = -163 kj/mole determine H f 0 for Ni(CO) 4 (g) = -260 kj/mole determine H f 0 for Cr(CO) 6 (g)
CHEM 15 HOUR EXAM III 28-OCT-99 NAME (please print) 1. a. given: Ni (s) + 4 CO (g) = Ni(CO) 4 (g) H Rxn = -163 k/mole determine H f for Ni(CO) 4 (g) b. given: Cr (s) + 6 CO (g) = Cr(CO) 6 (g) H Rxn = -26
More informationLecture 1: Physical Equilibria The Temperature Dependence of Vapor Pressure
Lecture 1: Physical Equilibria The Temperature Dependence of Vapor Pressure Our first foray into equilibria is to examine phenomena associated with two phases of matter achieving equilibrium in which the
More informationReview of Chemical Equilibrium Introduction
Review of Chemical Equilibrium Introduction Copyright c 2016 by Nob Hill Publishing, LLC This chapter is a review of the equilibrium state of a system that can undergo chemical reaction Operating reactors
More informationWe will try to get familiar with a heat pump, and try to determine its performance coefficient under different circumstances.
C4. Heat Pump I. OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT We will try to get familiar with a heat pump, and try to determine its performance coefficient under different circumstances. II. INTRODUCTION II.1. Thermodynamic
More informationAPPLIED THERMODYNAMICS TUTORIAL 1 REVISION OF ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY ADVANCED STEAM CYCLES
APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS TUTORIAL 1 REVISION OF ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY ADVANCED STEAM CYCLES INTRODUCTION This tutorial is designed for students wishing to extend their knowledge of thermodynamics to a more
More informationUnit 3: States of Matter Practice Exam
Page 1 Unit 3: States of Matter Practice Exam Multiple Choice. Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Two gases with unequal masses are injected into opposite
More informationResolving Process Distillation Equipment Problems
Resolving Process Distillation Equipment Problems Karl Kolmetz kkolmetz@yahoo.com Westlake Group. Lake Charles Complex 900 Hwy. 108 Sulphur, La 70664 Timothy M. Zygula timz@usunwired.net Westlake Group.
More informationModelling and Simulation of the Freezing Systems and Heat Pumps Using Unisim Design
Modelling and Simulation of the Freezing Systems and Heat Pumps Using Unisim Design C. Patrascioiu Abstract The paper describes the modeling and simulation of the heat pumps domain processes. The main
More informationComparing Air Cooler Ratings Part 1: Not All Rating Methods are Created Equal
Technical Bulletin By Bruce I. Nelson, P.E., President, Colmac Coil Manufacturing, Inc. Comparing Air Cooler Ratings Part 1: Not All Rating Methods are Created Equal SUMMARY Refrigeration air coolers (evaporators)
More informationHeterogeneous Catalysis and Catalytic Processes Prof. K. K. Pant Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
Heterogeneous Catalysis and Catalytic Processes Prof. K. K. Pant Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi Module - 03 Lecture 10 Good morning. In my last lecture, I was
More informationEXPERIMENT 15: Ideal Gas Law: Molecular Weight of a Vapor
EXPERIMENT 15: Ideal Gas Law: Molecular Weight of a Vapor Purpose: In this experiment you will use the ideal gas law to calculate the molecular weight of a volatile liquid compound by measuring the mass,
More informationSection 3-7. Marginal Analysis in Business and Economics. Marginal Cost, Revenue, and Profit. 202 Chapter 3 The Derivative
202 Chapter 3 The Derivative Section 3-7 Marginal Analysis in Business and Economics Marginal Cost, Revenue, and Profit Application Marginal Average Cost, Revenue, and Profit Marginal Cost, Revenue, and
More information5.2. Vaporizers - Types and Usage
5.2. Vaporizers - Types and Usage 5.2.1. General Vaporizers are constructed in numerous designs and operated in many modes. Depending upon the service application the design, construction, inspection,
More informationOpen Cycle Refrigeration System
Chapter 9 Open Cycle Refrigeration System Copy Right By: Thomas T.S. Wan 温 到 祥 著 Sept. 3, 2008 All rights reserved An open cycle refrigeration system is that the system is without a traditional evaporator.
More informationMOLECULAR WEIGHT BY BOILING POINT ELEVATION
MOLECULAR WEIGHT BY BOILING POINT ELEVATION BACKGROUND This experiment demonstrates the use of colligative properties. The goal is to measure the molecular weight of a non-volatile solute by determining
More informationThermodynamics. Chapter 13 Phase Diagrams. NC State University
Thermodynamics Chapter 13 Phase Diagrams NC State University Pressure (atm) Definition of a phase diagram A phase diagram is a representation of the states of matter, solid, liquid, or gas as a function
More informationEXAMINATION Luleå University of Technology
EXAMINATION Luleå University of Technology Course: B0004K Course name: Unit Operations Date: 2013-01-14 Time: 9.00 15.00 Aid: Del A: Inga hjälpmedel (no help materials) Del B: Christie J Geankoplis, Transport
More informationCONTENTS. ZVU Engineering a.s., Member of ZVU Group, WASTE HEAT BOILERS Page 2
WASTE HEAT BOILERS CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION... 3 2 CONCEPTION OF WASTE HEAT BOILERS... 4 2.1 Complex Solution...4 2.2 Kind of Heat Exchange...5 2.3 Heat Recovery Units and Their Usage...5 2.4 Materials
More informationECONOMICAL OPTIONS FOR RECOVERING NGL / LPG AT LNG RECEIVING TERMINALS
ECONOMICAL OPTIONS FOR RECOVERING NGL / LPG AT RECEIVING TERMINALS Presented at the 86 th Annual Convention of the Gas Processors Association March 13, 2007 San Antonio, Texas Kyle T. Cuellar Ortloff Engineers,
More informationEXPERIMENT 12: Empirical Formula of a Compound
EXPERIMENT 12: Empirical Formula of a Compound INTRODUCTION Chemical formulas indicate the composition of compounds. A formula that gives only the simplest ratio of the relative number of atoms in a compound
More informationDesign Guidelines for Using Distillation Simulation Software in the Field
Design Guidelines for Using Distillation Simulation Software in the Field Karl Kolmetz KLM Technology Group Asit Mardikar Harpreet Gulati Invensys Process Systems (SimSci-Esscor) Dr Wai Kiong Ng Tau Yee
More informationSimulation of Multistage Countercurrent Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Leonardo Journal of Sciences ISSN 1583-0233 Issue 20, January-June 2011 p. 79-94 Simulation of Multistage Countercurrent Liquid-Liquid Extraction Annasaheb WARADE 1*, Ravindra GAIKWAD 1, Rajiv SAPKAL 2
More informationMicroeconomic Theory: Basic Math Concepts
Microeconomic Theory: Basic Math Concepts Matt Van Essen University of Alabama Van Essen (U of A) Basic Math Concepts 1 / 66 Basic Math Concepts In this lecture we will review some basic mathematical concepts
More informationColumn Design. Gavin Duffy School of Electrical Engineering Systems DIT, Kevin Street
Column Design Gavin Duffy School of Electrical Engineering Systems DIT, Kevin Street Learning Outcomes After this lecture you should be able to. Explain why the ratio of vapour and liquid velocities is
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Firms that survive in the long run are usually those that A) remain small. B) strive for the largest
More informationConsider next the behavior of a mixture of two liquid compounds. The example shown below is for a 1:1 mixture of cyclohexane (C) and toluene (T).
Distillation Distillation is a commonly used method for purifying liquids and separating mixtures of liquids into their individual components. Familiar examples include the distillation of crude fermentation
More informationEQUATIONS and INEQUALITIES
EQUATIONS and INEQUALITIES Linear Equations and Slope 1. Slope a. Calculate the slope of a line given two points b. Calculate the slope of a line parallel to a given line. c. Calculate the slope of a line
More information13.1 The Nature of Gases. What is Kinetic Theory? Kinetic Theory and a Model for Gases. Chapter 13: States of Matter. Principles of Kinetic Theory
Chapter 13: States of Matter The Nature of Gases The Nature of Gases kinetic molecular theory (KMT), gas pressure (pascal, atmosphere, mm Hg), kinetic energy The Nature of Liquids vaporization, evaporation,
More informationReview of Fundamental Mathematics
Review of Fundamental Mathematics As explained in the Preface and in Chapter 1 of your textbook, managerial economics applies microeconomic theory to business decision making. The decision-making tools
More informationThermodynamics - Example Problems Problems and Solutions
Thermodynamics - Example Problems Problems and Solutions 1 Examining a Power Plant Consider a power plant. At point 1 the working gas has a temperature of T = 25 C. The pressure is 1bar and the mass flow
More informationHow To Make A High Co 2 Gas Blend
ECONOMICAL OPTION FOR CO 2 / METHANE SEPARATION IN PRODUCED GAS CONTAINING A HIGH CO 2 FRACTION F. Patrick Ross, P.E. TPR Consulting 9907 Sagecourt Drive Houston, Texas 77089 (713) 870-9208 pat.ross@att.net
More informationTHEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE PERFORMANCE OF DUAL PRESSURE CONDENSER IN A THERMAL POWER PLANT
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET) International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6340 (Print) ISSN 0976 6359
More informationType: Single Date: Homework: READ 12.8, Do CONCEPT Q. # (14) Do PROBLEMS (40, 52, 81) Ch. 12
Type: Single Date: Objective: Latent Heat Homework: READ 12.8, Do CONCEPT Q. # (14) Do PROBLEMS (40, 52, 81) Ch. 12 AP Physics B Date: Mr. Mirro Heat and Phase Change When bodies are heated or cooled their
More informationChapter 18 Homework Answers
Chapter 18 Homework Answers 18.22. 18.24. 18.26. a. Since G RT lnk, as long as the temperature remains constant, the value of G also remains constant. b. In this case, G G + RT lnq. Since the reaction
More information= 800 kg/m 3 (note that old units cancel out) 4.184 J 1000 g = 4184 J/kg o C
Units and Dimensions Basic properties such as length, mass, time and temperature that can be measured are called dimensions. Any quantity that can be measured has a value and a unit associated with it.
More informationCHEM 120 Online Chapter 7
CHEM 120 Online Chapter 7 Date: 1. Which of the following statements is not a part of kinetic molecular theory? A) Matter is composed of particles that are in constant motion. B) Particle velocity increases
More information